Dietary supplementation with combined extracts from garlic (Allium sativum), brown seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida), and pinecone (Pinus koraiensis) improves milk production in Holstein cows under heat stress conditions원문보기논문타임라인
Lee, Jae-Sung
(Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University)
,
Kang, Sukyung
(Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University)
,
Kim, Min-Jeong
(Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University)
,
Han, Sung-Gu
(Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University)
,
Lee, Hong-Gu
(Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University)
Objective: This study was conducted to examine the effects of a mixture of pinecone oil, garlic, and brown seaweed extracts (PGBE) on milk production traits as well as physiological and ethological parameters in Holstein cows during the summer season (24 May to 03 July 2015, Korea). Methods: Among t...
Objective: This study was conducted to examine the effects of a mixture of pinecone oil, garlic, and brown seaweed extracts (PGBE) on milk production traits as well as physiological and ethological parameters in Holstein cows during the summer season (24 May to 03 July 2015, Korea). Methods: Among the extract combinations tested, we found that the level of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylberzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) cation radical scavenging activity of the 0.16% PBGE complex at ratio of 1:1:1 (vol/vol) was comparable to that of the control (ascorbic acid; 1 mg/mL). Additionally, the PBGE complex reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced COX-2 expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Based on these findings, 40 lactating Holstein cows were used to measure the effects of PBGE complex at ratio of 1:1:1 (vol/vol) on milk production, immune response, metabolites, and behavior patterns by dividing the cows into two groups fed diets containing PGBE complex (n = 20; 0.016%/kg feed dry matter basis) or not containing PGBE complex (control, n = 20) for 40 d. Results: Results showed that PGBE complex did not influence milk composition, eating and ear surface temperature patterns, immune response, or metabolic parameters but promoted average milk yield throughout the experimental period. Additionally, a tendency of higher total antioxidant capacity and glutathione in the PGBE group was observed compared to the those in the control. When the temperature-humidity index (THI) exceeded 72 (average THI = 73.8), PGBE complex-fed cows experiencing heat stress showed increased milk yield and a tendency of increased rumination compared to the control. Conclusion: We suggest that incorporation of a combined mixture of 0.016% PGBE (1:1:1 ratio, vol/vol) to diet has the potential to improve milk yield and health status of cows under mild to moderate heat stress, denoting that it might be useful as an alternative anti-stressor in the diet of dairy cows under hot conditions.
Objective: This study was conducted to examine the effects of a mixture of pinecone oil, garlic, and brown seaweed extracts (PGBE) on milk production traits as well as physiological and ethological parameters in Holstein cows during the summer season (24 May to 03 July 2015, Korea). Methods: Among the extract combinations tested, we found that the level of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylberzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) cation radical scavenging activity of the 0.16% PBGE complex at ratio of 1:1:1 (vol/vol) was comparable to that of the control (ascorbic acid; 1 mg/mL). Additionally, the PBGE complex reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced COX-2 expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Based on these findings, 40 lactating Holstein cows were used to measure the effects of PBGE complex at ratio of 1:1:1 (vol/vol) on milk production, immune response, metabolites, and behavior patterns by dividing the cows into two groups fed diets containing PGBE complex (n = 20; 0.016%/kg feed dry matter basis) or not containing PGBE complex (control, n = 20) for 40 d. Results: Results showed that PGBE complex did not influence milk composition, eating and ear surface temperature patterns, immune response, or metabolic parameters but promoted average milk yield throughout the experimental period. Additionally, a tendency of higher total antioxidant capacity and glutathione in the PGBE group was observed compared to the those in the control. When the temperature-humidity index (THI) exceeded 72 (average THI = 73.8), PGBE complex-fed cows experiencing heat stress showed increased milk yield and a tendency of increased rumination compared to the control. Conclusion: We suggest that incorporation of a combined mixture of 0.016% PGBE (1:1:1 ratio, vol/vol) to diet has the potential to improve milk yield and health status of cows under mild to moderate heat stress, denoting that it might be useful as an alternative anti-stressor in the diet of dairy cows under hot conditions.
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가설 설정
2)Dilution represented as a ratio of extract and complete medium (%, vol/vol).
제안 방법
, Cary, NC, USA). A Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference test was used to compare different dilution rates of PGBE complex against the vehicle alone and the radical scavenging activity of the PGBE complex compared to ascorbic acid in experiment 1 (Table 2). In addition, differences in the following variables compared with initial measurement (day 0) in experiment 2 were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS and were determined using a Student’s t-test: differences in metabolic profiles, hematology, milk yield, milk composition, and anti-oxidative parameters (Tables 3, 4).
At the beginning of the study (24 May, day 0), cows (parity, 2.3±0.23; days in milk, 118±10.2 d; mean±standard deviation) averaging 37.4±1.28 kg/d milk yield were equipped with radio-frequency identification (RFID) ear tags (SensOor, Agis Automatisering BV, Harmelen, The Netherlands) and subsequently assigned to two different dietary groups.
In Experiment 1, a mixture of pinecone oil, garlic kernel, and brown seaweed midrib extracts (PGBE) was used to determine the optimal combination through analysis of radical scavenging activity using 2,2´-azino-bis (3-ethylberzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and anti-inflammation using MAC-T to determine whether PGBE can be used as a feed additives in dairy cows. Based on the results from Experiment 1, we confirmed the impact of PGBE complex on milk production, milk composition, metabolic profiles, immune status, anti-oxidative parameters, and behavior patterns in dairy cows experiencing heat stress were evaluated in Experiment 2.
0478). Consequently, 0.16% PGBE complex (1:1:1; vol/vol), as well as consideration of extract costs, was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects using MAC-T cells.
Each extract obtained using distillation was dehydrated with sodium sulfate for 24 h, and then collected, sealed, and stored at 4℃. To prepare the PGBE complex, the aforementioned extracts were mixed in the following combinations: 1:1:1, 2:1:1, 1:2:1, and 1:1:2 (vol/vol). All extractions were serially diluted with Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
데이터처리
In addition, differences in the following variables compared with initial measurement (day 0) in experiment 2 were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS and were determined using a Student’s t-test: differences in metabolic profiles, hematology, milk yield, milk composition, and anti-oxidative parameters (Tables 3, 4).
성능/효과
We tested the antioxidant potency of the PGBE complex at various combination rates by estimating its ABTS cation radical scavenging activity (Table 2). All PGBE complexes at dilution rate of 0.16% showed strong antioxidant effects compared to ascorbic acid (1.0 mg/mL), but the radical scavenging activity of all PGBE complexes at dilution rates (0.08% to 0.01%) was weak and even disappeared. PGBE complex containing pinecone, garlic kernel, and brown seaweed midrib extracts (2:1:1; vol/vol) was comparable to the other combinations of PGBE (1:1:1 and 1:1:2; vol/vol), with the exception of PGBE combination 1:2:1; vol/vol (p = 0.
Considering the conditions using THI values, we further evaluated the data to determine the effects on milk yield and behavior patterns (rumination, eating, and ear surface temperature) of cows based on THI values such as stress threshold (temperature, 19.2℃±0.55℃; humidity, 78.8%± 4.53% [THI = 65.6±1.05]) and mild to moderate stress conditions (temperature, 26.1℃±0.33℃; humidity, 57.0%±2.29% [THI = 73.8±0.38]) (Table 5).
In conclusion, the lactating dairy cows used in this study suffered mild to moderate heat stress throughout the experimental period (THI = 73.0). The milk production of cows experiencing heat stress in this trial showed an increase with supplementation of 0.
There was no difference in the percentage of rumination time of cows in the PGBE-treated groups according to THI value. When THI was 73.8, the rumination time of cows in the 0.016% PGBE-treated group showed a tendency of an elevation compared to that in the control group (control = -2.2% vs 0.016% PGBE = 0.8%, p = 0.0914). In the increment, all cows showed a decline in eating and ear surface temperature as THI in creased compared to the initial period.
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