Borthakur, Madhusmita
(Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University)
,
Gurung, Arun Bahadur
(Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University)
,
Bhattacharjee, Atanu
(Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University)
,
Joshi, S.R.
(Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University)
Meghalaya, (in India), in the region of the mega-biodiversity hotspots, is home to a plethora of wild mushrooms. The present study concerns the exploration of the order Agaricales, which includes rare gilled mushrooms considered endangered under IUCN A4c criteria, due to the declining habitat. Elect...
Meghalaya, (in India), in the region of the mega-biodiversity hotspots, is home to a plethora of wild mushrooms. The present study concerns the exploration of the order Agaricales, which includes rare gilled mushrooms considered endangered under IUCN A4c criteria, due to the declining habitat. Electron microscopy of the gill sections revealed an abundance of clamp connections, hyphal cell walls, cystidia, and basidia. This rare species which belongs to the family Cyphellaceae, exhibits morphological and molecular differences from the Cyphella spp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it formed a clade under the genus Campanophyllum of the order Agaricales, confirmed by both Neighbor Joining (NJ) and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Being nutritionally potent along with its efficient antioxidant value, the fungal extract shows significant rise of two-fold in the antimicrobial activity along with the commercial antibiotics. The compound, Phenol, 2, 4-bis (1, 1-Dimethylethyl) (2, 4-DTBP) showed in ample range in the fungal extract along with aliphatic hydrocarbons, terpene, alcohol and volatile organic compounds on further characterization in GCMS. The present study indicates the endangered Campanophyllum proboscideum could be a rich source of natural antioxidants and an effective pharmaceutical agent.
Meghalaya, (in India), in the region of the mega-biodiversity hotspots, is home to a plethora of wild mushrooms. The present study concerns the exploration of the order Agaricales, which includes rare gilled mushrooms considered endangered under IUCN A4c criteria, due to the declining habitat. Electron microscopy of the gill sections revealed an abundance of clamp connections, hyphal cell walls, cystidia, and basidia. This rare species which belongs to the family Cyphellaceae, exhibits morphological and molecular differences from the Cyphella spp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it formed a clade under the genus Campanophyllum of the order Agaricales, confirmed by both Neighbor Joining (NJ) and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Being nutritionally potent along with its efficient antioxidant value, the fungal extract shows significant rise of two-fold in the antimicrobial activity along with the commercial antibiotics. The compound, Phenol, 2, 4-bis (1, 1-Dimethylethyl) (2, 4-DTBP) showed in ample range in the fungal extract along with aliphatic hydrocarbons, terpene, alcohol and volatile organic compounds on further characterization in GCMS. The present study indicates the endangered Campanophyllum proboscideum could be a rich source of natural antioxidants and an effective pharmaceutical agent.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
제안 방법
The protein content was found to be significantly higher. The sample was analyzed for total moisture, fiber content in its dried mass, fat content, and crude ash (Table 1). The crude protein content of the mushroom in this experiment was found to be appreciably good.
The findings suggest that the biogeographic features have played a unique role in determining the evolutionary traits of this fungus. The specimen was given due attention, and its ultrastructure and molecular characterization were analyzed using the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) markers. However, the morphological evidence of Campanophyllum suggests an evolutionary clade in the basidiomycetes, based on the presence of the basidia.
데이터처리
Result considered was the mean ± SEM of 3 trials (one way ANOVA).
Result considered was the mean ± SEM of 3 trials (one-way ANOVA).
이론/모형
Folin-Ciocalteu calorimetric method was used to determine the total soluble phenolic matter of the crude extract [24]. Results were expressed in terms of mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram (mg GAE g-1 ) of the test mushroom.
5 McFarland standards (106 colony forming units/mL). The antimicrobial assay was performed on Mueller Hinton Agar plates. The crude extract at a concentration of 1 mg/mL (40 mL) was used for the assay along with the pure extraction solvent (DMSO) as a negative control.
The mushroom sample was analyzed for its presence of nutritional composite using AOAC protocol for moisture, fat, fiber, and ash [17].
성능/효과
proboscideum with one posterior probability, which supports the best-scoring NJ analysis (Figure 2). The species is identified as Campanophyllum based on its morphological and microscopic structure, including basidia, cystidia, and hyphal cell wall, and is authenticated by molecular characterization using ITS. The fungal sequence showed hits of 83% identity to C.
The tree based on the ITS rRNA revealed the sequence to be included in the clade with C. proboscideum, having 93% sequence homology with a strong supported bootstrap of 1000 replicates while computing Neighbor joining which was later confirmed with the Bayesian topology.
후속연구
It has shown dynamic synergistic activity and its various bactericidal properties can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. Further investigations will uncover greater details regarding their distribution, availability and toxicity perspective.
참고문헌 (42)
1 Khaund P , Joshi SR Enzymatic profiling of wild edible mushrooms consumed by the ethnic tribes of India . J Kor Soc Appl Biol Chem . 2014 ; 57 ( 2 ): 263 ？ 271 .
2 Maba DL , Guelly AK , Yorou NS , et？al. The genus Lactarius s str. (Basdiomycota, Russulales) in Togo (West Africa): phylogeny and a new species described . IMA Fungus . 2014 ; 5 ( 1 ): 39 ？ 49 . 25083405
3 Khaund P , Joshi SR DNA barcoding of wild edible mushrooms consumed by the ethnic tribes of India . Gene . 2014 ; 550 ( 1 ): 123 ？ 130 . 25130907
6 Kim MY , Seguin P , Ahn JK , et？al. Phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities of edible and medicinal mushrooms from Korea . J Agric Food Chem . 2008 ; 56 ( 16 ): 7265 ？ 7270 . 18616260
10 Barros L , Ferreira M-J , Queiros B , et？al. Total phenols, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene in Portuguese wild edible mushrooms and their antioxidant activities . Food Chem . 2007 ; 103 ( 2 ): 413 ？ 419 .
11 Barros L , Venturini B , Baptista P , et？al. Chemical composition and biological properties of Portuguese wild mushrooms: a comprehensive study . J Agric Food Chem . 2008 ; 56 ( 10 ): 3856 ？ 3862 . 18435539
12 Tsujikawa K , Kanamori T , Iwata Y , et？al. Morphological and chemical analysis of magic mushrooms in Japan . Forensic Sci Int . 2003 ; 138 ( 1？3 ): 85 ？ 90 . 14642723
13 Borthakur M , Joshi SR Micrographical analysis of growth deformities in common pathogens induced by voucher fungi from India . J Microsc Ultrastruct . 2016 ; 4 : 203 ？ 210 . 30023228
14 White TJ , Bruns T , Lee S , et？al. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics In: Innis MA , Gelfand DH , Sninsky JJ , White TJ , editors. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications . New York (NY) : Academic Press ; 1990 p. 315 ？ 322 .
15 Tamura K , Stecher G , Peterson D , et？al. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0 . Mol Biol Evol . 2013 ; 30 ( 12 ): 2725 ？ 2729 . 24132122
16 Ronquist F , Teslenko M , Mark P , et？al. Mr Bayes3.2: efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space . Syst Biol . 2012 ; 61 ( 3 ): 539 ？ 542 . 22357727
17 Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official methods of analysis . 15th ed Arlington (TX) : AOAC ; 1990 .
18 Bradford MM A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding . Anal Biochem . 1976 ; 72 ( 1？2 ): 248 ？ 254 . 942051
19 Adebayo EA , Oloke JK , Ayandele AA , et？al. Phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial assay of mushroom metabolite from Pleurotus pulmonarius -LAU 09(JF736658) . J Microbiol Biotech Res . 2012 ; 2 ( 2 ): 366 ？ 374 .
20 Beuhler M , Lee DC , Gerkin R The Meixner test in the detection of alpha-amanitin and false-positive reactions caused by psilocin and 5-substituted tryptamines . Ann Emerg Med . 2004 ;44(2):114？120.
21 Devi KP , Suganthy N , Kesika P , et？al. Bioprotective properties of seaweeds: in？vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against food borne bacteria in relation to polyphenolic content . BMC Complement Altern Med . 2008 ; 8 ( 1 ): 38 ？ 48 . 18613983
22 Oyaizu M Studies on products of browning reactions: antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine . Jpn J Nutr Diet . 1986 ; 44 ( 6 ): 307 ？ 315 .
23 Park YS , Jung ST , Kang SG , et？al. Antioxidants and proteins in ethylene-treated kiwifruits . Food Chem . 2008 ; 107 ( 2 ): 640 ？ 648 .
24 Singleton VL , Orthofer R , Lamuela-Raventos RM Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent . Methods Enzymol . 1999 ; 299 : 152 ？ 178 .
25 Nagata M , Yamashita I Simple method for simultaneous determination of chlorophyll and carotenoids in tomato fruit . J Food Sci Technol . 1992 ; 39 ( 10 ): 925 ？ 928 .
26 Kuo M Using a microscope to study mushrooms; 2006 Available from: www.mushroomexpert.com .
27 Breene WM Nutritional and medicinal value of specialty mushrooms . J Food Protect . 1990 ; 53 ( 10 ): 883 ？ 894 .
31 Tibuhwa DD A comparative study of antioxidant activities between fresh and dry mushrooms in the genera Cantharellus and Afrocantharellus from Tanzania . Food Nutr Sci . 2014 ; 5 : 212 ？ 221 .
32 Khaund P , Joshi SR Functional nutraceutical profiling of wild edible and medicinal mushrooms consumed by ethnic tribes in India . Int J Med Mushrooms . 2015 ; 17 ( 2 ): 187 ？ 197 . 25746624
33 Tomsone L , Kruma Z , Galoburda R Comparison of different solvents and extraction methods for isolation of phenolic compounds from horseradish roots ( Armoracia rusticana ) . World Acad Sci Eng Technol . 2012 ; 64 : 903 ？ 908 .
34 Abugri DA , McElhenney WH Extraction of total phenolic and flavonoids from edible wild and cultivated medicinal mushrooms as affected by different solvents . J Nat Prod Plant Resour . 2013 ; 3 ( 3 ): 37 ？ 42 .
35 Yaltirak T , Aslim B , Ozturk S , et？al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Russula delica Fr . Food Chem Toxicol . 2009 ; 47 ( 8 ): 2052 ？ 2056 . 19481130
37 Patel Y , Naraian R , Singh VK Medicinal properties of Pleurotus species oyster mushroom-a review . World J Fungal Plant Biol . 2012 ; 3 : 1 ？ 12 .
38 Mohamed EM , Farghaly FA Bioactive compounds of fresh and dried Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom . Int J Biotech Well Indus . 2014 ; 3 ( 1 ): 4 ？ 14
39 Daigle P , Gelinas P , Leblanc D , et？al. Production of aroma compounds by Geotrichum candidum on waste breadcrumb . Food Microbiol . 1999 ; 16 ( 5 ): 517 ？ 522 .
40 Dastager SG Aroma compounds In: Nigam PS , Pandey A , editors. Biotechnology for agro-industrial residues utilization . Dordrecht : Springer ; 2009 p. 105 ？ 127 .
41 Lanciotti R , Gianotti A , Patrignani F , et？al. Use of natural aroma compounds to improve shelf life and safety of minimally processed fruits . Trends Food Sci Technol . 2004 ; 15 ( 3？4 ): 201 ？ 208 .
42 Zawirska-Wojtasiak R , Siwulski M , Mildner-Szkudlarz S , et？al. Studies on the aroma of different species and strains of Pleurotus measured by GCMS, sensory analysis and electronic nose . Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment . 2009 ; 8 : 47 ？ 61 .
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.