The purpose of this study is to identify clinical features of sound (non-lame) dogs with medial patellar luxation (MPL). Medical records of 72 dogs diagnosed with MPL were retrospectively reviewed. There were no significances in breed, sex, body weight, body condition score (BCS), osteoarthritis (OA...
The purpose of this study is to identify clinical features of sound (non-lame) dogs with medial patellar luxation (MPL). Medical records of 72 dogs diagnosed with MPL were retrospectively reviewed. There were no significances in breed, sex, body weight, body condition score (BCS), osteoarthritis (OA) score, inclination of the femoral head angle (IFA), and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA) between sound and lame dogs, respectively. The mean age of sound dogs was significantly higher than that of lame dogs (P < 0.05), especially in MPL grade 3. The frequency of sound dogs with MPL grade 1 and 2 was 2.3 times higher than that of sound dogs with MPL grade 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). The anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA) of sound dogs was significantly lower than that of lame dogs (P < 0.05). However, there were no statistical differences in aLDFA between sound and lame dogs in MPL grade 1, 2, and 4, except for MPL grade 3. This study suggests that in case of MPL grade 1 and 2, frequency of sound dogs is significantly high, and also that in MPL grade 3, if mean ± (standard deviation) age of the dogs is 7.4 ± 3.6 years old and the aLDFA is 105.6 ± 4.1 degrees, they are very highly possible to be sound dogs.
The purpose of this study is to identify clinical features of sound (non-lame) dogs with medial patellar luxation (MPL). Medical records of 72 dogs diagnosed with MPL were retrospectively reviewed. There were no significances in breed, sex, body weight, body condition score (BCS), osteoarthritis (OA) score, inclination of the femoral head angle (IFA), and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA) between sound and lame dogs, respectively. The mean age of sound dogs was significantly higher than that of lame dogs (P < 0.05), especially in MPL grade 3. The frequency of sound dogs with MPL grade 1 and 2 was 2.3 times higher than that of sound dogs with MPL grade 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). The anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA) of sound dogs was significantly lower than that of lame dogs (P < 0.05). However, there were no statistical differences in aLDFA between sound and lame dogs in MPL grade 1, 2, and 4, except for MPL grade 3. This study suggests that in case of MPL grade 1 and 2, frequency of sound dogs is significantly high, and also that in MPL grade 3, if mean ± (standard deviation) age of the dogs is 7.4 ± 3.6 years old and the aLDFA is 105.6 ± 4.1 degrees, they are very highly possible to be sound dogs.
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문제 정의
1, the dogs seemed to be sound. This study can help provide information about the clinical features of sound dogs with MPL.
제안 방법
However, the features of dogs that were diagnosed with MPL without lameness have not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify clinical features such as sex, age,body weight, body condition score (BCS), grade of patella luxation, osteoarthritis (OA) score, anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA), inclination of the femoral head angle(IFA), and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA) in sound dogs with MPL.
General information obtained from the medical records included breed, sex, age, body weight, BCS, patella luxation grade, and lameness grade. Radiographs of limbs with MPL were evaluated for OA status and bone deformity.
In this study, to compensate for the small number of samples, the dogs were divided into two groups (theses with scores < 2); dogs with low-grade MPL tended to be sound rather than lame.
The femoral varus angle was defined in relation to the aLDFA (aLDFA - 90o). In this study, aLDFA values weremeasured in the groups with sound and lame limbs according to MPL grade. As the MPL grade increased, the mean aLDFA tended to increase in both sound and lame limbs,which is in agreement with previous reports (32,33).
Femoral anteversion and tibial rotation also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MPL(14,22,33). The study focused on the frontal plane alone and therefore did not address femoral anteversion or other tibial deformities. Another limitation is related to the study’s retrospective nature.
The exclusion criteria were dogs that underwent a previous patella surgery, had cranial cruciate ligament rupture,hip dysplasia, or other orthopedic or neurologic abnormalities. In an attempt to minimize variations in femoral and tibial joint angles, this study focused on six breeds that were frequently diagnosed with MPL and commonly seen at VMTHKU: Pomeranian, Yorkshire Terrier, Maltese, Chihuahua, Poodle, and Shih-Tzu. Eventually, data were retrieved from 72dogs that met the study criteria.
대상 데이터
Eventually, data were retrieved from 72dogs that met the study criteria. The sound and lame groups were comprised of 42 and 30 dogs, respectively. Radiographs of 102 limbs with MPL were allocated into the sound(69 limbs) and lame (33 limbs) groups.
Of the 72 dogs, 26 were males (23 castrated), and 46 were females (26 spayed). Among all dogs, spayed females were most frequently observed (36%).
데이터처리
The statistical analysis of numerical data associated with multivariate factors was performed using the chisquared test (X2 test) or Fisher’s exact test.
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicated that all continuous variables violated the normalityassumption; hence, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to investigate statistical differences between sound and lame dogs. A logistic regression was performed to estimate the relationship between sound dogs and age, and the results are presented as 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and ORs. P values < 0.
이론/모형
The BCS was assessed to indicate the degree of obesity by using a five-point scale (18). Patellar luxation grades wereassigned by flexing and extending the stifle joint (30).
8; Meixant, Poznan, Poland). The angular deformity was calculated using a previously reported standardized method of pelvic limb alignment measurement (17). Radiographs were performed with or without anesthesia.
성능/효과
After the clinical histories of sound dogs were analyzed,their physical findings were compared with those of lame dogs and it was determined whether there were differences between sound and lame dogs within each grade.
MPL grades 2 and 3 were most frequently observed in both sound and lame dogs. A comparatively lower number of dogs with MPL grade 4 was observed; this was because of the limitation of relying on medical records in this retrospective study. In a study on prevalence conducted at three different centers, it is possible that the cases referred to the hospital did not accurately represent the overall population (3).
Clinical factors such as breed, sex, body weight, BCS, OA score, mMPTA, and IFA were not associated with the incidence of sound dogs with MPL. In cases with MPL grades 1 and 2, the frequency of sound dogs was significantly higher than in cases with MPL grades 3 and 4.
후속연구
As such, this represents mechanical lameness and the clinical signs that may be observed vary depending on the degree of patient adaptation. Further studies will be necessary to identify changes in symptoms among sound dogs with untreated MPL grades 1 and 2.
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