Chen, Yong
(Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Feed Resources and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University)
,
Gao, Yan
(Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Feed Resources and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University)
,
Yin, Shuxin
(Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Feed Resources and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University)
,
Zhang, Shuai
(Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Feed Resources and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University)
,
Wang, Lu
(Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Feed Resources and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Reg)
,
Qu, Yongli
Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding acidified milk on the growth and fecal microbial diversity of dairy calves. Methods: Twenty healthy 3-day-old female Holstein calves with similar body weights were selected and randomly divided into two groups. One group was fed pasteurized milk (PM, Cont...
Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding acidified milk on the growth and fecal microbial diversity of dairy calves. Methods: Twenty healthy 3-day-old female Holstein calves with similar body weights were selected and randomly divided into two groups. One group was fed pasteurized milk (PM, Control), while the other was fed acidified milk (AM) ad libitum until weaned (day 60). The experiment lasted until day 180. Results: There was no difference in the nutritional components between PM and AM. The numbers of Escherichia coli and total bacteria in AM were lower than in PM. At 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 days of age, the milk intake of calves fed AM was higher than that of calves fed PM (p<0.05), and the solid feed intake of calves fed AM was higher than that of calves fed PM at 61 to 90 days (p<0.05). The average daily gain of calves fed AM was also higher than that of calves fed PM at 31 to 60, 61 to 180, and 7 to 180 days (p<0.05). The calves fed AM tended to have a lower diarrhea rate than those fed PM (p = 0.059). Bacteroides had the highest abundance in the feces of calves fed AM on day 50, while Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005 had the highest abundance in the feces of calves fed AM on day 90 and calves fed PM on days 50 and 90. At the taxonomic level, the linear discriminant analysis scores of 27 microorganisms in the feces of calves fed AM and PM on days 50 and 90 were higher than 4.0. Conclusion: Feeding AM increased calf average daily gain and affected fecal bacterial diversity.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding acidified milk on the growth and fecal microbial diversity of dairy calves. Methods: Twenty healthy 3-day-old female Holstein calves with similar body weights were selected and randomly divided into two groups. One group was fed pasteurized milk (PM, Control), while the other was fed acidified milk (AM) ad libitum until weaned (day 60). The experiment lasted until day 180. Results: There was no difference in the nutritional components between PM and AM. The numbers of Escherichia coli and total bacteria in AM were lower than in PM. At 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 days of age, the milk intake of calves fed AM was higher than that of calves fed PM (p<0.05), and the solid feed intake of calves fed AM was higher than that of calves fed PM at 61 to 90 days (p<0.05). The average daily gain of calves fed AM was also higher than that of calves fed PM at 31 to 60, 61 to 180, and 7 to 180 days (p<0.05). The calves fed AM tended to have a lower diarrhea rate than those fed PM (p = 0.059). Bacteroides had the highest abundance in the feces of calves fed AM on day 50, while Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005 had the highest abundance in the feces of calves fed AM on day 90 and calves fed PM on days 50 and 90. At the taxonomic level, the linear discriminant analysis scores of 27 microorganisms in the feces of calves fed AM and PM on days 50 and 90 were higher than 4.0. Conclusion: Feeding AM increased calf average daily gain and affected fecal bacterial diversity.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
제안 방법
All PCRs were performed using Phusion High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA, USA) with the following program: 98°C for 1 min, 35 cycles of 98°C for 10 s, 50°C for 3 s and 72°C for 30 s, followed by 72°C for 5 min.
The feeding amount and leftover amounts of milk and solid feed were recorded every day to calculate the daily intake of milk and solid feed during the experiment. Calves were weighed before morning feedings at 7, 30, 60, 90, and 180days of age to calculate the ADG. The calf feces was observed daily until the age of 60 days (weaning) and was identified as diarrhea if it turned out to be paste-like or more liquid.
Five calves with similar weights were randomly selected from each treatment for collecting fecal samples before the morning feeding on days 50 and 90 (A50, fecal samples of calves fed AM on day 50; A90, fecal samples of calves fed AM on day 90; P50, fecal samples of calves fed PM on day 50; P90, fecal samples of calves fed PM on day 90). The samples were scraped with sterile gloves from the rectal end, immediately placed in liquid nitrogen, and frozen in a freezer at –80°C using sterile cryopreservation tubes.
Twenty healthy 3-day-old female Holstein calves with similar body weights were selected and randomly divided into two groups; each calf was kept in a pen (2.3 m×1.5 m).
대상 데이터
Funding for this project was provided by Heilongjiang Science and Technology Fund (C2017044), Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University Postgraduate Innovation Project (YJSCX2017-Y19), Daqing Science and Technology Fund (zd-2019-29) and Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University Support Program for San Heng San Zong (TDJH201805, ZRCPY201906).
All procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University. The study was conducted on a large commercial dairy farm (Anda City, Heilongjiang Province, China). Twenty healthy 3-day-old female Holstein calves with similar body weights were selected and randomly divided into two groups; each calf was kept in a pen (2.
이론/모형
At the same time, the most frequent sequences in OTUs were selected as the representative sequences of OTUs. The representative OTUs were annotated and analyzed using the SSURRNA database of SILVA (http://www.arb-silva.de/) (threshold value:0.8-1) by Mothur [16,17] to obtain and classify at various levels: phylum, class, order, family and genus. Muscle [18] (version 3.
성능/효과
Clostridia, Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae AC2044_group, and Ruminiclostridium_UCG_014 were the dominant bacteria, and Clostridia and Clostridiales had the highest LDA score (p<0.05) in the fecal microorganisms of calves fed AM on day 90 (A90).
Todd et al [11] found that the odds of disease and mortality were not different between the calves fed MR and acidified MR, but acidified MR had less coliform and aerobic bacteria. Our results showed that AM had lower counts of total bacteria and E. coli compared with PM. This is beneficial to alimentary tract health, leading to a lower diarrhea rate in calves fed AM in comparison with those fed PM.
Rikenellaceae, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Ruminiclostridium_UCG_010, Christensenellaceae_R_7_group, Prerotellaceae_UCG_003, and Alistipes were the dominant bacteria (p<0.05), and Rikenellaceae had the highest LDA score (p<0.05) in the fecal microorganisms of calves fed PM on day 90 (P90).
참고문헌 (36)
1 Stewart S Godden S Bey R Preventing bacterial contamination and proliferation during the harvest, storage, and feeding of fresh bovine colostrum J Dairy Sci 2005 88 2571 8 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72933-7 15956318
3 Todd CG Millman ST Leslie KE Anderson NG Sargeant JM DeVries TJ Effects of milk replacer acidification and free-access feeding on early life feeding, oral, and lying behavior of dairy calves J Dairy Sci 2018 101 8236 47 10.3168/jds.2018-14487 29960783
4 Raeth-Knight M Chester-Jones H Hayes S Impact of conventional or intensive milk replacer programs on Holstein heifer performance through six months of age and during first lactation J Dairy Sci 2009 92 799 809 10.3168/jds.2008-1470 19164694
5 Todd CG Leslie KE Millman ST Clinical trial on the effects of a free-access acidified milk replacer feeding program on the health and growth of dairy replacement heifers and veal calves J Dairy Sci 2017 100 713 25 10.3168/jds.2016-11401 27816246
10 Thickett WS Cuthbert NH Brigstocke TDA Lindeman MA Wilson PN A note on the performance and management of calves reared on cold acidified milk replacer fed, ad libitum Anim Sci 1983 36 147 50 10.1017/S0003356100040058
11 Todd C Leslie KE Millman ST Milk replacer acidification for free-access feeding: effects on the performance and health of veal calves Open J Anim Sci 2016 6 234 46 10.4236/ojas.2016.63029
12 Yanar M Olcay G Bahr B Jale M Effects of feeding acidified milk replacer on the growth, health and behavioural characteristics of holstein friesian calves Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2006 30 235 41
13 Daniels LB Hall JR Hornsby OR Collins JA Feeding naturally fermented, cultured, and direct acidified colostrum to dairy calves J Dairy Sci 1977 60 992 6 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83976-3
14 Caccavo F Lonergan DJ Lovley DR Davis M Stolz JF McInerney MJ Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen-and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganism Appl Environ Microbiol 1994 60 3752 9 7527204
15 Edgar RC UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads Nat Methods 2013 10 996 8 23955772
16 Wang Q Garrity GM Tiedje JM Cole JR Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy Appl Environ Microbiol 2007 73 5261 7 10.1128/AEM.00062-07 17586664
17 Quast C Pruesse E Yilmaz P The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools Nucleic Acids Res 2013 41 D590 6 10.1093/nar/gks1219 23193283
19 White JR Nagarajan N Pop M Statistical methods for detecting differentially abundant features in clinical metagenomic samples Plos Comput Biol 2009 5 e1000352 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000352 19360128
20 Zou Y Wang Y Deng Y Cao Z Li S Wang J Effects of feeding untreated, pasteurized and acidified waste milk and bunk tank milk on the performance, serum metabolic profiles, immunity, and intestinal development in Holstein calves J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017 8 53 10.1186/s40104-017-0182-4 28630706
21 Mora D Fortina MG Parini C Genetic diversity and technological properties of Streptococcus thermophilus strains isolated from dairy products J Appl Microbiol 2002 93 278 87 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01696.x 12147076
22 Kotz CM Peterson LR Moody JA Savaiano DA Levitt MD In vitro antibacterial effect of yogurt on Escherichia coli Digest Dis Sci 1990 35 630 7 10.1007/BF01540412 2185003
23 Raso J Palop A Pagan R Condon S Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores by combining ultrasonic waves under pressure and mild heat treatment J Appl Microbiol 1998 85 849 54 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00593.x 9830120
24 Hand MS Hunt E Phillips RW Milk replacers for the neonatal calf Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1985 1 589 608 10.1016/S0749-0720(15)31305-0 3907789
25 Claesson MJ Jeffery IB Conde S Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly Nature 2012 488 178 84 10.1038/nature11319 22797518
26 Li RW Connor EE Li C Baldwin RL Sparks ME Characterization of the rumen microbiota of pre-ruminant calves using metagenomic tools Environ Microbiol 2012 14 129 39 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02543.x 21906219
27 Mao S Zhang M Liu J Zhu W Characterising the bacterial microbiota across the gastrointestinal tracts of dairy cattle: membership and potential function Sci Rep 2015 5 16116 10.1038/srep16116 26527325
28 Deng YF Wang YJ Zou Y Influence of dairy by-product waste milk on the microbiomes of different gastrointestinal tract components in pre-weaned dairy calves Sci Rep 2017 7 42689 10.1038/srep42689 28281639
29 Van der Waaij D Berghuis-de Vries JM Lekkerkerk-Van der Wees JEC Colonization resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice Epidemiol Infect 1971 69 405 11 10.1017/S0022172400021653
30 Heyman M Menard S Probiotic microorganisms: how they affect intestinal pathophysiology Cell Mol Life Sci 2002 59 1151 65 10.1007/s00018-002-8494-7 12222962
31 Burton KJ Rosikiewicz M Pimentel G Probiotic yogurt and acidified milk similarly reduce postprandial inflammation and both alter the gut microbiota of healthy, young men Br J Nutr 2017 117 1312 22 10.1017/S0007114517000885 28558854
32 Yin X Yan Y Kim EB Lee B Marco ML Effect of milk and milk containing Lactobacillus casei on the intestinal microbiota of mice J Dairy Sci 2014 97 2049 55 10.3168/jds.2013-7477 24508432
33 Backhed F Ding H Wang T The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004 101 15718 23 10.1073/pnas.0407076101 15505215
34 Biddle A Stewart L Blanchard J Leschine S Untangling the genetic basis of fibrolytic specialization by Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae in diverse gut communities Diversity 2013 5 627 40 10.3390/d5030627
35 Yang X Twitchell E Li G High protective efficacy of rice bran against human rotavirus diarrhea via enhancing probiotic growth, gut barrier function, and innate immunity Sci Rep 2015 5 15004 10.1038/srep15004 26459937
36 Wu W Lv L Shi D Protective effect of Akkermansia muciniphila against immune-mediated liver injury in a mouse model Front Microbiol 2017 8 1804 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01804 29033903
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.