[논문]Review on the succession process of Pinus densiflora forests in South Korea: progressive and disturbance-driven succession

Choung, Yeonsook; Lee, Jongsung; Cho, Soyeon; Noh, Jaesang

doi:10.1186/s41610-020-00157-8

[국내논문] Review on the succession process of Pinus densiflora forests in South Korea: progressive and disturbance-driven succession 원문보기

Journal of ecology and environment, v.44 no.3, 2020년, pp.126 - 142

Choung, Yeonsook (Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University) , Lee, Jongsung (Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University) , Cho, Soyeon (Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University) , Noh, Jaesang (Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Background: Most of the Pinus densiflora forests, occupying the largest area, have been restored in South Korea since the 1970s. As young pioneer forests, the succession process is under way. Since the forests are distributed nationwide and are vulnerable to disturbances, the process may differ depending on the geography and/or site conditions. Therefore, we reviewed the direction, the seral communities, and the late-successional species of progressive and disturbance-driven succession nationwide in the cool-temperate zone through meta-analysis and empirical observations. Main text: As a result of a meta-analysis of the direct succession and vertical structure, we found that the P. densiflora forest is in a directionally progressive succession, changing to the broadleaved forest after forming a mixed forest with its overwhelming successor, Quercus species (particularly Q. mongolica and Q. serrata). In dry stands in a relative sense, the Quercus species was favored occupying over 80% of the abundance of the succeeding species. Therefore, in dry stands, it is presumed that Quercus-dominated stage would last for a long time due to the current dominance and long life span, and eventually, it settles as Quercus-broadleaved forest with a site change. Contrary to this, it is presumed that in mesic stands where Quercus species do not occur or have low abundance, the late-successional broadleaved species settle early to form a co-dominant forest with multiple species. Due to geographical limits, the species composition of the two late-successional forests is different. Disturbances such as insect pests and fire retrogressed vulnerable P. densiflora forest for a while. However, it was mostly restored to the Quercus forest and is expected to be incorporated in the pathway of the dry stand. Conclusions: We revealed the succession process of P. densiflora forests according to geography and moisture and found that stand moisture had a decisive effect on the species and abundance of the successor. Although the P. densiflora forest is undergoing structural changes, the forest is still young; so within a few decades, physiognomy is not likely to change. Therefore, the decrease in the forest area may be due to other causes such as disturbances and forest conversion rather than due to succession.

Keyword

참고문헌 (139)

Abrams MD, Scott ML. Disturbance-mediated accelerated succession in two Michigan forest types. For Sci. 1989;35(1):42-9.
Ahn HC, Cho HS. The forest community structure and dynamics in Mt. Yeonhwa Provincial Park. J Agric Tech Res. 2000;13:87-95 (In Korean).
An HC, Choo GC. Vegetation structure of the Woongseokbong in the Jirisan (Mt.). Korean J Environ Ecol. 2010;24(5):547-55 (In Korean).
Back SJ, Kang HK, Kim SH. Vegetation structure and management planning of Yongha Gugok in Woraksan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2013;27(4):487-97 (In Korean).
Bae JS, Kim ES. Understanding forest status of the Korean Peninsula in 1910: a focus on digitization of Joseonimyabunpodo (The Korean Peninsula Forest Distribution Map). J Korean Soc For Sci. 2019;108(3):418-28 (In Korean).
Barbour MG, Burk JH, Pitts WD, Gilliam FS, Schwartz MW. Terrestrial plant ecology. 3rd ed. Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings, Inc; 1999.
Beon MS, Bartsch N. Early seedling growth of pine (Pinus densiflora) and oaks (Quercus serrata, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis) in response to light intensity and soil moisture. Plant Ecol. 2003;167(1):97-105.

상세보기
Byeon SY, Yun CW. Comparison of vegetation structure between natural forest (Pinus densiflora forest and Quercus mongolica forest) and Larix kaempferi forest in Mt. Janggunbong. J Agric Life Sci. 2018;52(4):31-45 (In Korean).

상세보기
Byun DW, Lee HJ, Kim CH. Vegetation pattern and successional sere in the forest of Mt. Odae. Korean J Ecol. 1998;21(3):283-93 (In Korean).
Cerny T, Kopecky M, Petrik P, Song JS, Srutek M, Valachovic M, Altman J, Dolezal J. Classification of Korean forests: patterns along geographic and environmental gradients. Appl Veg Sci. 2015;18(1):5-22.

상세보기
Cho HJ, Lee CB. Vegetation types and diversity patterns of Pinus densiflora forests in South Korea. Jour Korean For Soc. 2011;100(1):118-23 (In Korean).
Cho HS, Choi SH. Plant community structure of the Baekcheon valley in Taebaeksan Area, the Baekdudaegan. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2002;15(4):369-78 (In Korean).
Cho YH, Kim W. Early vegetational recovery and species diversity of pine forest after fire in Mt. Todok. Korean J Ecol. 1991;14(1):15-23 (In Korean).
Cho YH, Kim W. Secondary succession and species diversity of Pinus densiflora forest after fire. Korean J Ecol. 1992;15(4):337-44 (In Korean).
Choe B. Management of future-oriented a natural forest through changes of plant community for twenty our years (1988-2012) in Soribong of Kwangnung forest, Korea. PhD Thesis, University of Seoul; 2015. (In Korean).
Choi JW, Kwak JI, Lee KJ, Choi WK. A study for plant community structure and management plan of Pinus densiflora forest in Byeonsanbando National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2009;23(5):447-59 (In Korean).
Choi SH, Cho HS. Analysis on the forest community structure of the area of Donghaksa - Nammaetap, Kyeryongsan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2001;14(4):252-67 (In Korean).
Choi SH, Cho HS. Vegetation structure of the Dogabsa valley in the Wolchulsan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2006;20(2):94-102 (In Korean).
Choi SH, Cho HS. Vegetation structure analysis from Naesosa to Naebyeonsan district of the Byeonsan Peninsula National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2009;23(2):151-60 (In Korean).
Choi SH, Kang HM. Vegetation structure of the Kumsaenggol in the Wolchulsan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2006;20(4):464-72 (In Korean).
Choi YE, Kim CH, Oh JG. Community distribution on mountain forest vegetation of the Choksangsan area in the Deogyusan National Park, Korea. Korean J Ecol Environ. 2013a;46(3):460-70 (In Korean).
Choi YE, Kim CH, Oh JG, Lee NS. Community distribution on mountain forest vegetation of the Birobong area in the Odaesan National Park, Korea. Korean J Ecol Environ. 2014;47(2):91-102 (In Korean).

원문보기 상세보기
Choi YE, Oh JG, Kim CH. Community distribution on forest vegetation of the Hyangjeokbong in the Deogyusan National Park. Korean J Ecol Environ. 2013b;46(2):289-300 (In Korean).
Choo GC, Um TW, Kim GT, Park SB, An HH, Kim NH, Kim HJ. Vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Bukhansansung to Insubong in the Bukhansan National Park, Korea. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2008;22(2):98-105 (In Korean).
Choung HL, Hong SK. Distribution patterns, floristic differentiation and succession of Pinus densiflora forest in South Korea: a perspective at nation-wide scale. Phytocoenologia. 2006;36(2):213-29.

상세보기
Choung HL, Lee HJ, Lee JS. Syntaxonomy of the forest vegetation and surrounding Taegu, Korea. Korean J Ecol. 2000;23(5):407-21 (In Korean).
Choung Y, Choung MS. Biodiversity of burned forests is controlled by the sprouting ability of prefire species in Pinus densiflora forests. Ecol Eng. 2019;127:356-62.

상세보기
Choung Y, Lee BC, Cho JH, Lee KS, Jang IS, Kim SH, Hong SK, Jung HC, Choung HL. Forest responses to the large-scale east coast fires in Korea. Ecol Res. 2004;19:43-54.

상세보기
Choung Y, Lee KE. Ecology of common plant species in central Korean forests. Seoul: Nature & Ecology; 2019.
Chun YM, Lee HJ, Hayashi I. Syntaxonomy and syngeography of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) forests in Korea. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2007;21(3):257-77.
Chun YW. Forests and Korean culture. Seoul: Book's Hill publishers Co., Inc.; 1999.
Chung SH, Kim JH. The classification of forest types by factor analysis in natural forests of Dutasan. J Agric Life Sci. 2012;46(4):21-30 (In Korean).
Eom BC. Climatically potential natural vegetation and phytoclimatic map of Korea: PhD Thesis, Keimyung University; 2019. (In Korean).
Finegan B. Forest succession. Nature. 1984;312(5990):109-14.

상세보기
Fujihara M. Development of secondary pine forests after pine wilt disease in western Japan. J Veg Sci. 1996;7(5):729-38.

상세보기
Fujihara M, Hada Y, Toyohara G. Changes in the stand structure of a pine forest after rapid growth of Quercus serrata Thunb. For Ecol Manag. 2002;170(1-3):55-65.

상세보기
Han BH, Cho W, Lee SD. Plant community structure of Donghaksa valley in Kyeryongsan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2001;14(4):238-51 (In Korean).
Han BH, Choi JW, Noh TH, Hur JY. The structure of plant community of the Woonsooam valley in Jogyesan (Mt.), Suncheon. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2014;28(1):45-54 (In Korean).

원문보기 상세보기
Higo M, Shinohara A, Kodama S. The regeneration behavior of major component species in the secondary forest dominated by Pinus densiflora and Quercus serrata in central Japan. For Ecol Manag. 1995;76(1-3):1-10.

상세보기
Hong SK, Nakagoshi N, Kamada M. Human impacts on pine-dominated vegetation in rural landscapes in Korea and western Japan. Vegetatio. 1995;116(2):161-72.

상세보기
Jeon JH, Son YM, Kang JT. Characteristics of growth and development of empirical stand yield model on Pinus densiflora in central Korea. Jour Korean For Soc. 2017;106:267-73 (In Korean).
Jo JC, Cho W, Han BH. The plant community structure of Pinus densiflorain forest in Chuwangsan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 1995;8(2):121-34 (In Korean).
Kamada M, Nakagoshi N. Pine forest structure in a human-dominated landscape system in Korea. Ecol Res. 1993;8(1):35-46.

상세보기
Kang HM, Choi SH. Actual vegetation and vegetation structure of the Bulyeongsa Valley area in Uljin-gun(Gyeungbuk). Korean J Environ Ecol. 2008;22(1):1-10 (In Korean).
Kang HM, Choi SH, Lee SD, Cho HS, Kim JS. Vegetation structure of the Bulguksa Buddhist temple forest in the Gyeongju National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2012;26(5):787-800 (In Korean).
Kato J, Hayashi I. Quantitative analysis of a stand of Pinus densiflora undergoing succession to Quercus mongolica ssp. crispula: 1. A 31-year record of growth and population dynamics of the canopy trees. Ecol Res. 2006;21(4):503-9.
Keeley JE, Zedler PH. Evolution of life histories in Pinus. In: Richardson DM, editor. Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998. p. 219-50.
Kim BG, Um TW. Vegetation structure of the ridge area of Naesosa in the Byunsan Peninsula National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2009;23(2):135-42 (In Korean).
Kim CH, Kang SH, Kil BS. Classification analysis and gradient analysis on the forest vegetation of Mt. Mudung. Korean J Ecol. 1994;17(4):471-84 (In Korean).
Kim DP, Choi SH. Vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Gajisan to Neungdongsan in the Nakdong-jeongmaek. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2004;18(3):279-87 (In Korean).
Kim GT, Choo GC. Forest structure of the region from Dongchanggyo to Deogjusa in Woraksan National Park, Korea. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2005;19(2):75-82 (In Korean).
Kim GT, Choo GC, Kim JO. Vegetation structure of mountain the region from Wolgagsan to Dogabjae in Weolchulsan National Park Korea. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2006;20(2):122-9 (In Korean).
Kim GT, Kim JS, Choo GC, Um TW. Studies on the structure of forest community at Wangkoam, Kumunkwangi area in Chuwangsan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 1995;8(2):142-9 (In Korean).
Kim HJ, Shin JK, Lee CH, Yun CW. Community structure of forest vegetation in Mt. Geumsusan belong to Woraksan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2017;31(2):202-19 (In Korean).

원문보기 상세보기
Kim JH, Choi SH, Cho W, Sung CY. Vegetation structure of Pinus densiflora community for conservation and restoration of Tricholoma matsutake - Pine mushroom appearance area in Yangyang-gun, Kangwon-do. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2012;26(5):730-40 (In Korean).
Kim JU, Yim YJ. Actual vegetation and potential natural vegetation of Seonunsan area, Southwestern Korea. Korean J Ecol. 1987;10(4):159-64.
Kim JU, Yim YJ. Actual vegetation and potential natural vegetation of Naejangsan national park, southwestern Korea. Korean J Ecol. 1988;11(3):145-52.
Kim W. The secondary vegetation of the burned area of a mountain in Dangji-Dong. Korean J Ecol. 1983;6(3):187-97.
Kim W, Cho YH. Revegetation and secondary succession of the burned area in Mt. Sanseung. Korean J Ecol. 1984;7(4):203-7 (In Korean).
Kim W, Park JH, Cho YH. Effects of fire on forest vegetation in Mt. Samma. Korean J Ecol. 1999;22(3):145-53 (In Korean).
Kim W, Suh JH, Ri CU. The early vegetational succession of the burned area in Dangji-Dong. Korean J Ecol. 1983;6(4):237-42 (In Korean).
Korea Forest Research Institute. The 5th national forest inventory report. Seoul: Korea Forest Research Institute; 2011. (In Korean).
Korea Forest Research Institute. The 6th national forest inventory report. Seoul: Korea Forest Research Institute; 2016. (In Korean).
Korea Forest Service. Field survey on Pinus densiflora forests for the conservation. Daejeon: Korea Forest Service; 2000. (In Korean).
Korea Forest Service. Statistical yearbook of forestry (No. 39). Daejeon: Korea Forest Service; 2009. (In Korean).
Korea Forest Service. 2015 Forest basic statistics. Daejeon: Korea Forest Service; 2016. (In Korean).
Korea Forest Service. Forest fire statistics. Daejeon: Korea Forest Service; 2017. (In Korean).
Korea Forest Service. Growing forests together. Daejeon: Korea Forest Service; 2018. (In Korean).
Korea Forest Service. Statistical yearbook of forestry (No. 49). Daejeon: Korea Forest Service; 2019. (In Korean).
Korea Forest Service and Korea Forest Research Institute. Ecological report on Goseong Fire regions. Daejeon: Korea Forest Service and Korea Forest Research Institute; 1996. (in Korean).
Krestov PV, Song JS, Nakamura Y, Verkholat VP. A phytosociological survey of the deciduous temperate forests of mainland Northeast Asia. Phytocoenologia. 2006;36:77-150.

상세보기
Lee CS. A study on the succession of pine forests damaged by pine gall midge: PhD Thesis, Seoul National University; 1989. (In Korean).
Lee CS. Disturbance regime of the Pinus densiflora forest in Korea. Korean J Ecol. 1995;18(1):179-88 (In Korean).
Lee CS. Regeneration process after disturbance of the Pinus densiflora forest in Korea. Korean J Ecol. 1995b;18(1):189-201 (In Korean).
Lee CS, Hong SK. Changes of landscape pattern and vegetation structure in rural area disturbed by fire. Korean J Ecol. 1998;21(4):389-99.
Lee DK. Korean forests: Lessons learned from stories of success and failure. Korea Forest Research Institute: Seoul; 2010.
Lee DK, Shin JH, Park PS, Park YD. Forest rehabilitation in Korea. In: Lee DK, editor. Korean forests: lessons learned from stories of success and failure. Seoul: Korea Forest Research Institute; 2010. p. 35-57.
Lee EB. Actual vegetation and potential natural vegetation of Pukhansan National Park, mid-western Korea. Korean J Ecol. 1997;20(6):439-50.
Lee HS. Estimation of climax index for deciduous tree species by ecomorphological factors: MS Thesis, Kangwon National University; 2011. (In Korean).
Lee HY, Oh CH, Choi SH, Lee SD. The vegetational characteristics of Bongamsa forest genetic resources reserve area in Mt. Heuyang. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2012a;26(3):382-93 (In Korean).
Lee JL, Chung DJ. A study on the growth between pine and oak mixed natural forest stands. J Res Kor Stand Res Inst. 1998;19:21-7 (In Korean).
Lee JY, Oh JG, Jang IS, Kim HS. Community distribution on mountain forest vegetation of the Youngbong area in the Worak National Park, Korea. Korean J Ecol Environ. 2015a;48(1):51-60 (In Korean).

원문보기 상세보기
Lee JY, Oh JG, Jung SH, Kim HS. Community distribution on mountain forest vegetation of the Geumsusan and Doraksan area in the Worak National Park, Korea. Korean J Ecol Environ. 2015b;48(2):129-38 (In Korean).

원문보기 상세보기
Lee K. Classification of forested vegetation and successional development in the central-eastern Korean Peninsula: PhD Thesis, Kangwon National University; 2015. (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Cho W, Han BH. Plant community structure of Pinus densiflora forests in Odaesan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 1996;9(2):115-25 (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Cho W, Hwang SH. Plant community structure for five major valleys in Bukhansan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 1995;9(1):15-29 (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Choi JW, Choi WK, Han BH. Ecological characteristics and change for fifteen years(1989-2004) of plant community structure of the Pinus densiflora S. et Z. forest in Hongrudong valley, Gayasan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2006;20(2):188-99 (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Choi SH, Cho HS. The analysis of the forest community structure of Huibang Valley in Sobaeksan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 1993;6(2):113-26 (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Choi SH, Cho HS, Lee YW. The analysis of the forest community structure of Tokyusan National Park -case study of Paekryunsa - Kumpotan. Korean J Environ Ecol. 1994;7(2):135-54 (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Han BH, Lee HG, Noh TH. Management planning and change for nineteen years (1993-2011) of plant community of the Pinus densiflora S. et Z. forest in Namhan mountain fortress, Korea. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2012b;26(4):559-75 (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Han BH, Lee OH. Vegetation structure analysis and ecological distance of Pinus densiflora community in Chayang-Chon area, Soraksan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 1998;11(4):493-505 (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Ki KS, Choi JW. Vegetation succession and vegetation management of the Pinus densiflora S. et Z. forest in the Beopjusa area, Songnisan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2009a;23(2):208-19 (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Kim JH, Han BH. Plant community structure and ecological density of Pinus densiflora for. eracta community in Chunyang, Kyeongsangbuk-do. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2002;15(4):379-93 (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Kim JH, Han BH. Ecological characteristics and change for fifteen years (1990-2004) of plant community structure of the Pinus densiflora S. et Z. forest in Namsan, Seoul. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2005a;19(3):312-26 (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Kwak JI, Kwak NH, Jang JS. Plant community structure of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. forest in the Geumjeongsan (Mt.), Busan Metropolitan City. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2013;27(4):462-72 (In Korean).
Lee KJ, Min SH, Han BH. Plant community structure analysis in Jujeongol Valley of Soraksan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 1997;10(2):283-96 (In Korean).
Lee KS. Seral changes in floristic composition during abandoned field succession after shifting cultivation. Korean J Ecol. 1995c;18(2):275-83.
Lee KS. Changes of species diversity and development of vegetation structure during abandoned field succession after shifting cultivation in Korea. J Ecol Environ. 2006;29(3):227-35.
Lee KS, Choung Y, Kim SC, Shin SS, Ro CH, Park SD. Development of vegetation structure after forest fire in the east coastal region, Korea. Korean J Ecol. 2004;27(2):99-106 (In Korean).

원문보기 상세보기
Lee S, Kang H, Kim J, Yu C, Choi S. A study on the correlation between plant community and environmental factors of Tongdosa (Temple) area, Gajisan (Mt.), Provincial Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2014a;28(6):715-24 (In Korean).

원문보기 상세보기
Lee SC, Kang HM, Choi SH, Hong SH, Lee SD, Cho W, Kim JS. Actual vegetation and plant community structure of Tohamsan (Mt.) wetland area of the surroundings in Gyeongju National Park, Korea. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2014b;28(1):33-44 (In Korean).

원문보기 상세보기
Lee SD, Hong SH, Kim JS. Plant community structure of Daetjae (hill) - Baekbongryung (ridge), the Baekdudaegan mountain. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2012c;26(5):719-29 (In Korean).
Lee SD, Lee KJ, Choi JW. Management plan to consider ecological characteristic of Pinus densiflora community in Seoul. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2009b;23(3):258-71 (In Korean).
Lee SY, Won MS, Han SY. Developing of forest fire occurrence danger index using fuel and topographical characteristics on the condition of ignition point in Korea. Trans Korean Inst Fire Sci Eng. 2005b;19:75-9 (in Korean).
Lee WC, Yim YJ. Plant geography with special reference to Korea. Kangwon: Kangwon National University Press; 2002.
Lee WT, Lee CH. Plant sociological studies on the Pinus densiflora forest in Korea. Korean J Ecol. 1989;12(4):257-84 (In Korean).
Lee Y. Vegetation regeneration for ten years following Goseong forest fire: MS Thesis, Kangwon National University; 2007. (In Korean).
Lim JH. Vegetation changes and disturbances in Korea. In: Korea Forest Research Institute, editor. Forest eco-atlas of Korea. Seoul: Korea Forest Research Institute; 2010. p. 20-3.
Mamiya Y. Pathology of the pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 1983;21:201-20.

상세보기
Mun HT, Choung Y. Species composition and nutrient absorption by plants in the immediate postfire year. Korean J Ecol. 1997;20:27-33 (in Korean with English abstract).
Nakagoshi N, Nehira K, Takahashi F. The role of fire in pine forests of Japan. In: Trabaud L, editor. The role of fire in ecological systems. The Hague: SPB Academic Publishing; 1987. p. 91-119.
NGII. The National Atlas of Korea II. Gyeonggi: National Geographic Information Institute; 2016.
NIE. 4th National ecosystem survey guidelines. Seocheon: National Institute of Ecology; 2017. (In Korean).
Noh TH, Han BH, Kim JY, Lee MY, Yoo KJ. Actual vegetation and structure of plant community in Daegwallyeong ranch, Gangwon-do (Province). Korean J Environ Ecol. 2013;27(5):579-91.

원문보기 상세보기
Nowacki GR, Abrams MD. The demise of fire and "mesophication" of forests in the eastern United States. BioScience. 2008;58(2):123-38.

상세보기
Oh HY, Kang HK, Kim MS, Back SJ, Hong JK. Vegetation structure and management planning on the historical landscape of Pinus densiflora forest in Guryong Valley, Chiak National Park. J Korean Env Res Tech. 2017;20(6):117-31 (In Korean).
Oh JG, Kim CH, Lee NS, Gin YR. Community distribution on forest vegetation of the Geochilbong area in the Deogyusan National Park, Korea. Korean J Ecol Environ. 2013;46(3):449-59 (In Korean).
Oh KK, Choi SH, Kim SH, Choi WK. Analysis of the forest community structure at Woraksan National Park -case study of Yeongbong and Doraksan region. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2005;19(2):90-8 (In Korean).
Oh KK, Shim HY. Distribution and population structure of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Wolchulsan National Park. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2006;20(2):81-93 (In Korean).
Park IH, Jo JC, Oh CH. Forest structure in relation to altitude and part of slope in a valley and a ridge forest at Mt. Gaya area. Korean J Environ Ecol. 1989;3(1):42-50 (In Korean).
Park IH, Lee KJ, Jo JC. Structure of forest communities in Chiak Mountain National Park - case study of Guryong temple - Birobong area. Korean J Environ Ecol. 1988;2(1):1-8 (In Korean).
Park PS, Kim KY, Han A, Jang W, Son Y, Yi MJ, Park BB, Son Y. Development processes and growth pattern of Pinus densiflora stands in central eastern Korea. J Plant Res. 2010;123(4):453-62.

상세보기
Park PS, Lee KH, Jung MH, Shin H, Jang W, Bae K, Lee J, Lee DK. Changes in forest disturbance patterns from 1976 to 2005 in South Korea. Jour Korean For Soc. 2009;98(5):593-601.
Park SG, Kang HM. Characteristics of vegetation structure in the ridgeline area of the Nakdong-Jeongmaek. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2016;30(3):386-98 (In Korean).

원문보기 상세보기
Park SG, Oh KK. The types and structures of forest vegetation on the ridge of the jeongmaeks in South Korea. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2015;29(5):753-63 (In Korean).

원문보기 상세보기
PC-ORD. Multivariate analysis of ecological data, version 6. Gleneden Beach: MjM Software; 2011.
Richardson DM. Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998.
Richardson DM, Rundel PW. Ecology and biogeography of Pinus: an introduction. In: Richardson DM, editor. Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998. p. 3-46.
Ro DK, Gong JS, Lee SH, Kim CM, Kim JC, Seo SA, Paek JH, Kim SH, Sim WB, Son YM, Lee WK. Damage of forests in the East Coast Fires. In: The Joint Association for the Investigation of the East Coast Fires, Editors. Report of the East Coast Fires in 2000 (I). Seoul: The Joint Association for the Investigation of the East Coast Fires; 2000. p. 27-9. (in Korean).
Sakamoto K, Fujikawa N, Chiba K, Yoshikawa K. Stand structure and dynamics of Pinus densiflora forests damaged by pine wilt disease in the southern part of Okayama prefecture. J Jap Soc Reveget Tech. 1995;21(1):18-28.

상세보기
Seo H, Choung Y. Enhanced vulnerability to fire by Pinus densiflora forests due to tree morphology and stand structure in Korea. J Plant Biol. 2014;57:48-54.

원문보기 상세보기
Seo H, Choung Y. Vulnerability of Pinus densiflora to forest fire based on ignition characteristics. J Ecol Field Biol. 2010;33(4):343-9.

원문보기 상세보기
Shin HS, Shin JK, Kim HJ, Han SH, Lee WH, Yun CW. Characteristics of community structure for forest vegetation on Manisan, Ganghwado. KJAFM. 2014;16(1):11-21 (in Korean).
Shin JK, Byeon JG, Yun CW, Koo BY, Kim HG, Kim IS, Kim DK. Forest community classification and vegetation structure in National Yonghyeon Natural Recreation Forest. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2017;31(2):220-9 (in Korean).

원문보기 상세보기
Shin YS. Natural regeneration of forests with different burn severity and initial regeneration following forest fire in the East Coast region, Korea: PhD Thesis, Kangwon National University; 2015. (in Korean).
SPSS. IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 24.0. Armonk: IBM Corp; 2017.
Toyohara G, Fujihara M. Succession of secondary forests affected by pine wilt disease in western Japan followed on vegetation maps. Appl Veg Sci. 1998;1(2):259-66.

상세보기
Vesk PA, Westoby M. Sprouting ability across diverse disturbances and vegetation types worldwide. J Ecol. 2004;92:310-20.

상세보기
Yoon JW, Kim YS, Kim GS, Sung JW, Park KH, Lee CH, Shin HT, Yi MH. Community structure and environmental factors of the major type of Pinus densiflora populations in Korea. JFES. 2014;30(1):167-78.

활용도 분석정보

상세보기

다운로드

내보내기

활용도 Top5 논문

해당 논문의 주제분야에서 활용도가 높은 상위 5개 콘텐츠를 보여줍니다.
더보기 버튼을 클릭하시면 더 많은 관련자료를 살펴볼 수 있습니다.

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증