[논문]보급형 3D 프린터를 이용한 인체 모형 뼈 팬텀 제작의 기초연구: Femur 대상으로 적층형 출력 방식 이용

남궁은재; 김도희; 김소희; 박세은; 정다빈; 박상협; 허영철

doi:10.7742/jksr.2020.14.5.651

보급형 3D 프린터를 이용한 인체 모형 뼈 팬텀 제작의 기초연구: Femur 대상으로 적층형 출력 방식 이용
A Fundamental Study on the Fabrication of Human Model Bone Phantom using an Entry-Level 3D Printer: using FDM Method for the Femur Model 원문보기

한국방사선학회 논문지 = Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology, v.14 no.5, 2020년, pp.651 - 660

남궁은재 (을지대학교 보건과학대학 방사선학과) , 김도희 (을지대학교 보건과학대학 방사선학과) , 김소희 (을지대학교 보건과학대학 방사선학과) , 박세은 (을지대학교 보건과학대학 방사선학과) , 정다빈 (을지대학교 대학원 방사선학과) , 박상협 (서울아산병원 영상의학과) , 허영철 (을지대학교 보건과학대학 방사선학과)

초록
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본 연구에서는 보급형 3D 프린터를 이용하여 인체 Femur와 유사한 HU 값을 가진 팬텀을 제작하여 기존 돼지 뼈를 대체할 수 있는지 분석하고자 하였다. 인체 Femur의 HU 값을 알아보기 위해 연령별 총 372명의 데이터를 분석하였다. 보급형 3D 프린터를 이용하여 PLA-Cu 20%를 이용하여 인체 뼈 모형 팬텀을 제작하여 CT 검사하였다. 돼지 뼈는 생후 6개월 된 돼지로 도축된 지 2일이 지난 뼈를 이용하였다. 검사결과 내부채움 80%로 제작한 3D 프린팅 팬텀이 인체의 모든 데이터와 유사한 값이 나타났고(p<0.05) 돼지뼈와는 차이가 있었다(p>0.05). 또한 연령대별 Femur의 HU 값의 경우 연령대가 증가할수록 HU의 값은 줄어드는 것으로 확인 되었다(p<0.05). 3D 프린팅과 HU 값은 적층 높이에 대해서는 약한 음의 상관성을 확인 하였지만 내부 채움에서는 182.13±1.290으로 강한 양의 상관성(R²=0.996)을 확인하였다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 3D 프린팅을 이용한 인체 모형 팬텀이 기존 돼지뼈 팬텀에 비해 인체와 유사한 정도의 HU 값을 나타낼 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며 이에 본 연구가 3D 프린터를 이용한 인체 모형 팬텀의 제작에 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The purpose of this study was to create a phantom with a HU value similar to that of the human Femur using a 3D printer to replace the existing pig bone. A total of 372 people were analyzed to determine the HU value of human Femur. Using a 3D printer, a human bone model phantom was fabricated using PLA-Cu 20% and subjected to CT examination. Pig bones were 6 months old pigs, and bones 2 days after slaughter were used. As a result of the examination, the 3D printing phantom made with 80% of the internal filling showed a similar value to all data of the human body (p0.05). In addition, in the case of the HU value of Femur by age group, it was confirmed that the value of HU decreased as the age group increased (p<0.05). 3D printing and HU values confirmed a weak negative correlation with respect to the stacking height, but confirmed a strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.996) with 182.13±1.290 in the inner filling (p<0.05). In conclusion, it was confirmed that the human body model phantom using 3D printing can exhibit a similar level of HU value to the human body compared to the existing pig bone phantom, and this study will provide basic data for the production of a human body model phantom using a 3D printer.

주제어

표/그림 (7)

그림 Fig. 1. 3D printer for producing phantom (A) and CT equipment for scanning pig Femur and phantoms (B).
그림 Fig. 2. Imaging for measuring HU by setting ROI on human Femoral head right (A) and left (B).
그림 Fig. 3. 3D printing process. (A) G-code file (B) FDM method 3D printing (C) Completed real size human bone phantom.
그림 Fig. 4. Imaging for measuring HU by setting ROI on phantom Femoral head (A) and pig bone Femoral head (B).
표 Table 1. Production time for making phantom
표 Table 2. HU value of femoral head for each test
표 Table 3. A study on the relationship between human variables and 3D printer in the femoral head HU values

AI 본문요약
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문제 정의

In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of using an entry-level 3D printer to manufacture femur phantoms that are closer to in vivo human HU values than pig bone phantoms. When manufacturing 3D printed femur phantoms, the HU was strongly correlated with infill.

제안 방법

After modeling of right femur DICOM files using AW VolumeShare 5 (AW 4.6 version, GE Healthcare, USA) and AW Volumeshare 7 (AW 4.7 version, GE Healthcare, USA), the model were converted to STL files. The STL files were sliced using Cura (V.
An ANOVA test and Scheffé’s post-hoc test were performed to compare the mean HU values between the human patients, the pig bone phantom, and the 3D printed femur phantoms.
A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between age and femur head HU. Another linear regression analysis was performed to investigate how layer height and infill affected the HU values in the femur head of the 3D printed femur phantoms. For all tests, a p-value <0.
3D printers are devices, based on simple principles, that can generate 3D output using additive manufacturing (AM) to recreate 3D digital data in a series of 2D cross-sections^[9,10]. In this study, used an entry-level 3D printer to fabricate a phantom with similar Hounsfield units (HU) to human femurs, and analyzed whether this phantom could replace conventional phantoms using pig bone.
To alleviate these problems, many researchers use animal bones that show human-like properties, but this presents its own set of problems, such as decomposition^[6,7]. In this study, we aimed to fabricate a phantom to replace pig bones using a 3D printer, and to compare the HU of the 3D printed femur phantoms with human femurs and a pig bone phantom.
In this study, we used a CT device (Somatom Definition Flash, Simense Healthcare, Germany) to obtain HU values, and used AW VolumeShare 5 (AW 4.6 version, GE Healthcare, USA) and AW Volumeshare 7 (AW 4.7 version, GE Healthcare, USA) for post-processing of the acquired HU values.
One limitation of this study is that we only used a single PLA-Cu 20% material, and that we could not diversify the 3D printing method. However, there is value in the demonstration that we could produce more accurate phantoms than conventional pig bone phantoms using only an entry-level 3D printer.
8 mm. Phantom types were defined by two methods: fixing the layer height to 0.25 mm and using an infill of 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, or 40%, or fixing the infill to 100% and using a layer height of 0.05 mm, 0.1 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.2 mm, or 0.25 mm. The designs were converted to G-code, so that they could be understood by the 3D printer.
After performing one CT scan each of the pig bone phantom and the 3D printed femur phantoms, coronal slices were obtained. The imaging conditions were set to 120 kV, 12 Effective mAs (Eff. mAs), and 0.8 pitch, and Care Dose 4D was used. The slice thickness was 1 mm, the B30f kernel was used, the matrix size was 512×512m the SFOV was 50 cm, and the DFOV was 74 mm.
Using AW VolumeShare 5 (AW 4.6 version, GE Healthcare, USA), based on the coronal slice in which the femur head was largest, we took 30 measurements of signal intensity from each of the eleven 3D printed femur phantoms and the one pig femur, to obtain a total of 360 HU values[Fig 4].
We also analyzed the HU of a pig femur head, which has conventionally been used as a phantom to replace human bone, and compared the results with scans from human patients. In our analysis, the pig bone phantom showed different mean HU compared to human data classified by sex and age group.

대상 데이터

77 years). A total of 372 patients were included in the study, with 31 patients in each group.
The 3D printer for phantom fabrication was an AM device with a maximum print size of 22×22×25 cm3 (pinter A8, Samdimall, Korea), and the printing material was domestically manufactured PLA-Cu 20%[Fig 1].

데이터처리

An ANOVA test and Scheffé’s post-hoc test were performed to compare the mean HU values between the human patients, the pig bone phantom, and the 3D printed femur phantoms. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between age and femur head HU. Another linear regression analysis was performed to investigate how layer height and infill affected the HU values in the femur head of the 3D printed femur phantoms.
Using SPSS (V.18.0, IBM, USA), an ANOVA test and Dunnett’s post-hoc test were performed to compare mean values according to sex and age group.

참고문헌 (17)

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