[논문]홍대용 통천의의 혼천의 연구

민병희; 윤용현; 김상혁; 기호철

doi:10.5303/pkas.2021.36.3.079

홍대용 통천의의 혼천의 연구
A STUDY ON THE ARMILLARY SPHERE OF TONGCHEON-UI DESCRIBED BY HONG DAE-YONG 원문보기

천문학논총 = Publications of the Korean Astronomical Society, v.36 no.3, 2021년, pp.79 - 95

민병희 (한국천문연구원) , 윤용현 (국립중앙과학관) , 김상혁 (한국천문연구원) , 기호철 (문화유산연구소 길)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

This study aims to develop a restoration model of an armillary sphere of Tongcheon-ui (Pan-celestial Armillary Sphere) by referring to the records of Damheonseo (Hong Dae-Yong Anthology) and the artifact of an armillary sphere in the Korean Christian Museum of Soongsil University. Between 1760 and 1762, Hong, Dae-Yong (1731-1783) built Tongcheon-ui, with Na, Kyung-Jeok (1690-1762) designing the basic structure and Ann, Cheo-In (1710-1787) completing the assembly. The model in this study is a spherical body with a diameter of 510 mm. Tongcheon-ui operates the armillary sphere by transmitting the rotational power from the lantern clock. The armillary sphere is constructed in the fashion of a two-layer sphere: the outer one is Yukhab-ui that is fixed; and the inner one, Samsin-ui, is rotated around the polar axis. In the equatorial ring possessed by Samsin-ui, an ecliptic ring and a lunar-path ring are successively fixed and are tilted by 23.5° and 28.5° over the equatorial ring, respectively. A solar miniature attached to a 365-toothed inner gear on the ecliptic ring reproduces the annual motion of the Sun. A lunar miniature installed on a 114-toothed inner gear of the lunar-path ring can also replay the moon's orbital motion and phase change. By the set of 'a ratchet gear, a shaft and a spur gear' installed in the solstice-colure double-ring, the inner gears in the ecliptic ring and lunar-path ring can be rotated in the opposite direction to the rotation of Samsin-ui and then the solar and lunar miniatures can simulate their revolution over the period of a year and a month, respectively. In order to indicate the change of the moon phases, 27 pins were arranged in a uniform circle around the lunar-path ring, and the 29-toothed wheel is fixed under the solar miniature. At the center of the armillary sphere, an earth plate representing a world map is fixed horizontally. Tongcheon-ui is the armillary sphere clock developed by Confucian scholars in the late Joseon Dynasty, and the technical level at which astronomical clocks could be produced at the time is of a high standard.

주제어

표/그림 (15)

표 Table 1. Peripheral rings of Samsin-ui (三辰儀)
그림 Figure 1. Restorations of the Cheonha-do (World Map) from (a) Cheonhaji-do (⑧) and (b) Ji-do (②).
그림 Figure 2. Armillary sphere artifact displayed by Korean Christian Museum at Soongsil University (KCMSU) (courtesy by Korean Christian Museum at Soongsil University). Explain the number in the picture: 1. Fixed outer terrestrial-horizon ring (지평규), 2. Meridian double ring (자오쌍규), 3. Fixed equator ring (적도규), 4. Solstitial-colure double ring (삼신쌍규), 5. Revolving equator ring (적도규), 6. Inner ecliptic ring with 360-tooth (황도내규) and Outer ecliptic ring with 365-tooth (황도외규), 7. Sun-mode (태양모형), 8. Stright-iron gear for the ecliptic ring (태양직철기아), 9. Moon-path ring (백도규), 10. Moon carriage (달운행장치), 11. Moon transport ring (월운규), 12. Polar axis pipe (극축봉), 13. doughnut-shaped cylinder (원통), 14. 57-toothed wheel for a solar time (57-톱니바퀴) and 59-toothed wheel for a lunar motion (59-톱니바퀴).
그림 Figure 3. Sun-moving mechanism of armillary sphere artifact provided by KCMSU (courtesy by KCMSU). Explain the number in the picture: 1. Shaft (직철), 2. 6-toothed rachet gear (격기), 3. 6-toothed spur gear (유아), 4. Sun model (태양모형).
표 Table 2. Position of circled 28 Lunar Mansions' signboards
그림 Figure 4. Moon-moving mechanism of armillary sphere artifact provided by KCMSU (courtesy by KCMSU). Explain the number in the picture: 1. Moon model(달모형), 1a. dark part on the moon sphere (달의 음영부분), 1b. bright part on the moon sphere(달의 조명부분), 2. 29-toothed wheel(29-톱니바퀴), 3. 6-toothed wheel(6-톱니바퀴), 4, Moon carriage(달운행장치), 5. supporting pins for Moon transport ring(월운환 고정핀), 6. 27 pins for Moon-pass ring(백도환의 27-핀).
그림 Figure 5. Solar miniature(太陽眞象)'s diurnal motion on the Solar Ring (日規).
그림 Figure 6. Monthly Lunar miniature(太陰眞象)'s revolution on the Lunar Ring (月規).
표 Table 3. Specification of the Tongcheon-ui's armillary sphere.
그림 Figure 7. Bird-eye view of the Tongcheon-ui's armillary sphere.
그림 Figure 8. Structure of the Solar Ring.
그림 Figure 9. Apparatus moving the Sun/Moon miniature counter-clockwise.
그림 Figure 10. Structure of the Lunar Ring.
그림 Figure 11. Structure of the Moon carriage.
그림 Figure 12. Assembly of the Tongcheon-ui.

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