[논문]멸종위기야생식물인 왕제비꽃(Viola websteri Hemsl.)의 분포특성과 개체군 구조 및 동태

채현희; 김영철; 곽명해; 남기흠

doi:10.13047/kjee.2021.35.1.48

멸종위기야생식물인 왕제비꽃(Viola websteri Hemsl.)의 분포특성과 개체군 구조 및 동태
Distribution Characteristics, Population Structure and Dynamics of the Endangered Plant, Viola websteri Hemsl. 원문보기

한국환경생태학회지 = Korean journal of environment and ecology, v.35 no.1, 2021년, pp.48 - 67

채현희 (강릉원주대학교 생물학과) , 김영철 (강릉원주대학교 자연과학연구소) , 곽명해 (국립생물자원관 식물자원과) , 남기흠 (국립생물자원관 식물자원과)

초록
AI-Helper

식물 종은 주어진 환경조건과의 상호작용의 결과로 현재와 같은 특성을 나타낸다. 제비꽃속의 식물은 적응전략으로 개방화와 더불어 왕성한 영양번식체계를 선택하였거나 또는 폐쇄화를 발달시키는 전략을 선택하였다. 왕제비꽃은 제비꽃 속의 식물로 세계적으로 한반도와 중국 지린(길림)성의 동부에만 분포한다. 분포의 중심과 가장자리는 서로 다른 개체군 동태를 나타낼 것으로 예상된다. 왕제비꽃이 복합적인종자생산전략(Mixed-mating strategy)을 소유함에도 현재와 같은 제한적인 분포를 나타내는 원인을 알아볼 필요가 있다. 먼저 우리는 분포지의 식생환경을 조사하여 그 특성을 평가하였다. 식물계절학을 통해 생장특성을 알아보았다. 또한 개체군의 구조, 개방화의 결실특성, 폐쇄화의 생산성을 평가하였다. 그리고 2014년과 2018년 사이의 개체군크기 변화를 비교하였다. 분포지의 대부분은 계곡에 인접한 낙엽활엽수혼효림의 식생하부에 위치하였다. 4~5월에 자가불화합성의 개방화를 생산하였고 6~9월까지 폐쇄화를 생산하였다. 폐쇄화의 생산은 불확실한 환경변화에서 종자의 생산을 보증하기 위한 전략으로 평가되며 개방화에 비해 약 2배의 생산량을 나타내었다. 개체군의 구조는 안정적인 지역과 매우 불안정한 지역이 구분되었다. 2014년에 비해 2018년의 조사에서 개체군의 급격한 감소를 경험한 지역이 존재하였다. 이러한 큰 폭의 감소는 가장자리 개체군에서 크게 나타나는 것으로 평가되었다. 왕제비꽃 분포지는 가뭄이라는 자연적인 교란 요인과 분포지를 구성하는 기질에 따른 다양한 미소입지의 존재로 다양한 식물을 부양하였다. 이러한 불확실한 조건에서 폐쇄화를 통해 종자의 생산을 보증하고 그에 따라 자연적인 교란요인이 제거되었을 때 빠르게 유묘의 재정착과 개체군의 보충이 가능한 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고 환경요인은 모든 개체군 및 개체군 내의 모든 개체에 동일하게 작용하지 않는 것으로 추정되었다. 따라서 지역적으로 급격한 개체수의 감소에도 불구하고 완전한 소멸에 이르지 않을 것이고 환경의 변화에 따라 국지적인 소멸과 재정착이 반복될 것으로 예상되었다. 우리는 본 연구를 통해 수집된 종의 특성에 대한 정보를 바탕으로 추가적인 분포지의 조사가 필요함을 제안하였다. 또한 효과적인 보전 전략의 수립과 시행을 위해서는 보다 장기적인 개체군 동태와 개방화와 폐쇄화의 유전적 특성을 평가하는 것이 필요함을 제안하였다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Plant species exhibit current characteristics as a result of interactions with environmental conditions. The plants of Viola sp. have selected chasmogamous flowers with vigorous vegetative propagation or development of cleistogamous flowers as an adaptation strategy. Viola websteri is distributed on the Korean peninsula and the eastern part of Jilin Province, China. The center and edge of the distribution are expected to exhibit different population-dynamics. It is necessary to investigate the cause of its current limited distribution even though V. websteri has a mixed-mating strategy. Firstly, We examined the vegetation environment of habitats and evaluated its characteristics. Growth characteristics were examined through plant phenology. We then evaluated the population structure, characteristics of chasmogamous flowers, and productivity of cleistogamous flowers. Moreover, we compared population sizes between 2014 and 2018. Most habitats were located in deciduous broadleaf mixed forests adjacent to valleys. V. websteri produced chasmogamous flowers with self-incompatibility in April-May and cleistogamous flowers in June-September. The cleistogamous flower production is a strategy ensuring seed production under uncertain environmental fluctuations; these were approximately twice as numerous as chasmogamous flowers. The population structure was distinguished into stable and very unstable regions. There were sites where the population experienced a sharp decline in the 2018 compared to that of 2014. This large decline was found in the edge populations. The habitats had different microsites depending on the natural disturbances of drought and the matrix constituting the habitat, thus supporting various plants. Ensuring the production of seeds through cleistogamous flowers, it was determined that rapid seedling re-establishment and population replenishment were possible when the natural disturbance factor was removed. Environmental factors did not equally affect all populations or individuals. Therefore, it was expected that it would be able to persisted in a long time, despite the rapid decrease in the number of individuals in the population regionally. Local extinction and re-establishment are likely to repeat according to environmental change. We propose the additional population investigation based on this works are required. We also suggest a need to assess the long-term population dynamics and the genetic characteristics of chasmogamous flowers and cleistogamous flowers to establish and implement effective conservation strategies.

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표/그림 (14)

그림 Figure 1. Photographies of different life stages of V. websteri, A ; adult with chasmogamous flowers, B ; chasmogamous flowers, C ; chasmogamous fruit(capsule), D ; cleistogamous flower, E ; seedling, F ; juveniles(established individuals survived from seedling).
그림 Figure 2. Distribution maps of V. websteri in Korea, A is selected population to investigate for the studies, black circle; selected population for this study, gray circle; observed population during 2007 to 2019.
표 Table 1. The list of selected sites and populations to study of distributional characteristics and population structures
표 Table 2. The classification of individuals observed in the plots for population structure
표 Table 3. The list of observed species in 100㎡ plots, tree layer and sub-tree layer species are observed more than 3 times and has more than 5.0 importance values
그림 Figure 3. DCA ordination with collected vegetation data from 17 plots(25㎡), A was used with observed species, B was used with observed species except V. websteri in the plots(included one of 25㎡ plot in GS, 2019).
그림 Figure 4. DCA ordination with collected vegetation data from 17 plots(4㎡), A w as u sed with o bserved s pecies, B was used with observed species except V. websteri in the plots(included one of 4㎡ plot in GS, 2019).
표 Table 4. The list of collected data from 4 ㎡ plots(16 plots) which installed to access population structure
그림 Figure 5. Comparison of population structures observed in the 14 sites(16 plots), YY and NB was established each of 2 study plots.
표 Table 5. The evaluation of protection for visiting of pollinators in the habitat
그림 Figure 6. Phenology, Left - photographs of growing features observed in the habitats, A; emergence of shoots, B; emergence of leaves, C; stem growing, D; chasmogamous flowering, E and F; chasmogamous capsule maturing and generation of cleistogamous flower, G; matured chasmogamous capsule opening, H and I; cleistogamous capsules generation and maturing, Right - Diagram of phenology, abbreviations are related to Table 1.
표 Table 6. Comparison of annual stem growth and fruit success in 2019, observed in the YO
그림 Figure 7. A; comparison of ability between chasmogamous flowers(fruits) and cleistogamous fruits, B; comparison of leaf production, chasmogamous flowers production and chasmogamous fruits production between 2018 and 2019 in the habitat(YO).
그림 Figure 8. Variation of 13 selected population sizes between 2014 and 2018, population sizes of DS and HB are re-assessed in 2019.

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