[논문]유체 생산에 따른 유발지진 사례 분석

서은진; 유화정; 민기복; 윤정석

doi:10.7474/tus.2021.31.6.385

유체 생산에 따른 유발지진 사례 분석
Case Studies on Fluid Extraction Induced Seismicity 원문보기

터널과 지하공간: 한국암반공학회지 = Tunnel and underground space, v.31 no.6, 2021년, pp.385 - 399

서은진 (서울대학교 에너지시스템공학부) , 유화정 (서울대학교 에너지시스템공학부) , 민기복 (서울대학교 에너지시스템공학부) , 윤정석

초록
AI-Helper

인간의 활동에 의해 발생하는 유발지진 중 유체의 주입뿐만 아니라 유체의 생산 또한 원인으로 알려져 있다. 본 기술보고에서는 유체를 생산할 때 저류층 내부의 공극압 감소로 인해 지진이 유발되는 메커니즘을 정리하였다. 유체 생산으로 인해 유발지진이 발생한 사례들 중 네덜란드 흐로닝언(Groningen) 가스전, 프랑스 라크(Lacq) 가스전 그리고 멕시코 세로 프리에토(Cerro Prieto) 지열 발전소를 소개하고 각 사례에 대한 기존 연구들을 정리하였다. 유체 생산 필드에서의 유체 생산량과 지반침하, 그리고 기존 단층의 유무가 유발지진과 큰 상관성을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서, 석유나 가스 생산 필드 그리고 지열 발전소 개발을 위해 저류층에서 유발지진의 발생 가능성을 내재하고 있는 단층 유무에 대한 정확한 탐사와 생산 중에 나타나는 지반침하를 실시간으로 모니터링하며 생산량을 조절하는 것이 중요하다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Among human-induced seismicity, fluid production has been one of the causes. In this report, the mechanism that causes an earthquake due to a decrease in the fluid pressure inside the reservoir during fluid extraction is summarized. As case studies, the Lacq gas field in France, the Cerro Prieto geothermal field in Mexico, and the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands, which have become issue recently, were introduced. It is showed that fluid production, ground subsidence, and the presence of existing faults were closely related with the induced seismicity. Therefore, for the development of oil or gas field and geothermal field, it is important to investigate the presence of faults that may cause earthquakes in the reservoir, to monitor ground subsidence during production in real time, and to control production.

주제어

표/그림 (12)

그림 Fig. 1. (a) The portion of the fluid extraction induced seismicity in total; (b) Distribution of the maximum magnitude of the fluid extraction induced seismicity (Production based on HiQuake database, 2021)
$Fig. 2. Mohr's circle during fluid extraction (a) Assuming total stresses are independent of pore pressure; (b) influence of coupling on depletion-related rock failure; <TEX>$\sigma_h^{'}$</TEX> is effective minimum horizontal stress and <TEX>$\sigma_v^{'}$</TEX> is effective vertical stress (Hillis, 2001)$ 그림 Fig. 2. Mohr's circle during fluid extraction (a) Assuming total stresses are independent of pore pressure; (b) influence of coupling on depletion-related rock failure; $\sigma_h^{'}$ is effective minimum horizontal stress and $\sigma_v^{'}$ is effective vertical stress (Hillis, 2001)
그림 Fig. 3. Calculated change in horizontal normal stress due to fluid extraction (Segall, 1989)
그림 Fig. 4. Vertical displacement due to fluid extraction; v=0.25, B=0.62, D=3.7, a=3.7, T=2, ρ₀=1; (after Segall, 1989)
그림 Fig. 5. Location of Groningen gas field and distribution of M_L≥2 earthquakes; yellow indicates natural seismicity and red indicates induced seismicity, the largest of which is the Groningen gas field (Bourne et al., 2014)
그림 Fig. 6. Yearly gas production (10⁹ Nm³/yr) and the number of events with their magnitude from 1991 to 2020. Gas production is expressed as normal cubic meters (Nm³) to indicate that gas is at standard temperature and pressure (Production based on NAM, 2021)
그림 Fig. 7. Earthquake epicenters for M_L ≥ 1.5 from 1995 to 2012 in relation to the model of reservoir compaction from 1960 to 2012 in the Groningen field (Bourne et al., 2014)
그림 Fig. 8. Underground strata structure in the Lacq gas field (Maury et al., 1992)
그림 Fig. 9. Oil and gas reservoir pressure (left scale) and histogram of earthquakes located within the field with magnitudes greater than 3.0 (right scale) (Segall et al., 1994)
그림 Fig. 10. Subsidence in the Lacq gas field (a) Elevation changes determined by repeated leveling over the Lacq field along a roughly NW-SE (Segall et al., 1994), (b) Subsidence and pressure drop with time (Maury et al., 1992)
그림 Fig. 11. (a) Observed yearly seismic moment release; (b) Production increase in CPR (Glowacka and Nava, 1996)
그림 Fig. 12. (a) Subsidence rate; (b) Fluid production in CPGF for 1973-1996 (Glowacka et al., 2000)

참고문헌 (25)

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상세보기
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상세보기
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상세보기
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Glowacka, E., Gonzalez, J. and Fabriol, H., 1999. Recent vertical deformation in Mexicali Valley and its relationship with tectonics, seismicity, and the exploitation of the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, Mexico. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 156(4): 591-614.

상세보기
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상세보기
Hillis, R.R., 2001. Coupled changes in pore pressure and stress in oil fields and sedimentary basins. Petroleum Geoscience, 7(4): 419-425.

상세보기
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상세보기
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상세보기
Segall, P., 1992. Induced stresses due to fluid extraction from axisymmetric reservoirs. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 139(3-4): 535-560.
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상세보기
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