[논문]Effect of flaking on the digestibility of corn in ruminants

Kang, Hamin; Lee, Mingyung; Jeon, Seoyoung; Lee, Sang Moon; Lee, Ju Hwan; Seo, Seongwon

doi:10.5187/jast.2021.e91

[해외논문] Effect of flaking on the digestibility of corn in ruminants 원문보기

Journal of animal science and technology : JAST, v.63 no.5, 2021년, pp.1018 - 1033

Kang, Hamin (Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University) , Lee, Mingyung (Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University) , Jeon, Seoyoung (Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University) , Lee, Sang Moon (Jeil Feed) , Lee, Ju Hwan (Jeil Feed) , Seo, Seongwon (Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of flaking on the nutrient digestibility of corn grain in ruminants. In this regard, in vitro rumen fermentation, in situ rumen degradability, and in vivo metabolic experiments were performed. The automated gas production technique was used for the in vitro fermentation experiments. Six types of corn flakes with various degrees of gelatinization (32%, 41%, 48%, 66%, 86%, and 89%) were ground and incubated in rumen fluid to measure rumen fermentation characteristics and digestion rate. The in situ degradability of ground corn, whole corn, and corn flakes with 62% and 66% gelatinization was measured by incubation in the rumen of two cannulated Holstein cows. In vivo metabolic experiments were performed using 12 crossbred goats (29.8 ± 4.37 kg) using a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The dietary treatments consisted of ground corn and flaked corn with 48% or 62% gelatinization. In vitro experiments showed that as the degree of gelatinization increased, the digestion rate increased linearly, while the discrete lag time decreased linearly (p < 0.05). The effective rumen dry matter degradability, determined by in situ fermentation, was 37%p lower in corn flakes than ground corn, assuming a passage rate of 6%/h (p 0.05); however, the crude fat digestibility was lower for corn flakes than for ground corn (p < 0.05). To summarize, the rate of fermentation of corn flakes increased as the degree of gelatinization increased. However, non-ground corn flakes had lower rumen digestibility and did not improve in vivo apparent nutrient digestibility, compared with ground corn. In contrast to the assumption that flaked corn provides more energy to ruminant animals than ground corn, we conclude that the digestibility and energy value of corn flakes are lower than those of ground corn if mastication does not sufficiently reduce the particle size of corn flakes.

Keyword

표/그림 (12)

표 Table 1. Analyzed chemical composition (g/kg DM or as stated) of corn samples used for this study
표 Table 2. Analyzed chemical composition (g/kg DM or as stated) of the corn silage and commercial concentrate mix fed to two fstulated Holstein
표 Table 3. Analyzed chemical composition (g/kg DM or as stated) of the oat hay and commercial concentrate mix for in vivo experiments
그림 Fig. 1. Gas production profle. Flaked corn with diferent rate of gelatinization, Flake_(% gelatinization).
표 Table 4. pH of the cultured medium after 48-hour incubation, true dry matter digestibility of the samples, and kinetic parameters of gas production
그림 Fig. 2. In situ rumen dry matter degradability. ^a-cMeans that do not have common superscript differ (p < 0.05). Ground, ground corn; Whole, whole corn; Flake_(% gelatinization).
그림 Fig. 3. In situ rumen starch degradability. ^a-cMeans that do not have common superscript differ (p < 0.05). Ground, ground corn; Whole, whole corn; Flake_(% gelatinization).
표 Table 5. In situ ruminal degradation parameters and efective dry matter ruminal degradability
표 Table 6. In situ ruminal degradation parameters and efective starch ruminal degradability
표 Table 7. Average daily gains, feed conversion ratio, and nutrient intake of goats fed ground and faked corn
표 Table 8. Nutrient digestibility of goats fed ground and faked corn (%/d, DM basis)
표 Table 9. Nitrogen utilization of goats fed ground and faked corn

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

제안 방법

The objectives of this study were two-fold: 1) to evaluate the effect of flaking on ruminal fermentability and degradability of corn grain and 2) to compare ruminal and total tract degradability of flaked corn with that of ground corn. In the present study, in vitro fermentation experiments, in situ degradability experiments, and in vivo metabolic experiments using goats were performed.

대상 데이터

Seven flaked corn samples, along with whole and ground corn, were used in this study. Corn samples were obtained from multiple feed manufacturers to cover a wide range of flaking processes.

이론/모형

Pair-wise comparisons of the least square means were conducted using the PDIFF option with Tukey–Kramer adjustment

성능/효과

The in situ DM degradability of ground corn was significantly higher than that of the other treatments at all times, whereas DM degradability of whole corn was significantly lower than that of the other treatments at all times (p < 0.05) (Fig
The starch degradability of ground corn was higher than that of the other treatments at all times, while that of whole corn was significantly lower than that of the other treatments (p < 0.05) (Fig
In conclusion, although an increase in gelatinization enhances the ruminal fermentability of flaked corn, flaking by itself may not sufficiently improve corn’s degradability compared to grinding

참고문헌 (57)

1. Theurer CB Lozano O Alio A Delgado-Elorduy A Sadik M Huber JT et al Steam-processed corn and sorghum grain flaked at different densities alter ruminal, small intestinal, and total tract digestibility of starch by steers J Anim Sci. 1999 77 2824 31 10.2527/1999.77102824x 10521046

상세보기
2. McAllister TA Phillippe RC Rode LM Cheng KJ Effect of the protein matrix on the digestion of cereal grains by ruminal microorganisms J Anim Sci. 1993 71 205 12 10.2527/1993.711205x 7681053

상세보기
3. Beauchemin KA McAllister TA Dong Y Farr BI Cheng KJ Effects of mastication on digestion of whole cereal grains by cattle J Anim Sci. 1994 72 236 46 10.2527/1994.721236x 8138495

상세보기
4. Yang WZ Beauchemin KA Rode LM Effects of barley grain processing on extent of digestion and milk production of lactating cows J Dairy Sci. 2000 83 554 68 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74915-0 10750114

상세보기
5. Safaei K Yang W Effects of grain processing with focus on grinding and steam-flaking on dairy cow performance Shields VDC editor Herbivores London InTechOpen 2017 p 117 33 10.5772/67344
6. Galyean ML Wagner DG Owens FN Corn particle size and site and extent of digestion by steers J Anim Sci. 1979 49 204 10 10.2527/jas1979.491204x

상세보기
7. Lykos T Varga GA Effects of processing method on degradation characteristics of protein and carbohydrate sources in situ J Dairy Sci. 1995 78 1789 801 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76804-7 8786263

상세보기
8. Rémond D Cabrera-Estrada JI Champion M Chauveau B Coudure R Poncet C Effect of corn particle size on site and extent of starch digestion in lactating dairy cows J Dairy Sci. 2004 87 1389 99 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73288-9 15290986

상세보기
9. Ramos BMO Champion M Poncet C Mizubuti IY Nozière P Effects of vitreousness and particle size of maize grain on ruminal and intestinal in sacco degradation of dry matter, starch and nitrogen Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2009 148 253 66 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.04.005

상세보기
10. Firkins JL Eastridge ML St-Pierre NR Noftsger SM Effects of grain variability and processing on starch utilization by lactating dairy cattle J Anim Sci. 2001 79 E218 38 10.2527/jas2001.79E-SupplE218x

상세보기
11. Lee SY Kim WY Ko JY Ha JK Effects of corn processing on in vitro and in situ digestion of corn grain in Holstein steers Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2002 15 851 8 10.5713/ajas.2002.851

원문보기 상세보기
12. Lee RW Galyean ML Lofgreen GP Effect of mixing whole shelled and steam flaked corn in finishing diets on feedlot performance and site and extent of digestion in beef steers J Anim Sci. 1982 55 475 83 10.2527/jas1982.553475x

상세보기
13. Zinn RA Influence of flake density on the comparative feeding value of steam-flaked corn for feedlot cattle J Anim Sci. 1990 68 767 75 10.2527/1990.683767x 2318738

상세보기
14. Huntington GB Starch utilization by ruminants: from basics to the bunk J Anim Sci. 1997 75 852 67 10.2527/1997.753852x 9078506

상세보기
15. Harvatine DI Firkins JL Eastridge ML Whole linted cottonseed as a forage substitute fed with ground or steam-flaked corn: digestibility and performance J Dairy Sci. 2002 85 1976 87 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74274-4 12214990

상세보기
16. Guyton AD McKinney JM Knowlton KF The effect of steam-flaked or dry ground corn and supplemental phytic acid on phosphorus partitioning and ruminal phytase activity in lactating cows J Dairy Sci. 2003 86 3972 82 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)74008-9 14740835

상세보기
17. Cooke KM Bernard JK West JW Performance of dairy cows fed annual ryegrass silage and corn silage with steam-flaked or ground corn J Dairy Sci. 2008 91 2417 22 10.3168/jds.2007-0715 18487664

상세보기
18. Scott TL Milton CT Erickson GE Klopfenstein TJ Stock RA Corn processing method in finishing diets containing wet corn gluten feed J Anim Sci. 2003 81 3182 90 10.2527/2003.81123182x 14677874

상세보기
19. Corona L Rodriguez S Ware RA Zinn RA Comparative effects of whole, ground, dry-rolled, and steam-flaked corn on digestion and growth performance in feedlot cattle Appl Anim Sci. 2005 21 200 6 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31203-1

상세보기
20. Macken CN Erickson GE Klopfenstein TJ Stock RA Effects of corn processing method and protein concentration in finishing diets containing wet corn gluten feed on cattle performance Appl Anim Sci. 2006 22 14 22 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31056-1

상세보기
21. Owens CE Zinn RA Hassen A Owens FN Mathematical linkage of total-tract digestion of starch and neutral detergent fiber to their fecal concentrations and the effect of site of starch digestion on extent of digestion and energetic efficiency of cattle Appl Anim Sci. 2016 32 531 49 10.15232/pas.2016-01510

상세보기
22. Yu P Huber JT Santos FAP Simas JM Theurer CB Effects of ground, steam-flaked, and steam-rolled corn grains on performance of lactating cows J Dairy Sci. 1998 81 777 83 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75634-6 9565881

상세보기
23. Dhiman TR Zaman MS MacQueen IS Boman RL Influence of corn processing and frequency of feeding on cow performance J Dairy Sci. 2002 85 217 26 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74070-8 11860114

상세보기
24. Zhong RZ Li JG Gao YX Tan ZL Ren GP Effects of substitution of different levels of steam-flaked corn for finely ground corn on lactation and digestion in early lactation dairy cows J Dairy Sci. 2008 91 3931 7 10.3168/jds.2007-0957 18832217

상세보기
25. Mathew B Eastridge ML Oelker ER Firkins JL Karnati SKR Interactions of monensin with dietary fat and carbohydrate components on ruminal fermentation and production responses by dairy cows J Dairy Sci. 2011 94 396 409 10.3168/jds.2010-3580 21183050

상세보기
26. Macken CN Erickson GE Klopfenstein TJ The cost of corn processing for finishing cattle Appl Anim Sci. 2006 22 23 32 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)31057-3

상세보기
27. AOAC [Association of Official Analytical Chemists] International Official methods of analysis of AOAC International 18th ed Gaithersburg, MD AOAC International 2005
28. AOAC [Association of Official Analytical Chemists] International Official methods of analysis of AOAC International 18th ed Gaithersburg, MD AOAC International 2006
29. AOAC [Association of Official Analytical Chemists] International Official methods of analysis of AOAC International 17th ed Gaithersburg, MD AOAC International 2000
30. Zhu L Jones C Guo Q Lewis L Stark CR Alavi S An evaluation of total starch and starch gelatinization methodologies in pelleted animal feed J Anim Sci. 2016 94 1501 7 10.2527/jas.2015-9822 27136009

상세보기
31. Sun L Lee M Jeon S Seo S Evaluation of the associative effects of rice straw with timothy hay and corn grain using an in vitro ruminal gas production technique Animals 2020 10 325 10.3390/ani10020325 32085591

상세보기
32. Goering HK Van Soest PJ Forage fiber analyses: apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications Washington, DC Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture 1970
33. Ørskov ER McDonald I The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage J Agric Sci. 1979 92 499 503 10.1017/S0021859600063048

상세보기
34. Seo S Jeon S Ha JK Guidelines for experimental design and statistical analyses in animal studies submitted for publication in the Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2018 31 1381 6 10.5713/ajas.18.0468 30056648

원문보기 상세보기
35. NRC [National Research Council] Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: sheep, goats, cervids, and new world camelids Washington, DC National Academy Press 2007
36. Armbruster S Steam flaking grains for feedlot cattle: a consultant’s perspective In Proceedings of the Cattle Grain Processing Symposium 2006 Tulsa, OK
37. Tremere AW Merrill WG Loosli JK Adaptation to high concentrate feeding as related to acidosis and digestive disturbances in dairy heifers J Dairy Sci. 1968 51 1065 72 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(68)87125-5 5655088

상세보기
38. Yuan J Wan X Multiple-factor associative effects of peanut shell combined with alfalfa and concentrate determined by in vitro gas production method Czech J Anim Sci. 2019 64 352 60 10.17221/94/2019-CJAS

상세보기
39. Hales KE McMeniman JP Leibovich J Vasconcelos JT Quinn MJ May ML et al Effects of varying bulk densities of steam-flaked corn and dietary roughage concentration on in vitro fermentation, performance, carcass quality, and acid-base balance measurements in finishing steers J Anim Sci. 2010 88 1135 47 10.2527/jas.2009-2400 19933434

상세보기
40. Qiao FQ Wanng F Ren LP Zhou ZM Meng QX Bao YH Effect of steam-flaking on chemical compositions, starch gelatinization, in vitro fermentability, and energetic values of maize, wheat and rice J Integr Agric. 2015 14 949 55 10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60913-8

상세보기
41. France J Dijkstra J Dhanoa MS Lopez S Bannink A Estimating the extent of degradation of ruminant feeds from a description of their gas production profiles observed in vitro: derivation of models and other mathematical considerations Br J Nutr. 2000 83 143 50 10.1017/S0007114500000180 10743493

상세보기
42. Kokić BM Lević JD Chrenková M Formelová Z Poláčiková M Rajský M et al Influence of thermal treatments on starch gelatinization and in vitro organic matter digestibility of corn Food Feed Res. 2013 40 93 9
43. Gorocica-Buenfil MA Loerch SC Effect of cattle age, forage level, and corn processing on diet digestibility and feedlot performance J Anim Sci. 2005 83 705 14 10.2527/2005.833705x 15705768

상세보기
44. Chrenková M Formelova Z Ceresnakova Z Dragomir C Rajsky M Cismileanu A et al Rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and its intestinal digestibility after steam flaking of cereal grains Czech J Anim Sci. 2018 63 160 6 10.17221/74/2017-CJAS

상세보기
45. Dakowski P Weisbjerg MR Hvelplund T The effect of temperature during processing of rape seed meal on amino acid degradation in the rumen and digestion in the intestine Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1996 58 213 26 10.1016/0377-8401(95)00868-3

상세보기
46. Fiems LO Cottyn BG Boucque CV Vanacker JM Buysse FX Effect of grain processing on in sacco digestibility and degradability in the rumen Arch Tierernaehrung. 1990 40 713 21 10.1080/17450399009428420 2175587

상세보기
47. Singh N Mudgal VD Protein requirements of castrated Beetal goat bucks Small Ruminant Res. 1991 4 127 35 10.1016/0921-4488(91)90059-Y

상세보기
48. Mishra S Rai SN Influence of varying RDP: UDP ratios in diets on digestion, nitrogen utilization and milk production efficiency in goats Small Ruminant Res. 1996 20 39 45 10.1016/0921-4488(95)00783-0

상세보기
49. Akhtar MU Qayum A Shan A Chou S Jo H Shah SWA et al Influence of different dietary rumen degradable protein concentrations on nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, blood urea nitrogen and milk yield of lactating beetal goats Pak J Zool. 2020 52 213 21 10.17582/journal.pjz/2020.52.1.213.221

상세보기
50. Wu Z Ohajuruka OA Palmquist DL Ruminal synthesis, biohydrogenation, and digestibility of fatty acids by dairy cows J Dairy Sci. 1991 74 3025 34 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78488-9 1779056

상세보기
51. Palmquist DL Influence of source and amount of dietary fat on digestibility in lactating cows J Dairy Sci. 1991 74 1354 60 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78290-8 1860978

상세보기
52. Alexander G Prabhakara Rao Z Prasad JR Effect of supplementing sheep with sunflower acid oil or its calcium soap on nutrient utilization Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2002 15 1288 93 10.5713/ajas.2002.1288

원문보기 상세보기
53. Delobel A Fabry C Schoonheere N Istasse L Hornick JL Linseed oil supplementation in diet for horses: effects on palatability and digestibility Livest Sci. 2008 116 15 21 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.07.016

상세보기
54. Owens FN Zinn RA Kim YK Limits to starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine J Anim Sci. 1986 63 1634 48 10.2527/jas1986.6351634x 3539905

상세보기
55. Rastgoo M Kazemi-Bonchenari M HosseinYazdi M Mirzaei M Effects of corn grain processing method (ground versus steam-flaked) with rumen undegradable to degradable protein ratio on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and microbial protein yield in Holstein dairy calves Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2020 269 114646 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114646

상세보기
56. Joy MT DePeters EJ Fadel JG Zinn RA Effects of corn processing on the site and extent of digestion in lactating cows J Dairy Sci. 1997 80 2087 97 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76154-X 9313151

상세보기
57. Peters TM Comparing cost versus benefits of corn processing for feedlot cattle In Proceedings of Cattle Grain Processing Symposium 2006 Tulsa, OK

활용도 분석정보

상세보기

다운로드

내보내기

활용도 Top5 논문

해당 논문의 주제분야에서 활용도가 높은 상위 5개 콘텐츠를 보여줍니다.
더보기 버튼을 클릭하시면 더 많은 관련자료를 살펴볼 수 있습니다.

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증