[논문]가뭄 기간 총일차생산량과 환경 변수 간 상관관계 분석

박종민; 이달근; 박진이; 최민하

doi:10.3741/jkwra.2021.54.10.779

가뭄 기간 총일차생산량과 환경 변수 간 상관관계 분석
Relationship between gross primary production and environmental variables during drought season in South Korea 원문보기

Journal of Korea Water Resources Association = 한국수자원학회논문집, v.54 no.10, 2021년, pp.779 - 793

박종민 (성균관대학교 건설환경시스템공학과) , 이달근 (국립재난안전연구원 재난정보연구실) , 박진이 (국립재난안전연구원 재난정보연구실) , 최민하 (성균관대학교 건설환경공학부)

초록
AI-Helper

총일차생산량은 물 스트레스와 환경 변수에 의해 크게 영향을 받는다. 총일차생산량과 환경변수의 상관관계는 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 알고리즘과 process-based model에 적용되어 총일차생산량을 계산하는데 활용된다. 그러나 MODIS 알고리즘에서는 물 스트레스를 수증기압차이(vapor pressure deficit)로만 고려하고 있으며, process-based model에서도 제한된 변수만으로 물 스트레스를 표현하여 총일차생산량을 산출하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 에디 공분산 기법, MODIS 알고리즘, 그리고 Community Land Model 4 (CLM 4) 시뮬레이션 결과에서 얻어진 총일차생산량이 환경 변수와 가지는 상관관계를 평년과 가뭄연도를 대상으로 분석하였다. 물 스트레스를 대표하는 지수는 수증기압차이와 evaporative fraction (EF)가 사용되었다. 본 연구에서는 structural equation modeling (SEM)을 활용하여 환경 변수와 EF가 총일차생산량에 끼치는 영향을 수치화하여 평가하였다. SEM을 통해 상관성을 분석한 결과, 수증기압차이가 과소평가될 경우 MODIS 알고리즘과 CLM 4 시뮬레이션에서 생산된 총일차생산량이 수증기압차이로부터 받는 영향이 제한적임을 확인하였다. 에디 공분산 기법으로 산출한 총일차생산량의 상관성 분석 결과, 경작지에서는 관개작업으로 인해 수증기압차이가 총일차생산량에 끼치는 영향이 감소하였으나 MODIS와 CLM 4에서 산출된 총일차생산량 데이터는 이러한 관개작업의 영향을 설명하는데 제한적이었다. 본 연구결과는 MODIS와 CLM 4에서 산출된 총일차생산량의 특성을 이해하고 한계를 분석하는 연구에 도움을 줄 것으로 예상된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Water stress and environmental drivers are important factors to explain the variance of gross primary production (GPP). Environmental drivers are used to generate GPP in Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) algorithm and process-based model. However, MODIS algorithm only consider the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) data while the process-based biogeochemical model also uses limited data to express water stress. We compared the relationship between environmental drivers and GPP from eddy covariance method, MODIS algorithm, and Community Land Model 4 (CLM 4) simulation in normal years and drought years. To consider water stress specifically, we used VPD and evaporative fraction (EF). We evaluated the effects from environmental drivers and EF towards GPP products using the structural equation modeling (SEM) in South Korea. We found that GPP products from MODIS algorithm and model simulation results were not restricted from VPD data if VPD was underestimated. We also found that in the cropland area, irrigation effects can relieve VPD effects to GPP. However, GPP products derived from MODIS and CLM 4 had limitation to explain the irrigation effects to GPP. Overall, these results will enhance the understanding of GPP products derived from MODIS and CLM 4.

주제어

표/그림 (10)

그림 Fig. 1. Seolmacheon flux tower site (SMC) and Cheongmicheon flux tower site (CMC) in South Korea
표 Table 1. Measurement devices and observed dataset of flux towers of Seolmacheon and Cheongmicheon sites
그림 Fig. 2. Validation results of GLDAS (a) downward shortwave radiation, (b) latent heat flux, (c) sensible heat flux, (d) air temperature, (e) vapor pressure deficit, (f) MODIS GPP, and CLM GPP with flux tower observations at SMC site
그림 Fig. 3. Validation results of GLDAS (a) downward shortwave radiation, (b) latent heat flux, (c) sensible heat flux, (d) air temperature, (e) vapor pressure deficit, (f) MODIS GPP, and CLM GPP with flux tower observations at CMC site
표 Table 2. Statistical methods (R, RMSE, bias) for validating GLDAS dataset of downward shortwave radiation (RSD), LE, H, VPD, T_air, MODIS GPP, and CLM GPP at SMC site and CMC site
$Fig. 4. Structural equation model (SEM) for 8-day sum gross primary production (GPP) with environmental drivers and evaporative fraction (EF) derived from 8-day average dataset of flux tower, MODIS, GLDAS, and CLM 4 in normal years (2012, 2013 and 2016) at SMC and CMC sites. For SMC site, the GPP was derived from (a) flux tower, (b) MODIS, and (c) CLM 4. For CMC site, the GPP was derived from (d) flux tower, (e) MODIS, and (f) CLM 4. The types of lines indicate significant paths (solid lines, P < 0.05) and insignificant paths (dotted lines, P › 0.05) in the model and the standardized path coefficients are located in the significant paths. Model fit indexes such as Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA), chi-square p-value and Adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) of each SEM models were shown below the SEM$ 그림 Fig. 4. Structural equation model (SEM) for 8-day sum gross primary production (GPP) with environmental drivers and evaporative fraction (EF) derived from 8-day average dataset of flux tower, MODIS, GLDAS, and CLM 4 in normal years (2012, 2013 and 2016) at SMC and CMC sites. For SMC site, the GPP was derived from (a) flux tower, (b) MODIS, and (c) CLM 4. For CMC site, the GPP was derived from (d) flux tower, (e) MODIS, and (f) CLM 4. The types of lines indicate significant paths (solid lines, P < 0.05) and insignificant paths (dotted lines, P › 0.05) in the model and the standardized path coefficients are located in the significant paths. Model fit indexes such as Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA), chi-square p-value and Adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) of each SEM models were shown below the SEM
표 Table 3. Effects of environmental factors to GPP in normal seasons (2012, 2016 for SMC and 2012, 2013 for CMC). Significant effects (P < 0.05) are denoted by bold.
$Fig. 5. Structural equation model (SEM) for 8-day sum gross primary production (GPP) with environmental drivers and evaporative fraction (EF) derived from 8-day average dataset of flux tower, MODIS, GLDAS and CLM 4 in drought years (2014 and 2015) at SMC and CMC sites. For SMC site, the GPP was derived from (a) flux tower, (b) MODIS, and (c) CLM 4. For CMC site, the GPP was derived from (d) flux tower, (e) MODIS, and (f) CLM 4. The types of lines indicate significant paths (solid lines, P < 0.05) and insignificant paths (dotted lines, P › 0.05) in the model and the standardized path coefficients are located in the significant paths. Model fit indexes such as Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA), chi-square p-value and Adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) of each SEM models were shown below the SEM.$ 그림 Fig. 5. Structural equation model (SEM) for 8-day sum gross primary production (GPP) with environmental drivers and evaporative fraction (EF) derived from 8-day average dataset of flux tower, MODIS, GLDAS and CLM 4 in drought years (2014 and 2015) at SMC and CMC sites. For SMC site, the GPP was derived from (a) flux tower, (b) MODIS, and (c) CLM 4. For CMC site, the GPP was derived from (d) flux tower, (e) MODIS, and (f) CLM 4. The types of lines indicate significant paths (solid lines, P < 0.05) and insignificant paths (dotted lines, P › 0.05) in the model and the standardized path coefficients are located in the significant paths. Model fit indexes such as Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA), chi-square p-value and Adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) of each SEM models were shown below the SEM.
그림 Fig. 6. Interannual vapor pressure deficit (VPD) estimated in normal years from flux tower (FLUX_N), GLDAS (GLDAS_N) and in drought years from flux tower (FLUX_D), GLDAS (GLDAS_D) are shown in box plots at (a) SMC site and (b) CMC site
표 Table 4. Effects of environmental factors to GPP in drought season in 2014 and 2015 for SMC and CMC. Significant effects (P < 0.05) are denoted by bold

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