[논문]꽃노랑총채벌레와 대만총채벌레의 내한성과 월동처 비교 연구

김철영; 최두열; 팔구니칸; 엠디따핌호사인흐리틱; 홍주안; 김용균

doi:10.5656/ksae.2022.06.0.035

꽃노랑총채벌레와 대만총채벌레의 내한성과 월동처 비교 연구
Comparative Analysis of Cold Tolerance and Overwintering Site of Two Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis and F. intonsa 원문보기

한국응용곤충학회지 = Korean journal of applied entomology, v.61 no.3, 2022년, pp.409 - 422

김철영 (안동대학교 식물의학과) , 최두열 (안동대학교 식물의학과) , 팔구니칸 (안동대학교 식물의학과) , 엠디따핌호사인흐리틱 (안동대학교 식물의학과) , 홍주안 (안동대학교 식물의학과) , 김용균 (안동대학교 식물의학과)

초록
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시설재배지 고추(Capsicum annuum)에 주요 총채벌레는 꽃노랑총채벌레(Frankliniella occidentalis)와 대만총채벌레(F. intonsa)이다. 본 연구는 이들 총채벌레의 월동 생리를 분석하는 데 목적을 두었다. 두 총채벌레는 동결감수성 곤충으로 낮은 저온(-15~-25℃)에서 체내빙결점을 보였다. 그러나 이 체내빙결점은 두 종 사이에 그리고 발육태에 따라 상이하였다. 꽃노랑총채벌레의 경우 성충 -25.7±0.5℃, 번데기 -17.2±0.3℃, 약충 -15.0±0.4℃였고 대만총채벌레는 성충 -24.0±1.0℃, 번데기 -27.0±0.5℃, 약충 -17.2±0.8℃에서 체내빙결점을 기록하였다. 그러나 실제로 두 종의 저온 피해는 체내빙결점보다 높은 온도에서 일어났으며, 처리온도가 내려갈수록 그리고 노출시간이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 대만총채벌레에 비해 꽃노랑총채벌레가 저온에 대해서 높은 내한성을 보였으며 발육태에 따라 약충보다는 성충이 높은 내한성을 나타냈다. 그러나 두 종 모두는 치사 저온조건(-10℃, 2시간)에 노출되기 전에 0℃에서 2시간 미리 노출되면 저온 피해가 현저하게 줄어드는 급속내한성유기를 보였다. 또한 단계적으로 감소하는 저온에 노출되면서 저온순화를 발현하였다. 이들 총채벌레의 월동처를 알아보기 위해 시설재배지 안팎에서 동계모니터링이 진행되었다. 동계기간(11월~2월) 두 종 성충은 야외에서 채집되지 않았지만, 시설재배지 내부에서는 꽃노랑총채벌레가 황색점착트랩과 잡초에서 포획되었다. 동계기간 시설재배지 토양시료에서 꽃노랑총채벌레 성충이 지속적으로 우화되었으나, 대만 총채벌레는 11월과 12월 토양시료에서 나오지 않았지만, 1월 이후 채집된 시료에서 성충 우화가 관찰되었다. 휴면에 따른 우화율 차이인지를 분석하기 위해 상이한 일장을 이들 두 총채벌레 종에 처리하였다. 이 결과 꽃노랑총채벌레는 일장조건과 무관하게 우화한 반면 대만총채벌레는 단일조건에서는 우화하지 않았다. 한편 이들 총채벌레가 전파하는 Tomato spotted wilt virus도 동계기간 총채벌레가 채집된 잡초에서 검출되었다. 이상의 결과는 꽃노랑총채벌레가 겨울기간 시설재배지 내부에서 잡초를 먹이로 발육하는 반면, 대만총채벌레의 경우는 휴면상태로 토양 속에서 월동하는 것으로 추정되었다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Two dominant thrips in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivating in greenhouses are Frankliniella occidentalis and F. intonsa in Korea. This study investigated their overwintering physiology. These two thrips were freeze-susceptible and suppressed the body freezing temperature by lowering supercooling point (SCP) down to -15~-27℃. However, these SCPs varied among species and developmental stages. SCPs of F. occidentalis were -25.7±0.5℃ for adults, -17.2±0.3℃ for pupae, and -15.0±0.4℃ for larvae. SCPs of F. intonsa were -24.0±1.0℃ for adults, -27.0±0.5℃ for pupae, -17.2±0.8℃ for larvae. Cold injuries of both species occurred at low temperature treatments above SCPs. Thrips mortality increased as the treatment temperature decreased and its exposure period increased. F. occidentalis exhibited higher cold tolerance than F. intonsa. In both species, adults were more cold-tolerant than larvae. Two thrips species exhibited a rapid cold hardening because a pre-exposure to 0℃ for 2 h significantly enhanced the cold tolerance to a lethal cold temperature treatment at -10℃ for 2 h. In addition, a sequential exposure of the thrips to decreasing temperatures made them to be acclimated to low temperatures. To investigate the overwintering sites of the two species, winter monitoring of the thrips was performed at the greenhouses. During winter season (November~February), adults of the two species were not captured in outside of the greenhouses. However, F. occidentalis adults were captured to the traps and observed in weeds within the greenhouses. F. occidentalis adults were also emerged from soil samples obtained from the greenhouses during the winter season. F. intonsa adults did not come out from the soil samples at November and December, but emerged from the soil samples obtained after January. To determine the adult emergence due to diapause development, two thrips species were reared under different photoperiods. Adult development occurred in all photoperiod treatments in F. occidentalis, but did not in F. intonsa especially under short periods. Tomato spotted wilt virus, which is transmitted by these two species, was detected in the weeds infested by the thrips during the winter season. These results suggest that F. occidentalis develops on weeds in the greenhouses while F. intonsa undergoes a diapause in the soil during winter.

주제어

표/그림 (9)

표 Table 1. PCR primer sequences and annealing temperatures for identification of weeds
그림 Fig. 1. Supercooling points (SCPs) of F. occidentalis and F. intonsa in different developmental stages. (A) Recording examples of SCPs in three stages of F. occidentalis, indicating a constant cooling rate (1°C/min). (B) Comparison of SCPs of the two species. Each stage was replicated ten times. Asterisk below standard deviation bars represents significant difference between two species in each developmental stage at Type I error = 0.05 (LSD test). 'NS' represents no significance.
그림 Fig. 2. Cold tolerance of F. occidentalis ('Fo') and F. intonsa ('Fi') in larval and adult stages at different temperature conditions. Each measurement used 10 individuals and was replicated three times. During this assay, all individuals at 25°C did not show any mortality in both species.
그림 Fig. 3. Induction of cold hardiness of F. occidentalis ('Fo') and F. intonsa ('Fi') in larval and adult stages. (A) Temperature treatment regimes in rapid cold hardening ('RCH') and acclimation ('ACC'). (B) Enhanced cold tolerance after RCH or ACC in two developmental stages. Each measurement used 10 individuals and was replicated three times. Different letters above standard deviation bars represents significant difference among means in each developmental stage at Type I error = 0.05 (LSD test).
그림 Fig. 4. Influence of photoperiod on adult emergence of F. occidentalis ('Fo') and F. intonsa ('Fi'). Different photoperiod treatments were applied from egg to adult emergence. Each measurement used 10 individuals and was replicated three times. Different letters above standard deviation bars represents significant difference among means in each developmental stage at Type I error = 0.05 (LSD test).
그림 Fig. 5. Monitoring F. occidentalis ('Fo') and F. intonsa ('Fi') during winter (Oct 19, 2021 ~ Apr 13, 2022) using a yellow sticky trap. (A) Trap catches in both inside and outside of a greenhouse (Hahoe, Andong, Korea), which was cultivated with hot pepper before the monitoring. (B) Temporal change of daily minimum temperatures.
그림 Fig. 6. Occurrence of F. occidentalis (‘Fo’) and F. intonsa (‘Fi’) infesting weeds in a greenhouse during winter (Oct 19, 2021 ~ Apr 13, 2022). The greenhouse was cultivated with hot pepper before the monitoring. (A) Molecular diagnosis of weeds infested by thrips. (B) Frequencies of the thrips in the different plant hosts.
그림 Fig. 7. Occurrence of F. occidentalis ('Fo') and F. intonsa ('Fi') in soil samples of a greenhouse during winter (Oct 19, 2021 ~ Apr 13, 2022). Each soil sample was about 100 g and incubated at 25°C for 10 days to observe emerged adults. Sampling sites include outside ('a')/inside ('b') of Hahoe and outside ('c')/inside ('d') of Yongsang, in Andong.
그림 Fig. 8. Detection of TSWV in overwintering site of F. occidentalis ('Fo') and F. intonsa ('Fi') in different sampling periods from Nov 13, 2021 to Jan 14, 2022. Multiplex PCR was applied to diagnose the virus and thrips. TSWV-positive weeds include Rorippa palustris and Portulaca oleracea in samples collected at Nov 13 and Rorippa palustris in samples at December. TSWV-negative samples include Chenopodium album, Oxybasis glauca, Erigeron canadensis, Senecio vulgaris, Cardamine parviflora, Stellaria media, and Capsicum annuum.

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