[논문]보 개방 후 노출된 금강 모래톱에서 하천 식생의 공간 분포와 천이

이철호; 김휘래; 조강현

doi:10.17820/eri.2022.9.3.194

보 개방 후 노출된 금강 모래톱에서 하천 식생의 공간 분포와 천이
Spatial Distribution and Successional Changes of Riparian Vegetation on Sandbars Exposed after Watergate-Opening of Weirs in the Geumgang River, South Korea 원문보기

Ecology and resilient infrastructure, v.9 no.3, 2022년, pp.194 - 205

이철호 (인하대학교 바이오시스템융합학과) , 김휘래 ((주)수성엔지니어링 환경사업부) , 조강현 (인하대학교 생명과학과)

초록
AI-Helper

하천에서 유사의 이동 및 퇴적으로 형성된 모래톱은 특이한 생물의 서식과 심미적 경관 측면에서 중요한 서식처이다. 본 연구는 보 상류에서 수문 개방에 의하여 노출된 모래톱에서 초기 식생의 발달과 그 분포를 확인하여 시간 경과에 따른 식생변화 과정을 파악하고자 하였다. 보 수문 개방 시기가 다른 금강의 3개 보 개방 구간과 보 운영에 영향을 받지 않는 대조 구간에서 보 개방 후 노출된 모래톱에서 식물군집 구조와 공간 분포의 변화를 파악하고 모래톱의 노출 기간에 따른 식물 군집 구조의 변화를 조사하였다. 금강의 보 상류구간에서 수문 개방으로 기존 홍수터 면적의 33% 이상의 면적에 해당하는 모래톱이 새롭게 형성되었다. 노출된 모래톱에는 1년생 중생식물, 다년생 수생식물, 다년생 습생식물, 아교목, 교목 군집에 속하는 9개 식물군집이 분포하였다. 모래톱의 노출 기간이 길어 짐에 따라서 나지 모래톱, 1년생 초본식물, 다년생 수생식물 군집의 면적은 감소하였고, 다년생 습생식물, 아교목, 교목 군집의 면적은 증가하였다. 하천 모래톱에서 시간 경과에 따른 식생의 변화는 수위 하강 전 수중 서식처의 조건과 물 흐름에 의한 물리적 교란의 정도에 따라서 3가지 천이 유형으로 구분할 수 있었다. 즉 모래톱의 천이과정은 1) 수생식물로부터 시작하는 '정수지 천이', 2) 일년생 습생 초본식물로부터 시작하는 '유수지 천이', 3) 버드나무류로 시작하는 '버드나무류 천이'로 구분할 수 있었다. 따라서 금강의 보 구간에서 하천 서식처 및 경관의 변화를 체계적으로 관리하기 위하여 모래톱에서의 식생 천이계열을 반영하여야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Sandbars formed by sediment transportation and sedimentation are some of the most important habitats for specific wildlife and they provide an aesthetic landscape in streams. The purpose of this study was to understand the successional process of the colonization and development of early vegetation over time on sandbars exposed by the opening of a gate at a downstream weir. We selected the following four study sites in the Geumgang River, South Korea: three weir-upstream sites with different gate-opening times and a control site that was not affected by weir operation. Changes in the structural characteristics and spatial distribution of the riparian vegetation on the sandbars exposed after opening the gate at the weir were surveyed according to the different exposure periods of the sandbars at the study sites. The newly formed sandbars accounted for more than 33% of the area of the existing floodplain in the three weir-upstream sites of the Geumgang River after opening the gate at the weir. Nine main plant communities were distributed on the exposed sandbars. These communities were classified as annual mesophytic, perennial hydrophytic, perennial hygrophytic, subtree, and tree vegetation based on their species traits. As the duration of exposure of the sandbar increased, the area of the bare sandbar and the annual herbaceous and perennial hydrophytic communities decreased, and the areas occupied by perennial hygrophytic, subtree, and tree communities increased. Changes in vegetation on the sandbar were classified into three types of succession according to the condition of the aquatic habitat before the gate-opening and the degree of physical disturbance caused by the water flow after the gate-opening. The types of succession were: 1) succession starting from hydrophytes in the lentic aquatic zone, 2) succession starting from annual herbaceous hygrophytes in the lotic aquatic zone, and 3) willow-dominated succession in the disturbed channel side. Our results suggested that the dynamics of successional changes in vegetation should be considered during weir operation to ecologically manage the habitats and landscape of the fluvial landforms, including sandbars in streams.

주제어

표/그림 (9)

그림 Fig. 1. Map showing the study area in the Geumgang River, South Korea. The polygons of red line indicate the study sites, and inverse triangles indicate the gauge stations.
그림 Fig. 2. Changes of the water level from 2016 to 2020 measured at the gauge stations near the study sites of the Geumgang River, South Korea. The red arrow indicates the last watergate-opening time of the downstream weir before the study. The black arrow represents the time when the vegetation map was drawn in this study.
그림 Fig. 3. Aerial images before (2016) and after (2020) watergate-opening of weirs of each study site in the Geumgang River, South Korea. The red solid line is the boundary of the study site within the river, and the red dotted line is the sandbar exposed by the watergateopening of weirs. The sandbar of the Buyongri site which is not affected by watergate-opening of weirs was formed by natural hydrogeomorphic process.
표 Table 1. Area of newly exposed sandbar after watergate-opening of weirs measured by comparing aerial orthographic images before (July 2016) and after (September 2020) watergate-opening of weirs at the four study sites of the Geumgang River, South Korea
표 Table 2. Characteristics of plant communities distributed on the sandbars exposed after watergate-opening of the upstream weir sites and on the sandbars formed by natural hydrogeomorphic process at the reference site, Buyongri in the Geumgang River, South Korea (mean±SD)
그림 Fig. 4. Vegetation map at the study sites of the Geumgang River, South Korea. The vegetation area was drawn on the sandbar exposed by watergate-opening of weirs at the sites of Baekjebo, Gongjubo, and Sejongbo, and at the entire floodplain area of the Buyongri site. The elapsed time after watergate-opening of weirs is 2 months at the Baekjebo, 30 months at the Gongjubo, and 32 months at the Sejongbo.
표 Table 3. Distribution area of plant communities on the sandbars exposed after watergate-opening of the upstream weir sites and on the sandbars formed by natural hydrogeomorphic process at the reference site, Buyongri in the Geumgang River, South Korea
그림 Fig. 5. Percentage of area occupied by plant communities classified by the traits of dominant species on the sandbars at the study sites of the Geumgang River, South Korea. The elapsed time after watergate-opening of weirs is 2 months at the Baekjebo, 30 months at the Gongjubo, and 32 months at the Sejongbo.
그림 Fig. 6. Biplots of non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS; stress value = 0.089) using plant species coverage data of the sandbars at the study sites of the Geumgang River, South Korea. (a) sampling plots at the four study sites, red dot = Baekjebo, green dot = Gongjubo, blue dot = Sejongbo, and purple dot = Buyongri, (b) the ellipses of the survey sites drawn at the 95% confidence intervals. (c) environmental factor, (d) plant species of more than importance value 50% (Ab = Achyranthes bidentata var. japonica, Ai = Artemisia indica, Bt = Bidens tripartita, Ca = Cyperus amuricus, Cf = Cardamine flexuosa, Ci = Carex dimorpholepis, Cl = Carex leiorhyncha, Ec = Echinochloa crus-galli, Hj = Humulus japonicus, Lr = Leersia japonica, Ms = Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Pa = Phragmites australis, Pc = Potamogeton crispus, Ph = Phalaris arundinacea, Pl = Persicaria lapathifolia, Rc = Rumex crispus, SB = Sandbar, Sc = Salix chaenomeloides, So = Spirodela polyrhiza, Sp = Salix pierotii, Sr = Scirpus radicans, St = Salix triandra subsp. nipponica, Ta = Typha angustifolia). (e) the ellipses of the plant community drawn at the 95% confidence intervals, and (f) trait of the dominant species.

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