[논문]한반도 동남부 마이오세 포항분지 남서부(보문지역)의 지질구조와 확장형식

송철우; 김민철; 임혜원; 손문

doi:10.22807/kjmp.2022.35.3.235

한반도 동남부 마이오세 포항분지 남서부(보문지역)의 지질구조와 확장형식
Geological Structures and Extension Mode of the Southwestern Part(Bomun Area) of the Miocene Pohang Basin, SE Korea 원문보기

광물과 암석 = Korean journal of mineralogy and petrology, v.35 no.3, 2022년, pp.235 - 258

송철우 (부산대학교 지질환경과학과) , 김민철 (부산대학교 지질환경과학과) , 임혜원 (부산대학교 지질환경과학과) , 손문 (부산대학교 지질환경과학과)

초록
AI-Helper

한반도 동남부에서 가장 규모가 큰 마이오세 포항분지의 남서부를 대상으로 상세한 지질도 작성과 지질구조를 분석하여 분지 발달사를 해석하였다. 포항분지 남서부는 북북동 방향의 분지 내 지구내지루에 의해 기하와 변형사가 서로 다른 서쪽의 보문구역과 동쪽의 오천구역으로 나누어진다. 보문구역은 포항분지 초기 확장 이후 거의 변형되지 않은 반면, 오천구역은 충전물의 퇴적 이후에도 후기 변형이 지속·중첩된 지역이다. 따라서 보문구역은 포항분지 최초 확장 형식에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공한다. 보문구역은 북북동 방향의 정단층들과 북북서(북서) 방향의 우수향 주향이동단층 분절들이 지그재그로 이어진 서편 경계단층에 의해 침강이 주도되었으며, 이 경계단층은 남쪽으로 한반도 동남부 마이오세 지각변형의 서쪽 한계선이며 우수향 주향이동성 주변위대로 알려진 연일구조선과 연결된다. 따라서 포항분지는 17-16.5 Ma 경 활동을 시작한 연일구조선 북쪽 말단에 우향스텝 형태로 생성된 북북동 방향의 정단층 또는 사교이동단층에 의해 서북서-동남동 방향으로 확장된 횡인장단층말단분지로 최초 침강된 것으로 해석된다. 이로 인해 보문구역에는 서쪽으로 갈수록 분지의 깊이가 더 깊어지는 북북동 방향의 비대칭 지구 또는 반지구가 생성되었다. 이후 포항분지의 확장과 변형은 오천구역을 포함하는 보다 동편 지역으로 이동하였다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

We interpreted the evolutionary history of the southwestern part of the Pohang Basin, the largest Miocene basin in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula, based on the detailed geological mapping and analysis of the geological structures. The southwestern part of the Pohang Basin can be divided into the Bomun Domain in the west and Ocheon Domain in the east by an NNE-trending horst-in-graben. These two domains have different geometries and deformation histories. The Bomun Domain was rarely deformed after the incipient extension of the basin, whereas the Ocheon Domain is an area where continued and overlapped deformations occurred after the basin fill deposition. Therefore, the Bomun Domain provides critical information on the initial extension mode of the Pohang Basin. The subsidence of the Bomun Domain was led by the zigzag-shaped western border fault that consists of NNE-striking normal and NNW-striking dextral strike-slip fault segments. This border fault is connected to the Yeonil Tectonic Line (YTL), a regional dextral principal displacement zone and the westernmost limit of Miocene crustal deformation in SE Korea. Therefore, it is interpreted that the Pohang Basin was initially extended in WNW-ESE direction as a transtensional fault-termination basin resulting from the movement of NNE-striking normal and/or oblique-slip faults formed as right-stepover in the northern termination of the YTL activated since approximately 17-16.5 Ma. As a result, an NNE-trending asymmetric graben or half-graben exhibiting an westward deepening of basin depth was formed in the Bomun Domain. Afterward, crustal extension and deformation were migrated to the east, including the Ocheon Domain.

주제어

표/그림 (12)

그림 Fig. 1. (a) Simplified regional topographic and tectonic map of the East Sea. (b) Landsat TM satellite image of the southeastern Korean Peninsula showing the distribution of the Miocene sedimentary basins, major faults, and stratigraphic units (modified from Son et al., 2015). Yellow-colored types indicate the structural domains (sub-basins) in the Middle Miocene Pohang Basin. (c) Regional structural map of SE Korea showing the Miocene stress regime and strain diagram. The wide black arrows indicate the mean declination directions of characteristic remanent magnetizations of the basin fills.
그림 Fig. 2. Detailed geological map of the southeastern part (Bomun area) of the Miocene Pohang Basin (a) with representative cross-sectional views (b) exhibiting overall stratal attitudes of the basin fills and distribution of the major faults (modified from Song, 2015). Mt. S: Mt. Soesan, B: Bomun Lake, WSR: Wangsin-ri, SJR: Seongji-ri, YTL: Yeonil Tectonic Line.
그림 Fig. 3. Outcrop photographs showing the major features of the basin fills. (a) Disorganized, imbricated, clast-supported, angular boulder-dominated conglomerate. (b) Stratified, matrix-supported, subangular to subrounded pebble- to cobble-dominated conglomerate. (c) Systematically cross-bedded (gravelly) sandstone units overlain by the horizontally stratified conglomerate to sandstone units indicate Gilbert-type delta deposit. (d-e) Stratified hemipelagic mudstone beds including lenticular calcareous nodules (d) and molluscan (Gastropoda and Bivalvia) fossils (e) (modified from Song, 2015).
그림 Fig. 4. Contoured π-diagrams (lower hemisphere, equal-area projection) and rose-diagrams showing the stratal attitudes of the basement rocks (a) and basin fills (b-f) in the study area. (a) Poles to the bedding of basement rock in the Eastern and Western blocks. (b) Overall stratal attitudes of the basin fills dip toward the east. (c-f) The π-axes analyzed from the basin fills in the Bomun (c, d) and Ocheon (e, f) domains implying the existence of NNE-SSW and NW-SE trending fold axes, respectively.
그림 Fig. 5. Structural map of the vicinity of the southwestern part of the Pohang Basin with bedding traces of the basin fills and fault-slip data (lower hemisphere, equal area projection) from the basement rocks adjacent to the major border faults. Divergent arrows represent the horizontal stretching direction. Filled pentagons, diamonds, and triangles represent the principal stress axes σ1, σ2, and σ3, respectively (modified from Song, 2015).
$Fig. 6. Outcrop photographs exhibiting the major features of the southwestern margin of the Bomun Domain. (a, b) Highly fractured Paleogene granite (Gr. in the footwall) and angular clast-dominated basal conglomerate (Conglo. in the hanging wall) bordered by the NNW-striking dextral strike-slip fault. (c) Kinematic sense-indicators observed on a representative cross-section of the southwestern marginal fault represent the dextral movement of the principal slip zone (PSZ). F: foliation.$ 그림 Fig. 6. Outcrop photographs exhibiting the major features of the southwestern margin of the Bomun Domain. (a, b) Highly fractured Paleogene granite (Gr. in the footwall) and angular clast-dominated basal conglomerate (Conglo. in the hanging wall) bordered by the NNW-striking dextral strike-slip fault. (c) Kinematic sense-indicators observed on a representative cross-section of the southwestern marginal fault represent the dextral movement of the principal slip zone (PSZ). F: foliation.
그림 Fig. 7. (a-c) Outcrop photographs showing the major features of the western marginal faults of the Bomun Domain. (a-b) Outcrop photograph of the NNW-striking dextral transfer fault (a) and its sketch (b) (Gr.: granite, Id.: intermediate dike, Conglo.: conglomerate, Qa: Quaternary deposit). (c) Outcrop photograph of NNE-striking normal fault. (d) Block diagram showing the formation of a transfer fault from a relay ramp between the overstepped segments of two normal faults due to the increase in displacement of fault (modified from Peacock, 2002).
그림 Fig. 8. Outcrop photographs and sketches showing the major features of the eastern and western margins of Bomun (a-b) and Ocheon (c-d) domains, respectively. (a, b) An unconformable boundary between the basement rock (Da. Vol.: dacitic volcanic rock) and the Middle Miocene basin fill (Conglo.: conglomerate) (Qa: Quaternary deposit). (c, d) Basement-derived block-bearing conglomerate bordered by the NS-striking normal fault dipping eastward in the westernmost part of the Ocheon Domain.
그림 Fig. 9. Outcrop photograph of syndepositional NS-striking normal fault showing typical characteristics of growth fault. Note that colored arrows indicate the lower boundary of basin fill units correlating between the footwall and hanging wall blocks (Cg: conglomerate, S: sandstone, gS: gravelly sandstone).
그림 Fig. 10. (a) Contoured π-diagram showing the attitudes of the normal faults developed in the basin fills (lower hemisphere, equal-area projection). (b-d) NNE-striking minor fault (b), clastic dikes (c), and convolute bed (d) in the Ocheon Domain. Note that such structures (b-d) were observed only in the Ocheon Domain, implying the area has undergone relatively severe deformation during the extension of the basin.
그림 Fig. 11. Simplified schematic diagram that depicts how transtensional fault-termination basins lie within a spectrum between pull-apart (strike-slip) basins and rift (extensional) basins (from Umhoefer et al., 2007). Sign (+) indicates footwall (relatively high relief) of the faulted block.
그림 Fig. 12. Schematic block diagram showing the evolution of the southeastern part (Bomun and western part of Ocheon domains) of the Miocene Pohang Basin. (a) Stage 1: The incipient WNW-ESE opening of the basin occurred by the formation of NNE-striking basin-bounding normal faults showing an en-echelon array in the termination zone of the NNW-striking dextral strike-slip fault (YTL: Yeonil Tectonic Line). As the displacement increased, the relay ramps between the normal fault segments were cut and grown into NNW-striking transfer faults. (b) Stage 2: The extension of the Bomun Domain ceased, and the depositional center was migrated to the northeast, the Ocheon Domain. The subsequent crustal extension of the Ocheon Domain was led by NNE- to NE-striking normal faults, and the clockwise horizontal block rotation occurred in the east and northeast of the Bomun Domain.

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