[논문]생물모니터링 및 환경유전자(eDNA)를 이용한 침입외래종 미국가재(Procambarus clarkii)의 한국분포 현황

정상우; 이재하; 김필재; 김수환

doi:10.13047/kjee.2022.36.4.368

생물모니터링 및 환경유전자(eDNA)를 이용한 침입외래종 미국가재(Procambarus clarkii)의 한국분포 현황
Distribution Status of Invasive Alien Species (Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852)) Using Biomonitoring with Environmental DNA in South Korea 원문보기

한국환경생태학회지 = Korean journal of environment and ecology, v.36 no.4, 2022년, pp.368 - 380

정상우 (다살이생물자원연구소) , 이재하 (다살이생물자원연구소) , , 김필재 (국립생태원) , 김수환 (국립생태원)

초록
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국내 침입외래종 미국가재(Procambarus clarkii)의 생물모니터링을 환경유전자 분석과 함께 2021년 2월부터 10월까지 완주군, 함평군, 나주시, 구례군 청주시, 5지점에서 수행하였다. 조사방법은 우산형통발과 둥근뜰채를 이용하였으며, eDNA 분석을 위해 8~10 L의 물을 채수하였다. 조사지 내의 동소종인 저서성 대형무척추동물과 함께 과거 분포기록 및 국내 가재류 유통 현황도 분석하였다. 조사결과 미국가재는 총 122개체가 확인되었으며, 함평군에서 59개체(48.36%)로 가장 많은 개체수와 높은 환경유전자(eDNA)가 검출되었고 계절상 5월달에 출현 빈도가 가장 높았다. 암컷과 수컷의 비율은 21:5로 암컷이 우세하였으며, 크기는 암컷이 72.2±21.1 mm, 수컷이 80.5±15.6 mm, 어린개체가 25.3±9.8 mm이었다. 국내에 유입된 미국가재는 남서쪽 지역을 중심으로 확산되고 있는 것으로 파악되었으며, 과거에 출현 기록이 있는 서울지역에서는 확인되지 않았다. 미국가재에 외부공생하는 끈거머리지렁이류는 확인되지 않았으며, 국내의 출현한 미국가재는 일본에서부터 수입된 개체로 추정되었다. 국내에서 유통되고 있는 외래 가재류는 8종 이상이었으며, 이중 마블가재(Procambarus virginalis)는 2021년에 환경부에서 유입주의 생물로 지정된 종으로 파악되었다. 미국가재 조사지역 일대에 서식하는 저서성 대형무척추동물은 총 3문 5강 39과 69종이 출현하였으며, 잠자리목이 24.62%, 딱정벌레목과 노린재목이 각각 16.92%로 우세하게 나타났다. 이 중 한반도고유종 1종, 적색목록 범주의 준위협(NT)으로 구분되는 1종, 갑각류는 총 6종이 출현하였다. 섭식기능군에서는 잡아먹는무리가 서식기능군에서는 기어오르는무리가 전체적으로 우세하여 출현하였다. 조사지역 내의 미국가재는 수초와 수변부 식생이 풍부한 지역을 선호하며, 수질이 탁한 곳에서도 내성이 강한 것으로 분석되었다. 잡식성인 미국가재는 동소종에서 우세하게 출현하는 육식성 저서생물과 상호 경쟁관계를 유지할 것으로 보이며, 먹이사슬에 따른 생태계 교란이 지속적으로 일어날 것으로 판단된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Biomonitoring of an invasive alien crayfish species, Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852), was performed from February to October 2021, along with environmental DNA analysis, at five locations including Wanju-gun, Hampyeong-gun, Naju-si, Gurye-gun, and Cheongju-si. For the investigation, an umbrella-shaped trap for adults and a hand net for young crayfish were used, and 8 to 10L of freshwater was collected for eDNA analysis. The current status and past distributional records of crayfish in Korea were analyzed along with benthic macroinvertebrates at each survey site. As a result of the investigation, a total of 122 individuals were identified, and Hampyeong-gun recorded the largest number of populations with 59 individuals (48.36%) and the highest environmental DNA (eDNA). The frequency of appearance of P. clarkii was highest in May. The ratio of females to males was 21:5, and the body size was 72.2±21.1mm for female, 80.5±15.6mm for male, and 25.3±9.8mm for young crayfish. P. clarkii introduced into Korea is mainly spreading in the southwest region and it has not been observed in Seoul where there had been a record of appearance in the past. No external symbiosis (Branchiobdellida) of P. clarkii has been identified, and P. clarkii that has appeared in Korea was presumed to be imported from Japan. There are more than eight kinds of exotic crayfish distributed in Korea, and among them, the marbled crayfish (P. virginalis) was identified as a harmful species to the ecosystem of Korea by the Ministry of Environment in 2021. The identified species of benthic macroinvertebrates inhabiting the survey area where P. clarkii has appeared were 69 belonging to 39 families, 15 orders, five classes, and three phyla. Among them, Odonata were the most abundant (16 spp.; 24.62%), followed by Coleoptera (11 spp.; 16.92%) and Hemiptera (11 spp.; 16.92%). In the survey area, one Korean endemic species (Rhoenanthus coreanus), one species (Helophorus auriculatus) classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the Korean Red List, and six species of Crustaceans appeared. In the functional feeding group, the predators appeared predominantly while in habitat oriented group, the climbers appeared to be abundant. It was confirmed that P. clarkii in the survey area prefers an area rich in aquatic vegetation with waterside vegetation, and has high resistance to turbid water quality. The omnivore invader P. clarkii is expected to maintain a competitive relationship with carnivorous benthic macroinvertebrates that are predominant in the same species, and is expected to continue to generate ecosystem disturbance along the food chains.

주제어

표/그림 (10)

그림 Figure 1. Study area indicating sampling sites with habitats (CJ: Cheongju-si, WJ: Wanju-gun, NJ: Naju-si, HP: Hampyeong-gun, GR: Gurye-gun) in South Korea.
그림 Figure 2. Habitats of Procambarus clarkii. (Left) Umbrella type trap in the silt area, (Right) Freshwater crayfish hole.
그림 Figure 3. Measurement of total body length (TL) for Procambarus clarkii.
표 Table 1. Species-specific primers information applied to this study
그림 Figure 4. Scatter plots and mean±sd of Procambarus clarkii size measured in the four sampling sites (WJ: Wanju-gun, HP: Hampyeong-gun, NJ: Naju-si, GR: Gurye-gun, YC: Young Crayfish).
그림 Figure 6. Map showing regional occurrence of Procambarus clarkii from 1997 to 2021 years in South Korea.
그림 Figure 5. Change in number of individuals of Procambarus clarkii from March to September in 2021.
표 Table 2. The result of the Cycle threshold(Ct) value and eDNA concentration(copies/L) in the sampling sites. HP, Hampyeng-gun; NJ, Naju-si; GR, Gurye-gun; WJ, Wanju-gun; CJ, Cheongju-si
그림 Figure 7. The relative abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates species in the sampling sites.
그림 Figure 8. Composition of functional feeding groups (FFGs) and habitat orientation groups (HOGs) of benthic macroinvertebrates in the sampling sites.

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