[논문]증착 기법을 이용한 리튬이차전지용 초박막 세라믹 코팅 분리막 기술

김우철; 노영준; 최승엽; 이용민

doi:10.5229/jkes.2022.25.4.134

증착 기법을 이용한 리튬이차전지용 초박막 세라믹 코팅 분리막 기술
A Review on Ultrathin Ceramic-Coated Separators for Lithium Secondary Batteries using Deposition Processes 원문보기

전기화학회지 = Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society, v.25 no.4, 2022년, pp.134 - 153

김우철 (대구경북과학기술원 에너지공학과) , 노영준 (대구경북과학기술원 에너지공학과) , 최승엽 (대구경북과학기술원 에너지공학과) , (대구경북과학기술원 에너지공학과) , 이용민 (대구경북과학기술원 에너지공학과)

초록
AI-Helper

리튬이온전지의 에너지밀도가 지속적으로 높아지고 사용환경이 가혹해지고 있지만, 전지의 안전성은 타협할 수 있는 특성이 아니다. 특히, 더 높은 에너지밀도 확보를 위해 고용량 전극 소재 개발과 함께 분리막 원단 뿐만 아니라 세라믹 코팅층의 두께 및 무게의 박막화와 경량화가 동시에 요구되고 있다. 그 중, 기존 슬러리 코팅 방식을 증착 방식으로 대체하는 기술이 주목받고 있으며, 분리막의 내열성 확보를 위해 도입된 수 ㎛ 수준의 세라믹 코팅층을 nm 수준으로 박막/경량화 하면서도 동등의 내열성을 확보하는 시도가 진행되고 있다. 증착법으로 제조된 세라믹 코팅 분리막은 리튬이온전지 에너지밀도를 크게 증가시킬 수 있는 효율적인 방법이지만, 균일한 물성의 세라믹 코팅 분리막을 제작하기 위해서는 증착 공정 중 온도를 제어해야 하며, 생산속도와 공정비용을 기존 슬러리 코팅 수준으로 떨어뜨려야 하는 현실적 문제가 존재한다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 분리막 원단 대비 두께 및 무게 증가가 거의 없다는 점에서는 전지의 고에너지밀도 달성에 필요한 매력적인 접근법임은 분명하다. 본 총설에서는 세라믹 증착 코팅에 사용되고 있는 세 가지 방법인 1) 화학적 기상 증착법, 2) 원자층 증착법, 그리고 3) 물리적 기상 증착법으로 제조된 세라믹 코팅 분리막을 소개하고자 한다. 각 증착법의 원리와 장/단점을 설명하고, 제조된 세라믹 코팅 분리막의 물리적, 전기화학적 특성 및 전지의 성능 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 또한, 소재 관점에서 금속 또는 유기물질이 코팅된 초박막 코팅 분리막의 기술 동향도 소개하였다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Regardless of a trade-off relationship between energy density and safety, it is essential to improve both properties for future lithium secondary batteries. Especially, to improve the energy density of batteries further, not only thickness but also weight of separators including ceramic coating layers should be reduced continuously apart from the development of high-capacity electrode active materials. For this purpose, an attempt to replace conventional slurry coating methods with a deposition one has attracted much attention for securing comparable thermal stability while minimizing the thickness and weight of ceramic coating layer in the separator. This review introduces state-of-the-art technology on ceramic-coated separators (CCSs) manufactured by the deposition method. There are three representative processes to form a ceramic coating layer as follows: chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and physical vapor deposition (PVD). Herein, we summarized the principle and advantages/disadvantages of each deposition method. Furthermore, each CCS was analyzed and compared in terms of its mechanical and thermal properties, air permeability, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical performance.

주제어

표/그림 (20)

그림 Fig. 1. Classification and characteristics of thin film deposition process
그림 Fig. 2. Schematic diagrams of the key steps during (a) chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Reproduced with permission.²⁰⁾ Copyright 2003, Elsevier. and (b) atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes. Reproduced with permission.²²⁾ Copyright 2018, AIP Publishing.
그림 Fig. 4. Schematic diagrams for evaporation and sputtering processes. (a) Thermal evaporation (b) electron beam evaporation (c) direct current (DC) sputtering (d) radio frequency (RF) sputtering, and (e) magnetron DC or RF sputtering. Reproduced with permission.²⁵⁾ Copyright 2012, Elsevier.
그림 Fig. 3. Schematic diagrams of physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes. (a) Evaporation and (b) sputtering processes. Reproduced with permission.²⁴⁾ Copyright 2000, Elsevier.
그림 Fig. 5. (a) Schematic diagram of the SiO₂ thin film coated separator by CVD process and (b) its corresponding thermal shrinkage for various cycle numbers of CVD after storage at 150 °C for 20 min. Reproduced with permission.⁴⁷⁾ Copyright 2012, Elsevier.
그림 Fig. 6. (a) Schematic diagram of pHVDS thin film coated PE separator by iCVD process. (b[i]) SEM images of pristine and pHVDS-coated PE separators (b[ii]) their thermal shrinkage and (b[iii]) corresponding SEM images after storage at 140 °C for 30 min. (c) Rate performance tests for the cells with and without the pHVDS coating. (d) electrolyte wettability tests of the pristine separator and pHVDS-40 min PE. Reproduced with permission.⁴⁸⁾ Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.
그림 Fig. 7. (a) Schematic diagram of Al₂O₃ thin film coated separator by ALD process and (b) photographs of bare and Al₂O₃ thin film coated separator s contacted with PC solvent and 1 M LiPF₆/PC. Reproduced with permission.⁵⁴⁾ Copyright 2012, John Wiley and Sons.
그림 Fig. 8. (a) Schematic diagram of the PE/Al₂O₃/PDA thin film separator. (b) SEM images of the surfaces and the corresponding cross-sectional views of bare PE, PE/Al₂O₃, and PE/Al₂O₃/PDA separators. Electrochemical measurements of the cells using the bare PE, PE/Al₂O₃, PE/PDA, and PE/Al₂O₃/PDA separators. (c) Comparison of the rate performance (0.2~5 C), Nyquist plots after the (d) 1^st cycle and (e) 200^th cycle. Reproduced with permission.⁵⁸⁾ Copyright 2019, Elsevier.
그림 Fig. 9. (a) Schematic diagram of Al₂O₃ R2R ALD process. (b) Cross section SEM image of Al₂O₃ film coated separator. (c) Tensile strength curves of Pristine (Celgard) and Al₂O₃ thin film coated (ALD-Celgard) separators. Reproduced with permission.⁵⁹⁾ Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons.
그림 Fig. 10. (a) Schematic diagram of TiO₂ R2R ALD process (b) TiO₂ thin film coated separators according to line speed (c) comparison of discharge capacity for TiO₂ thin film coated (ALD-T3) and pristine separators. Reproduced with permission.⁶⁰⁾ Copyright 2021, Elsevier.
그림 Fig. 11. (a) Schematic diagram and characteristics of Al₂O₃ thin film coated PVDF-HFP separator by ALD process and (b) galvanostatic cycling curves of Li/Li symmetric cells. Reproduced with permission.⁶³⁾ Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.
그림 Fig. 12. SEM images of (a) bare and Al₂O₃ thin film coated PE separators after (b) 10 min (c) 40 min, and (d) 70 min sputtering and (e) their corresponding thermal shrinkage after storage at 150 °C for 30 min. Reproduced with permission.⁶⁴⁾ Copyright 2014, Springer Nature.
그림 Fig. 15. Characteristics of Al₂O₃ thin film coated separator by EB-evaporation process. (a) SEM images of PE, EB-PVD Al₂O₃-PE, commercial Al₂O₃-PE, and Al₂O₃-PI. Shutdown and breakdown behavior test: (b) In situ impedance measurement and (c) Post-mortem SEM images. Reproduced with permission.⁷²⁾ Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.
그림 Fig. 14. (a) Schematic diagram of Al₂O₃/SiO₂ co-sputtering deposition setup and (b) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) profiles of ME-PVDF, Al₂O₃/SiO₂/PVDF, Al₂O₃/PVDF, SiO₂/PVDF, and PE separators. Reproduced with permission.⁷¹⁾ Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.
그림 Fig. 15. Characteristics of Al₂O₃ thin film coated separator by EB-evaporation process. (a) SEM images of PE, EB-PVD Al₂O₃-PE, commercial Al₂O₃-PE, and Al₂O₃-PI. Shutdown and breakdown behavior test: (b) In situ impedance measurement and (c) Post-mortem SEM images. Reproduced with permission.⁷²⁾ Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.
그림 Fig. 16. Schematic diagram and characteristics of Cu thin film separator by sputtering process. Surface SEM images of (a) Bare PE and (b) PE/CuTF separator. (c) Cross-sectional SEM image of the as prepared PE/CuTF separator and (d) corresponding EDX mapping of the dotted square in panel (c). (e) Schematic diagram of Li metal deposition mechanism with the [i] bare PE and [ii] PE/CuTF separators. Cross-sectional SEM images of passivation layer (Li/Cu cells @30 cycles) for (f) bare PE and (g) PE/CuTF separators. Reproduced with permission.⁷³⁾ Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons.
그림 Fig. 17. Characteristics of Pt thin film coated separator by sputtering process. Galvanostatic cycling performance of Li/ Li symmetric cells using bare PP and PP@Pt separators at (a) 1 mA cm^-2 and (b) 2 mA cm^-2. SEM images of Li anode surface cycled for 500 hours using (c) PP and (d) PP@Pt separators. Reproduced with permission.⁷⁴⁾ Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.
그림 Fig. 18. Electrochemical characteristics of Nb thin film coated separator by sputtering process. CV measurements of Li/S cells containing composite sulfur cathode with (a) PP and (b) Nb-PP separators at 0.1 mV s^-1. Voltage profiles of Li/S cells with (c) PP and (d) Nb-PP separators. Cycle performance of Li/S cells with (e) PP and (f) Nb-PP separators. Reproduced with permission.⁷⁵⁾ Copyright 2019, Springer Nature.
그림 Fig. 19. Characteristics of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coated PP separator by sputtering process. Surface SEM images of (a) pristine PP and (b) DLC/PP-5h separators (c) Cross-sectional SEM image of DLC/PP-5h separator. (d) Young's modulus results of pristine PP, DLC/PP-5h, and DLC/PP-10h separators. A microscopic particle diffusion model for Liions passing through the (e) pristine PP and (f) DLC/PP (DLC thickness with 300 nm) separators. Voltage profiles of Li/ Li symmetric cells having the pristine PP and DLC/PP-5h separators at (g) 3 mA cm^-2 and (h) 5 mA cm^-2. Reproduced with permission.⁷⁵⁾ Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons.
그림 Fig. 20. Schematic diagram and characteristics of Mg thin film coated separator by sputtering process. SEM images of (a) Bare (Celgard) and (b) Mg coated separators (Inset is Mg 1s XPS data). (c) Schematic diagram of electrodeposition with Mg coated separator. SEM images of the separators and Li anodes retrieved from Li/LCO full cells after 200 cycles: A top view of (d) Li anode surface and (e) the corresponding Mg-coated separator, A top view of (f) Li anode surface and (g) the corresponding bare separator after cycling. (h) Cycling performance of the Li/LCO full cells using the bare and Mg coated separators at 2 C rate. Reproduced with permission.⁷⁷⁾ Copyright 2019, Elsevier.

참고문헌 (85)

P. Arora and Z. Zhang, Battery separators, Chem. Rev., 104, 4419-4462 (2004).
H. Lee, M. Yanilmaz, O. Toprakci, K. Fu, and X. Zhang, A review of recent developments in membrane separators for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 3857-3886 (2014).

상세보기
T. Nestler, R. Schmid, W. Munchgesang, V. Bazhenov, J. Schilm, T. Leisegang, and D. C. Meyer, Separators - Technology review: Ceramic based separators for secondary batteries, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1597, 155 (2014).
H.-S. Jeong, D. W. Kim, Y. U. Jeong, and S.-Y. Lee, Effect of phase inversion on microporous structure development of Al 2 O 3 /poly(vinylidene fluoridehexafluoropropylene)-based ceramic composite separators for lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 195(18), 6116-6121 (2010).
M. Kim, Y.-C. Nho, and J. H. Park, Electrochemical performances of inorganic membrane coated electrodes for Li-ion batteries, J. Solid State Electrochem., 14, 769-773 (2010).
S.-Y. Lee, D.-J. Seo, J.-Y. Sohn, S.-K. Kim, J.-H. Hong, Y.-S. Kim, and H.-M. Jang, Organic/inorganic composite separator having morphology gradient, manufacturing method thereof and electrochemical device containing the same, US Patents 7, 638, 241 (2022).
S.-K Kim, J.-Y Sohn, J.-H Park, H.-M Jang, B.-J Shin, S.-Y Lee, and J.-H Hong, Organic/inorganic composite separator having porous active coating layer and electrochemical device containing the same, US Patents 7, 709, 152 (2022).
G. Horpel, V Hennige, C. Hying, S. Augustin, and C. Jost, Use of a ceramic separator in lithium ion batteries, comprising an electrolyte containing ionic fluids, US Patents 9, 214, 659 (2022).
D. Yeon, Y. Lee, M. H. Ryou, and Y. M. Lee, New flame-retardant composite separators based on metal hydroxides for lithium-ion batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 157, 282-289 (2015).

상세보기
D. H. Han, M. Zhang, P. X. Lu, Y. L. Wan, Q. L. Chen, H. Y. Niu, and Z. W. Yu, A multifunctional separator with Mg(OH) 2 nanoflake coatings for safe lithium-metal batteries, J. Energy Chem., 52, 75-83 (2021).
B. Jung, B. Lee, Y. C. Jeong, J. Lee, S. R. Yang, H. Kim, and M. Park, Thermally stable non-aqueous ceramiccoated separators with enhanced nail penetration performance, J. Power Sources, 427, 271-282 (2019).

상세보기
Y. Lee, H. Lee, T. Lee, M. H. Ryou, and Y. M. Lee, Synergistic thermal stabilization of ceramic/co-polyimide coated polypropylene separators for lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 294, 537-544 (2015).

상세보기
Q. Liu, M. Xia, J. Chen, Y. Tao, Y. Wang, K. Liu, M. Li, W. Wang, and D. Wang, High performance hybrid Al 2 O 3 /poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) nanofibrous membrane for lithium-ion battery separator, Electrochim. Acta, 176, 949-955 (2015).
J. H. Park, W. Park, J. H. Kim, D. Ryoo, H. S. Kim, Y. U. Jeong, D. W. Kim, and S. Y. Lee, Close-packed poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticle arrays-coated polyethylene separators for high-power lithium-ion polymer batteries, J. Power Sources, 196, 7035-7038(2011).

상세보기
Y. Roh, U. Kim, and Y.-M. Lee, Physical and electrochemical properties of ceramic-coated separators with different ceramic types for lithium-ion batteries, J. Korean Battery Soc., 1, 106-112 (2021).
Y. Roh, D. Jin, E. Kim, S. Byun, Y. S. Lee, M. H. Ryou, and Y. M. Lee, Highly improved thermal stability of the ceramic coating layer on the polyethylene separator via chemical crosslinking between ceramic particles and polymeric binders, Chem. Eng. J., 433, 134501 (2022).

상세보기
H. Jeon, Y. Roh, D. Jin, M. H. Ryou, Y. C. Jeong, and Y. M. Lee, Crosslinkable polyhedral silsesquioxane-based ceramic-coated separators for Li-ion batteries, J. Indust. Eng. Chem., 71, 277-283 (2019).
A. Yanguas-Gil, Growth and transport in nanostructured materials: Reactive transportation in PVD, CVD, and ALD, Springer (2016).
G. L. Doll, B. A. Mensah, H. Mohseni, and T. W. Scharf, Chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition of coatings for mechanical applications, J. Thermal Spray Technol., 19, 510-516 (2010).
S. Li, S. Wang, D. Tang, W. Zhao, H. Xu, L. Chu, Y. Bando, D. Golverg, and G. Eda, Halide-assisted atmospheric pressure growth of large WSe 2 and WS 2 monolayer crystals, Appl. Mater. Today, 1, 60-66 (2015).
Y. Qi, B. Deng, X. Guo, S. Chen, J. Gao, T. Li, Z. Dou, H. Ci, J. Sun, Z. Chen, R. Wang, L. Cui, X. Chen, K. Chen, H. Wang, S. Wang, P. Gao, M. H. Rummeli, H. Peng, Y. Zhang, and Z. Liu, Switching vertical to horizontal graphene growth using faraday cage-assisted PECVD approach for high-performance transparent heating device, Adv. Mater., 30(8), 1704839 (2018).
D. BARRECA, P. Fornasiero, A. Gasparotto, V. Gombac, C. Maccato, A. Pozza, and E. Tondello, CVD Co 3 O 4 nanopyramids: a nano-platform for photo-assisted H 2 production, Chem. Vap. Depos., 16(10-12), 296-300 (2010).
P. M. Sousa, A. J. Silvestre, N. Popovici, and O. Conde, Morphological and structural characterization of CrO 2 /Cr 2 O 3 films grown by Laser-CVD, Appl. Surf. Sci., 247, 423-428 (2005).
K. Chan and K. K. Gleason, Initiated CVD of poly (methyl methacrylate) thin films, Chem. Vap. Depos., 11(10), 437-443 (2005).
K. L. Choy, Chemical vapour deposition of coatings, Prog. Mater. Sci., 48(2), 57-170 (2003).

상세보기
S. M. George, Atomic layer deposition: An overview, Chem. Rev., 110(1), 111-131 (2010).
R. L. Puurunen, Surface chemistry of atomic layer deposition: A case study for the trimethylaluminum/ water process, J. Appl. Phys., 97, 121301 (2005).

상세보기
S. M. George, A. W. Ott, and J. W. Klaus, Surface chemistry for atomic layer growth, J. Phys. Chem., 100(31), 13121-13131 (1996).

상세보기
D. M. Mattox, Physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes, Met. Finish., 97, 1 (2000).
H. Adachi and K. Wasa, Handbook of sputtering technology, 2nd ed., 3-39, Elsevier (2012).
A. Baptista, F. Silva, J. Porteiro, J. Miguez, and G. Pinto, Sputtering physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings: A critical review on process improvement and market trend demands, Coatings, 8(11), 402 (2018).

상세보기
J. Greener, G. Plearson, and M. Cakmak (eds.), Roll-toroll manufacturing: Process elements and recent advances, John Wiley & Sons (2018).
Y. Lin and X. Chen (eds.), Advanced nano deposition methods, John Wiley & Sons (2016).
H. Conrads and M. Schmidt, Plasma generation and plasma sources, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 9, 441 (2000).

상세보기
R. Behrisch and W. Eckstein (eds.), Sputtering by particle bombardment: Experiments and computer calculations from threshold to MeV energies, Springer Science & Business Media (2007).
W. D. Westwood, S. Maniv, and P. J. Scanlon, The current-voltage characteristic of magnetron sputtering systems, J. Appl. Phys., 54, 6841 (1983).

상세보기
M. B. Assouar, O. Elmazria, L. le Brizoual, and P. Alnot, Reactive DC magnetron sputtering of aluminum nitride films for surface acoustic wave devices, Diam. Relat. Mater., 11(3-6), 413-417 (2002).
M. H. Suhail, G. M. Rao, and S. Mohan, dc reactive magnetron sputtering of titanium-structural and optical characterization of TiO 2 films, J. Appl. Phys., 71, 1421 (1998).
W. A. Pliskin, Comparison of properties of dielectric films deposited by various methods, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 14, 1064 (1977).

상세보기
S. Chowdhury, M. T. Laugier, and I. Z. Rahman, Effect of target self-bias voltage on the mechanical properties of diamond-like carbon films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering, Thin Solid Films, 468(1-2), 149-154 (2004).
M. Mieno and T. Yoshida, Preparation of cubic boron nitride films by RF sputtering, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 29, 1175-1177 (1990).
R. Boulmani, M. Bendahan, C. Lambert-Mauriat, M. Gillet, and K. Aguir, Correlation between rf-sputtering parameters and WO3 sensor response towards ozone, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 125, 622-627 (2007).

상세보기
P. J. Kelly and R. D. Arnell, Magnetron sputtering: a review of recent developments and applications, Vacuum, 56, 159-172 (2000).

상세보기
S. Swann, Magnetron sputtering, Phys. Technol., 19, 67 (1988).

상세보기
S. Ido, M. Kashiwagi, and M. Takahashi, Computational studies of plasma generation and control in a magnetron sputtering system, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 38, 4450 (1999).
Zheng, B., Fu, Y., Wang, K., Schuelke, T., & Fan, Q. H, Electron dynamics in radio frequency magnetron sputtering argon discharges with a dielectric target, Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 30, (2021).

상세보기
J. A. Thornton, Magnetron sputtering: basic physics and application to cylindrical magnetrons, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 15, 171 (1998).
R. D. Arnell and P. J. Kelly, Recent advances in magnetron sputtering, Surf. Coat. Technol., 112(1-3), 170-176 (1999).
G. Brauer, B. Szyszka, M. Vergohl, and R. Bandorf, Magnetron sputtering - milestones of 30 years, Vacuum, 84(12), 1354-1359 (2010).

상세보기
M.V. Castro, C.J. Tavares, Dependence of Ga-doped ZnO thin film properties on different sputtering process parameters: Substrate temperature, sputtering pressure and bias voltage, Thin Solid Films, 586, 13-21 (2015).

상세보기
S. Lobe, A. Bauer, S. Uhlenbruck, and D. FattakhovaRohlfing, Physical vapor deposition in solid-state battery development: From materials to devices, Adv. Sci., 8(11), 2002044 (2021).
M. Kim and J. H. Park, Inorganic thin layer coated porous separator with high thermal stability for safety reinforced Li-ion battery, J. Power Sources, 212, 22-27 (2012).

상세보기
Y. Yoo, B. G. Kim, K. Pak, S. J. Han, H. S. Song, J. W. Choi, and S. G. Im, Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) of highly cross-linked polymer films for advanced lithium-ion battery separators, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 18849-18855 (2015).

상세보기
T. Lei, W. Chen, W. Lv, J. Huang, J. Zhu, J. Chu, C. Yan, C. Wu, Y. Yan, W. He, J. Xiong, Y. Li, C. Yan, J. B. Goodenough, and X. Duan, Inhibiting polysulfide shuttling with a graphene composite separator for highly robust lithium-sulfur batteries, Joule, 2, 2091-2104 (2018).

상세보기
T. Z. Zhuang, J. Q. Huang, H. J. Peng, L. Y. He, X. B. Cheng, C. M. Chen, and Q. Zhang, Rational integration of polypropylene/graphene oxide/nafion as ternarylayered separator to retard the shuttle of polysulfides for lithium-sulfur batteries, Small, 12, 381-389 (2016).

상세보기
J. bin Wang, Z. Ren, Y. Hou, X. L. Yan, P. Z. Liu, H. Zhang, H. X. Zhang, and J. J. Guo, A review of graphene synthesisatlow temperatures by CVD methods, New Carbon Mater., 35, 193-208 (2020).

상세보기
E.C. Cengiz, O. Salihoglu, O. Ozturk, C. Kocabas, and R. Demir-Cakan, Ultra-lightweight chemical vapor deposition grown multilayered graphene coatings on paper separator as interlayer in lithium-sulfur batteries, J. Alloys Compd., 777, 1017-1024 (2019).

상세보기
Z. Du, C. Guo, L. Wang, A. Hu, S. Jin, T. Zhang, H. Jin, Z. Qi, S. Xin, X. Kong, Y. G. Guo, H. Ji, and L. J. Wan, Atom-thick interlayer made of CVD-grown graphene film on separator for advanced lithium-sulfur batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 43696-43703 (2017).

상세보기
Y. S. Jung, A. S. Cavanagh, L. Gedvilas, N. E. Widjonarko, I. D. Scott, S. H. Lee, G. H. Kim, S. M. George, and A. C. Dillon, Improved functionality of lithium-ion batteries enabled by atomic layer deposition on the porous microstructure of polymer separators and coating electrodes, Adv. Energy Mater., 2, 1022-1027 (2012).

상세보기
A. C. Dillon, A. W. Ott, J. D. Way, and S. M. George, Surface chemistry of Al 2 O 3 deposition using Al(CH 3 ) 3 and H 2 O in a binary reaction sequence, Surface Sci., 322, 230-242 (1995).
H. Chen, Q. Lin, Q. Xu, Y. Yang, Z. Shao, and Y. Wang, Plasma activation and atomic layer deposition of TiO 2 on polypropylene membranes for improved performances of lithium-ion batteries, J. Membr. Sci., 458, 217-224 (2014).

상세보기
F. Chen, H. Yang, X. Liu, D. Chen, X. Xiao, K. Liu, J. Li, F. Cheng, B. Dong, Y. Zhou, Z. Guo, Y. Qin, S. Wang, and W. Xu, Facile fabrication of multifunctional hybrid silk fabrics with controllable surface wettability and laundering durability, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 5653-5660 (2016).

상세보기
J. Moon, J. Y. Jeong, J. I. Kim, S. Kim, and J. H. Park, An ultrathin inorganic-organic hybrid layer on commercial polymer separators for advanced lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 416, 89-94 (2019).

상세보기
J. W. Lee, A. M. Soomro, M. Waqas, M. A. U. Khalid, and K. H. Choi, A highly efficient surface modified separator fabricated with atmospheric atomic layer deposition for high temperature lithium ion batteries, Int. J. Energy Res., 44(8), 7035-7046 (2020).

상세보기
C. H. Chao, C. te Hsieh, W. J. Ke, L. W. Lee, Y. F. Lin, H. W. Liu, S. Gu, C. C. Fu, R. S. Juang, B. C. Mallick, Y. A. Gandomi, and C. Y. Su, Roll-to-roll atomic layer deposition of titania coating on polymeric separators for lithium ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 482, 228896 (2021).

상세보기
C. Yang, K. Fu, Y. Zhang, E. Hitz, L. Hu, C. Yang, K. Fu, Y. Zhang, E. Hitz, and L. Hu, Protected lithium-metal anodes in batteries: From liquid to solid, Adv. Mater., 29, 1701169 (2017).
Z. Liu, Y. Jiang, Q. Hu, S. Guo, L. Yu, Q. Li, Q. Liu, and X. Hu, Safer lithium-ion batteries from the separator aspect: Development and future perspectives, Energy Environ. Mater., 4, 336-362 (2021).
W. Wang, Y. Yuan, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Liao, X. Mu, H. Sheng, Y. Kan, L. Song, and Y. Hu, Enhanced electrochemical and safety performance of lithium metal batteries enabled by the atom layer deposition on PVDFHFP separator, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2, 4167-4174 (2019).

상세보기
J. A. Oke, Atomic layer deposition and other thin film deposition techniques: from principles to film properties, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 21, 2481-2514 (2022).

상세보기
T. Lee, W. K. Kim, Y. Lee, M. H. Ryou, and Y. M. Lee, Effect of Al2O3 coatings prepared by RF sputtering on polyethylene separators for high-power lithium ion batteries, Macromol. Res., 22, 1190-1195 (2014).
P. Cools, L. Astoreca, P. S. E. Tabaei, M. Thukkaram, H. D. Smet, R. Morent, and N. D. Geyter, Surface treatment of polymers by plasma, Surface modification of polymers: Methods and applications, 31-65 (2019).
T. Lee, Y. Lee, M. H. Ryou, and Y. M. Lee, A facile approach to prepare biomimetic composite separators toward safety-enhanced lithium secondary batteries, RSC Adv., 5, 39392-39398 (2015).

상세보기
S. J. Moss, A. M. Jolly, and B. J. Tighe, Plasma oxidation of polymers, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 6, 401-416 (1986).

상세보기
R. M. France and R. D. Short, Plasma treatment of polymers: The effects of energy transfer from an argon plasma on the surface chemistry of polystyrene, and polypropylene. A high-energy resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study, Langmuir, 14, 4827-4835 (1998).
R. M. France and R. D. Short, Plasma treatment of polymers effects of energy transfer from an argon plasma on the surface chemistry of poly(styrene), low density poly(ethylene), poly(propylene) and poly(ethylene terephthalate), J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 93, 3173-3178 (1997).

상세보기
K. Peng, B. Wang, Y. Li, and C. Ji, Magnetron sputtering deposition of TiO 2 particles on polypropylene separators for lithium-ion batteries, RSC Adv., 5, 81468-81473 (2015).

상세보기
S. Wu, J. Ning, F. Jiang, J. Shi, and F. Huang, Ceramic nanoparticle-decorated melt-electrospun PVDF nanofiber membrane with enhanced performance as a lithium-ion battery separator, ACS Omega, 4, 16309-16317 (2019).

상세보기
A. Gogia, Y. Wang, A. K. Rai, R. Bhattacharya, G. Subramanyam, and J. Kumar, Binder-free, thin-film ceramic-coated separators for improved safety of lithiumion batteries, ACS Omega, 6, 4204-4211 (2021).

상세보기
H. Lee, X. Ren, C. Niu, L. Yu, M. H. Engelhard, I. Cho, M.-H. Ryou, H. Soo Jin, H.-T. Kim, J. Liu, W. Xu, J.-G. Zhang, H. Lee, X. Ren, C. Niu, L. Yu, J. Liu, W. Xu, J. Zhang, M. H. Engelhard, I. Cho, M. Ryou, H. S. Jin, and H. Kim, Suppressing lithium dendrite growth by metallic coating on a separator, Adv. Funct. Mater., 27, 1704391 (2017).

상세보기
K. Wen, L. Liu, S. Chen, and S. Zhang, A bidirectional growth mechanism for a stable lithium anode by a platinum nanolayer sputtered on a polypropylene separator, RSC Adv., 8, 13034-13039 (2018).

상세보기
M. M. U. Din and R. Murugan, Metal coated polypropylene separator with enhanced surface wettability for high capacity lithium metal batteries, Sci. Rep., 9, 1-12 (2019).
Z. Li, M. Peng, X. Zhou, K. Shin, S. Tunmee, X. Zhang, C. Xie, H. Saitoh, Y. Zheng, Z. Zhou, Y. Tang, Z. Li, M. Peng, X. Zhou, K. Shin, X. Zhang, C. Xie, Y. Zheng, Y. Tang, Z. Zhou, and S. Tunmee, In situ chemical lithiation transforms diamond-like carbon into an ultrastrong ion conductor for dendrite-free lithium-metal anodes, Adv. Mater., 33, 2100793 (2021).
Y. Liu, S. Xiong, J. Wang, X. Jiao, S. Li, C. Zhang, Z. Song, and J. Song, Dendrite-free lithium metal anode enabled by separator engineering via uniform loading of lithiophilic nucleation sites, Energy Storage Mater., 19, 24-30 (2019).
S. H. Choi, S. J. Lee, D. J. Yoo, J. H. Park, J. H. Park, Y. N. Ko, J. Park, Y.-E. Sung, S.-Y. Chung, H. Kim, and J. W. Choi, Marginal magnesium doping for highperformance lithium metal batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 9(41), 1902278 (2019).

상세보기
K. Yan, Z. Lu, H.-W. Lee, F. Xiong, P.-C. Hsu, Y. Li, J. Zhao, S. Chu, and Y. Cui, Selective deposition and stable encapsulation of lithium through heterogeneous seeded growth, Nat. Energy, 1, 16010 (2016).

상세보기

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증