[논문]Evaluation of Ku-band Ground-based Interferometric Radar Using Gamma Portable Radar Interferometer

Hee-Jeong, Jeong; Sang-Hoon, Hong; Je-Yun, Lee; Se-Hoon, Song; Seong-Woo, Jung; Jeong-Heon, Ju

doi:10.7780/kjrs.2023.39.1.4

Evaluation of Ku-band Ground-based Interferometric Radar Using Gamma Portable Radar Interferometer 원문보기

대한원격탐사학회지 = Korean journal of remote sensing, v.39 no.1, 2023년, pp.65 - 76

Hee-Jeong, Jeong (Department of Geological Sciences, Pusan National University) , Sang-Hoon, Hong (Department of Geological Sciences, Pusan National University) , Je-Yun, Lee (Department of Geological Sciences, Pusan National University) , Se-Hoon, Song (Department of Geological Sciences, Pusan National University) , Seong-Woo, Jung (Department of Geological Sciences, Pusan National University) , Jeong-Heon, Ju (Department of Geological Sciences, Pusan National University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The Gamma Portable Radar Interferometer (GPRI) is a ground-based real aperture radar (RAR) that can acquire images with high spatial and temporal resolution. The GPRI ground-based radar used in this study composes three antennas with a Ku-band frequency of 17.1-17.3 GHz (1.73-1.75 cm of wavelength). It can measure displacement over time with millimeter-scale precision. It is also possible to adjust the observation mode by arranging the transmitting and receiving antennas for various applications: i) obtaining differential interferograms through the application of interferometric techniques, ii) generation of digital elevation models and iii) acquisition of full polarimetric data. We introduced the hardware configuration of the GPRI ground-based radar, image acquisition, and characteristics of the collected radar images. The interferometric phase difference has been evaluated to apply the multi-temporal interferometric SAR application (MT-InSAR) using the first observation campaigns at Pusan National University in Geumjeong-gu, Busan.

주제어

표/그림 (14)

그림 Fig. 1. Transmitted frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) chirp and received echo. Modified from Werner et al. (2008a).
표 Table 1. Characteristics of the Ku-band Gamma Portable Radar Interferometer (GPRI)
그림 Fig. 2. The Gamma Portable Radar Interferometer (GPRI) Ku-band ground-based radar installation.
그림 Fig. 3. Map of the study area. The red arc is the acquisition range (Source: Google Earth).
그림 Fig. 4. Raw data plot of second receiving (RX2) antenna.
표 Table 2. Descriptions of data used in this study
그림 Fig. 5. The multi-looked intensity (MLI) image acquired on Oct. 14, 2022, on a Google Earth map. The red and blue polygons represent the building and mountain areas used for statistical analysis in this study, respectively.
그림 Fig. 6. Differential interferometric phase overlayed with backscatter intensity image.
그림 Fig. 7. Comparison of phase distribution for 10-minute interval interferograms before and after atmospheric correction. (a) Phase distribution of each 50 points in the differential interferogram. (b) Phase distribution of each 50 points in differential interferogram after atmospheric phase removal.
그림 Fig. 8. Comparisons of phase values in each of the 19 differential interferograms before and after atmospheric correction in (a) the building area and (b) the forest area.
그림 Fig. 9. Spatial interferogram phase (Baseline=25 cm).
그림 Fig. 10. Interferometric correlation coefficient overlaid with backscatter intensity image.
그림 Fig. 11. Temporal decorrelation of building and forest area.
그림 Fig. 12. Examples of Ku-band ground-based radar polarimetry. (a)-(d) show the HH, HV, VH, and VV amplitude images of the study area.

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

제안 방법

Data processing was performed using commercial software of GAMMA to produce coherence and interferogram by applying the interferometric technique to the images obtained in the GPRI experiment. Multiple interferograms were generated, and the phase statistics of the 10-minute interval interferograms were calculated to examine whether a stable phase value was maintained during the GPRI experiment.
14, 2022, was used as a reference image, and a total of 19 interferometric coherence images were produced with consecutive images acquired at 2-minute intervals. The coherence values were extracted from50 randomly selected points for each image, and the decorrelation in coherence over time was analyzed by averaging the coherence values for each image.
This study presents the characteristics and various observation modes ofthe GPRI Ku-band ground-based radar and provides the preliminary results of two experiments fulfilled in Geumjeong-gu, Busan. The study demonstrates the application of radar interferometry to the acquired images to produce coherence maps and interferograms and how precise phase values can be obtained through the GPRI observation for various temporal baselines. The statistical analysis of the interferometric phases obtained from a differential interferogram with a 10-minute interval indicates that maintenance of stable phase values is possible.
This study presents the characteristics and various observation modes ofthe GPRI Ku-band ground-based radar and provides the preliminary results of two experiments fulfilled in Geumjeong-gu, Busan. The study demonstrates the application of radar interferometry to the acquired images to produce coherence maps and interferograms and how precise phase values can be obtained through the GPRI observation for various temporal baselines.

대상 데이터

The Pusan National University campus area located at Geumjeong-gu, Busan, was selected as a study area to conduct experiments on the GPRI ground-based observation. Twice experiments were conducted, and in the first experiment, a total of 20 images were acquired for 40 minutes at 2-minute intervals.

성능/효과

A differential interferogram was obtained from an interferometric pair with 10-minute intervals in the first experiment, as shown in Fig. 6.The interferogram was generated using two images acquired with the same RX2 antenna. Since topographic phase removal was not necessary in this case, the differential interferogram was obtained immediately.
After atmospheric phase removal, the statistics of the 10-minute interval differential interferogram were obtained, with an average of –0.03 rad (~–0.04 mm) and a standard deviation of 0.29 rad (~0.40 mm) in the building area and an average of –0.27 rad (~–0.37 mm), and a standard deviation of 1.69 rad (~2.35 mm) in the forest area
After removing the atmospheric phase, the average is –0.05 rad (~–0.07 mm), and the standard deviation is 0.24 rad (~0.33 mm)
The statistical analysis of the interferometric phases obtained from a differential interferogram with a 10-minute interval indicates that maintenance of stable phase values is possible. In addition, it highlights the importance of correcting for the atmospheric effect of the Ku-band ground-based radar on interferograms and the requirement to maintain accurate positional accuracy with a positional error of less than 1 cm during equipment re-installation for repeated multi-temporal observations for long periods. The results of the GPRI experiment demonstrate the high availability of the Ku-band ground radar for various observation modes, including displacement detection, DEM mode observation, and acquisition of full-polarization data.
The average and standard deviation of the phase values in the building area are greatly reduced after the atmospheric phase removal. In the forest area, the average decreased after removing the atmospheric phase, but there was no significant difference in standard deviation. The refinement of tendency and phase statistics in the building area suggests that atmospheric correction should be applied in the very short Ku-band microwave signal processing.
18 mm) in the building area. In the forest area, the average is 0.04 rad (~0.06 mm), and the standard deviation is 0.25 rad (~0.35 mm). After removing the atmospheric phase, the average is –0.
8a). In the forest area, there was a slight phase difference after the removal of the atmospheric effect, however, no distinct pattern was evident before or after correction. We also compared phase statistics between the initial differential interferograms and the differential interferograms after atmospheric phase removal for each area.
In this paper, the hardware composition and the characteristics of the GPRI ground-based radar are introduced, and the preliminary acquisition results using various observation modes and interferometric feasibility for time-series displacement maps are presented.
12a-d are the HH, HV, VH, and VV amplitude images of the study area, respectively. It can be observed that in areas with high volume scattering, such as forests, HV and VH images exhibit higher values, while in areas with high double-bounce scattering, such as buildings, HH, and VV images show higher values. The linear signals observed in Fig.
Data processing was performed using commercial software of GAMMA to produce coherence and interferogram by applying the interferometric technique to the images obtained in the GPRI experiment. Multiple interferograms were generated, and the phase statistics of the 10-minute interval interferograms were calculated to examine whether a stable phase value was maintained during the GPRI experiment. Then, we divided the interferometric image into building and forest areas by specified polygons based on prior knowledge of the study area and selected fifty pointsrandomly from each area to estimate the phase stability.
Since topographic phase removal was not necessary in this case, the differential interferogram was obtained immediately. Statistical analysis of the interferometric phases with the 10-minute temporal baseline shows that the average is 0.15 rad (~0.21 mm), and the standard deviation is 0.29 rad (~0.40 mm) in the building area. The average is –0.
The average is calculated to be very close to zero in the building area, and the average value is improved by –0.15 rad after atmospheric phase removal in the forest
35 mm) in the forest area. The average of both areas has been slightly improved though the standard deviation is not varied much. These results imply that atmospheric phase removal is essential even in the only 10-minute temporal baseline.
02 in the forest. The comparison between the two values indicates a lower standard deviation in the building, though both standard deviations are quite low. The tendency of decreasing the coherence values in the building over a total of 40 minutes of experimental time is observed, and in the case of forests, no tendency is observed due to the increase of the temporal baseline.
In addition, it highlights the importance of correcting for the atmospheric effect of the Ku-band ground-based radar on interferograms and the requirement to maintain accurate positional accuracy with a positional error of less than 1 cm during equipment re-installation for repeated multi-temporal observations for long periods. The results of the GPRI experiment demonstrate the high availability of the Ku-band ground radar for various observation modes, including displacement detection, DEM mode observation, and acquisition of full-polarization data. Further studies, such as long-term surface displacement observation and scattering characteristics analysis through the application of radar interferometry and observation modes of the Ku-band ground radar, will be conducted.
The study demonstrates the application of radar interferometry to the acquired images to produce coherence maps and interferograms and how precise phase values can be obtained through the GPRI observation for various temporal baselines. The statistical analysis of the interferometric phases obtained from a differential interferogram with a 10-minute interval indicates that maintenance of stable phase values is possible. In addition, it highlights the importance of correcting for the atmospheric effect of the Ku-band ground-based radar on interferograms and the requirement to maintain accurate positional accuracy with a positional error of less than 1 cm during equipment re-installation for repeated multi-temporal observations for long periods.
The comparison between the two values indicates a lower standard deviation in the building, though both standard deviations are quite low. The tendency of decreasing the coherence values in the building over a total of 40 minutes of experimental time is observed, and in the case of forests, no tendency is observed due to the increase of the temporal baseline.
The average of both areas has been slightly improved though the standard deviation is not varied much. These results imply that atmospheric phase removal is essential even in the only 10-minute temporal baseline.
The entire experiment has been conducted over a relatively short time period (a maximum temporal baseline of 38 minutes). Thus, there was no significant surface displacement in the study area with a very short temporal baseline. As a result, we could expect uncorrelated phase results with respect to the temporal baseline after atmospheric correction.
The Pusan National University campus area located at Geumjeong-gu, Busan, was selected as a study area to conduct experiments on the GPRI ground-based observation. Twice experiments were conducted, and in the first experiment, a total of 20 images were acquired for 40 minutes at 2-minute intervals. In the second experiment, we obtained five images for 10 minutes at 2-minute intervals.
We plotted the variations in the interferometric phase according to the increase in the temporal baseline for the building and forest area in a total of 19 differential interferograms (Fig. 8).
Therefore, little residual phase ramp should be observed after atmospheric correction. While the initial interferometric phase represents an upward trend, the after atmospheric correction significantly reduced the phase artifacts trend in the building area (Fig. 8a).

후속연구

The results of the GPRI experiment demonstrate the high availability of the Ku-band ground radar for various observation modes, including displacement detection, DEM mode observation, and acquisition of full-polarization data. Further studies, such as long-term surface displacement observation and scattering characteristics analysis through the application of radar interferometry and observation modes of the Ku-band ground radar, will be conducted.

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