[논문]영덕단층 북부의 기하와 운동학적 특성

김광연; 하상민; 이성준; 임보성; 김민철; 손문

doi:10.22807/kjmp.2023.36.1.55

영덕단층 북부의 기하와 운동학적 특성
Geometry and Kinematics of the Northern Part of Yeongdeok Fault 원문보기

광물과 암석 = Korean journal of mineralogy and petrology, v.36 no.1, 2023년, pp.55 - 72

김광연 (부산대학교 지질환경과학과) , 하상민 (부산대학교 지질환경과학과) , 이성준 (부산대학교 지질환경과학과) , 임보성 (부산대학교 지질환경과학과) , 김민철 (부산대학교 지질환경과학과) , 손문 (부산대학교 지질환경과학과)

초록
AI-Helper

이번 연구는 영덕단층 일원을 대상으로 실시된 상세 지표지질조사에서 수집된 다양한 구조요소들의 기하와 운동학적 자료 그리고 단층암의 대자율이방성 분석 자료를 바탕으로 영덕단층의 내부구조 그리고 기하와 운동학적 특성을 규명하고자 하였다. 영덕단층은 영덕군 강구면 오포리에서 울진군 매화면 길곡리와 기성면 방율리까지 연장되며, 4.6-5.0 km (평균 4.77 km)의 우수향 수평변위로 고원생대부터 중생대에 이르는 다양한 암종을 절단하거나 암상경계를 이룬다. 영덕단층은 4개의 기하학적 분절로 구분되며, 대부분 노두에서 남-북 내지 북북서 주향에 54° 이상 고각으로 동쪽으로 경사지고 있으나 북쪽으로 갈수록 서쪽으로 54°-82° 경사지는 노두가 증가한다. 영덕단층은 모암의 암종에 따라 0.3-15 m 범위의 다양한 폭을 가진 단층핵과 단층대 내부구조의 차이를 보이는데, 이는 모암의 연성도, 구성광물, 입자크기, 이방성과 같은 물성 차이에 기인하는 것으로 해석된다. 이번 연구에서 새롭게 도출한 고응력장 및 대자율이방성 분석 결과와 기존 연구 결과를 종합하면, 영덕단층은 (1) 백악기말~신생대초에 북서-남동 최대수평응력(σ_Hmax)과 북동-남서 최소수평응력(σ_Hmin) 하에서 좌수향 주향이동운동을 겪은 이후, (2) 신생대 고진기에 북동-남서 최대수평응력과 북서-남동 최소수평응력 하에서 우수향 주향이동운동을 겪었음을 지시한다. 이중 고진기에 발생한 우수향 주향이동운동에 의한 변형이 가장 우세하였으며 이후 지각변형은 미미하였던 것으로 해석된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

This study aims to identify the fault zone architecture and geometric and kinematic characteristics of the Yeongdeok Fault, based on the geometry and kinematic data of various structural elements obtained by detailed field survey and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of the fault rocks. The Yeongdeok Fault extends from Opo-ri, Ganggu-myeon, Yeongdeok-gun to Gilgok-ri, Maehwa-myeon and Bangyul-ri, Giseong-myeon, Uljin-gun, and cuts various rock types from the Paleo-proterozoic to the Mesozoic with a range of 4.6-5.0 km (4.77 km in average) of right-lateral offset or forms the rock boundaries. The fault is divided into four segments based on its geometric features and shows N-S to NNW strikes and dips of an angle of ≥ 54° to the east at most outcrops, even though the outcrops showing the westward dipping (a range of 54°-82°) of fault surface increase as it goes north. The Yeongdeok Fault shows the difference in the fault zone architecture and in the fault core width ranging from 0.3 to 15 m depending on the bedrock type, which is interpreted as due to differences in the physical properties of bedrock such as ductility, mineral composition, particle size, and anisotropy. Combining the results of paleostress reconstruction and AMS in this and previous studies, the Yeongdeok Fault experienced (1) sinistral strike-slip under NW-SE maximum horizontal principle stress (σHmax) and NE-SW minimum horizontal principle stress (σHmin) in the late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic, and then (2) dextral strike-slip under NE-SW maximum horizontal principle stress (σHmax) and NW-SE minimum horizontal principle stress (σHmin) in the Paleogene. It is interpreted that the deformation caused by the Paleogene dextral strike-slip movement was the most dominant, and the crustal deformation was insignificant thereafter.

주제어

표/그림 (13)

그림 Fig. 1. Conceptual block-diagram of a fault zone (modified from Choi et al., 2015, 2016). This diagram shows main components of fault zone architecture and structural elements and features in each component. Note that mixed zone is characterized by the alterations layers of fault cores and damage zones.
그림 Fig. 2. (a) General tectonic map of the South Korea (modified from Kee et al., 2020) and study area (yellow box). GM, Gyeonggi Massif; HIB, Hongseong-Imjingang Belt; OB, Okcheon Belt; TB, Taebaeksan Basin; YM; Youngnam Massif; GB, Gyeongsang Basin; YB, Yeonil Basin; JVT, Jeju Volcanic Terrain, (b) Detailed geological map of the study area (modified from Hatae, 1937; Kim et al., 1963).
그림 Fig. 3. Outcrop photographs showing the major lithologies of the study area. (a) Paleoproterozoic granitic gneiss, (b) Triassic and Jurassic granite, (c-e) Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (Hayang Group), (c) Conglomerate in the Ullyeonsan Formation, (d) Black mudstone and Yellow-green sandstone in the Gasongdong Formation, (e) Reddish sandstone and Yeollow-green sandstone in the Gasongdong Formation, and (f) Cretaceous granite.
표 Table 1. Information on the fault core outcrops of the Yeongdeok Fault
그림 Fig. 4. Outcrop photographs showing the fault zone architecture of the Yeongdeok Fault (YDF 1 and YDF 2) at (a) YDF 1-1 site, (b) YDF 2-1 site, and (c) YDF 2-2 site. (a) The fault core, which is about 0.8 m-width, cuts the Triassic-Jurassic granite. (b) The fault core, which is about 8.0 m-width, cuts the Cretaceous sedimentary rock. (c) The fault core, which is about 1.3 mwidth, cuts the Cretaceous sedimentary rock. (d) Slickenlines indicating the dextral strike-slip fault movement at YDF 2-1 site. (e) Slickenlines indicating the sinistral strike-slip fault movement at YDF 2-2 site. dz: damage zone; mz: mixed zone; bz: breccia zone; gz: gouge zone.
그림 Fig. 5. Outcrop photographs showing the fault zone architecture of the Yeongdeok Fault (YDF 3) at (a) YDF 3-1 site and (b, c) YDF 3-2 site. (a) The fault core, which is about 3.5 m-width, forms boundary between the Cretaceous granite and sedimentary rock. (b, c) The fault core, which is 11.0 m-width, forms boundary between the Cretaceous granite and sedimentary rock. dz: demage zone; mz: mixed zone; bz: breccia zone; gz: gouge zone.
그림 Fig. 6. Outcrop photographs showing the fault zone architecture of the Yeongdeok Fault (YDF 4) at (a) YDF 4-1 site and (b) YDF 4-2 site. (a) The fault core, which is about 1.7 m-width, cuts the Precambrian metamorphic rocks. (b) The fault core, which is 2.2 m-width, cuts the Precambrian metamorphic rocks. dz: demage zone; bz: breccia zone; gz: gouge zone.
그림 Fig. 7. Outcrop photographs showing the fault zone architecture of the Yeongdeok Fault (YDF 4) at YDF 4-3 site. (a, b) The fault core, which is about 5.7 m-width, the Precambrian metamorphic rocks. dz: demage zone; gz: gouge zone.
$Fig. 8. Slip data collected from the faults and shear fractures in the study area (lower-hemisphere, equal-area projection). Convergent and divergent arrow heads represent contraction (σHmax) and stretching (σHmin) directions, respectively. Based on relative chronologies at the outcrops, reconstructed paleostress regimes are roughly divided into (1) NW-SE compression (or NE-SW tension) and (2) NE-SW compression (or NW-SE tension). R’=R (σ1 is vertical), 2-R (σ2 is vertical), or 2+R (σ3 is vertical) [Delvaux et al., 1997; R=(σ2-σ3)/(σ1-σ3)].$ 그림 Fig. 8. Slip data collected from the faults and shear fractures in the study area (lower-hemisphere, equal-area projection). Convergent and divergent arrow heads represent contraction (σH_max) and stretching (σH_min) directions, respectively. Based on relative chronologies at the outcrops, reconstructed paleostress regimes are roughly divided into (1) NW-SE compression (or NE-SW tension) and (2) NE-SW compression (or NW-SE tension). R’=R (σ₁ is vertical), 2-R (σ₂ is vertical), or 2+R (σ₃ is vertical) [Delvaux et al., 1997; R=(σ₂-σ₃)/(σ₁-σ₃)].
그림 Fig. 9. Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) results from the fault gouge zones of YDF 2-2, YDF 3-1 and YDF 4-3 sites. Left equal-area lower hemisphere projections show the AMS principal axes (k₁, k₂, k₃), their 95% confidence ellipse, and attitudes of fault gouge zones. Center equal-area projections in which the fault gouge zones are corrected to be vertical for convenience of interpretation (Grey color area represents hanging wall). Right P_j-T diagrams showing corrected anisotropy degree (P_j) and shape (T) of ellipsoids.
표 Table 2. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data from the Yeongdeok Fault gouges
그림 Fig. 10. (a) Rose diagram for all the Yeongdeok Fault strike, Red line indicates the lineament direction of the Yeongdeok fault. (b) contour π-diagram showing the attitudes of the Yeongdeok Fault, which have been obtained from the fault outcrops observed in Seo et al. (2019) and this study. Red circle is represented by this study and blue circle is represented by Seo et al. (2019).
그림 Fig. 11. DEM (digital elevation model) showing four segments of the Yeongdeock Fault and diagram showing the variation in the width of the Yeongdeock fault core depend on the lithology of bedrock which are drawn from combining the results of Seo et al. (2019) and this study.

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용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

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