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1. 1 American Diabetes Asociation Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes . Alexandria, VA , American Diabetes Association , 2008 

2. 2 American Diabetes Asociation Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes . Alexandria, VA , American Diabetes Association , 2008 

3. 3 American Diabetes Association Intensive Diabetes Management . Alexandria, VA , American Diabetes Association , 2009 

4. 4 Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus . Diabetes Care 1997 ; 20 : 1183 ？ 1197 9203460 

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5. 5 International Expert Committee International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes . Diabetes Care 2009 ; 32 : 1327 ？ 1334 19502545 

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6. 6 American Diabetes Association Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus . Diabetes Care 2010 ; 33 ( Suppl. 1 ): S62 ？ S69 20042775 

7. 7 Genuth S Alberti KG Bennett P Buse J Defronzo R Kahn R Kitzmiller J Knowler WC Lebovitz H Lernmark A Nathan D Palmer J Rizza R Saudek C Shaw J Steffes M Stern M Tuomilehto J Zimmet P : Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus . Diabetes Care 2003 ; 26 : 3160 ？ 3167 14578255 

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8. 9 Engelgau MM Narayan KM Herman WH : Screening for type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care 2000 ; 23 : 1563 ？ 1580 11023153 

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9. 10 Gabir MM Hanson RL Dabelea D Imperatore G Roumain J Bennett PH Knowler WC : The 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1999 World Health Organization criteria for hyperglycemia in the diagnosis and prediction of diabetes . Diabetes Care 2000 ; 23 : 1108 ？ 1112 10937506 

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10. 11 Knowler WC Barrett-Connor E Fowler SE Hamman RF Lachin JM Walker EA Nathan DM : Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin . N Engl J Med 2002 ; 346 : 393 ？ 403 11832527 

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11. 12 Tuomilehto J Lindstrom J Eriksson JG Valle TT Hamalainen H Ilanne-Parikka P Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S Laakso M Louheranta A Rastas M Salminen V Uusitupa M : Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance . N Engl J Med 2001 ; 344 : 1343 ？ 1350 11333990 

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12. 13 Pan XR Li GW Hu YH Wang JX Yang WY An ZX Hu ZX Lin J Xiao JZ Cao HB Liu PA Jiang XG Jiang YY Wang JP Zheng H Zhang H Bennett PH Howard BV : Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study . Diabetes Care 1997 ; 20 : 537 ？ 544 9096977 

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13. 14 Buchanan TA Xiang AH Peters RK Kjos SL Marroquin A Goico J Ochoa C Tan S Berkowitz K Hodis HN Azen SP : Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk hispanic women . Diabetes 2002 ; 51 : 2796 ？ 2803 12196473 

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14. 15 Chiasson JL Josse RG Gomis R Hanefeld M Karasik A Laakso M : STOP-NIDDM Trail Research Group Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial . Lancet 2002 ; 359 : 2072 ？ 2077 12086760 

15. 16 DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial Investigators Gerstein HC Yusuf S Bosch J Pogue J Sheridan P Dinccag N Hanefeld M Hoogwerf B Laakso M Mohan V Shaw J Zinman B Holman RR : Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial . Lancet 2006 ; 368 : 1096 ？ 1105 16997664 

16. 17 Ramachandran A Snehalatha C Mary S Mukesh B Bhaskar AD Vijay V : Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP) The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1) . Diabetologia 2006 ; 49 : 289 ？ 297 16391903 

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17. 18 Johnson SL Tabaei BP Herman WH : The efficacy and cost of alternative strategies for systematic screening for type 2 diabetes in the U.S. population 45？74 years of age . Diabetes Care 2005 ; 28 : 307 ？ 311 15677784 

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18. 19 Harris R Donahue K Rathore SS Frame P Woolf SH Lohr KN : Screening adults for type 2 diabetes: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force . Ann Intern Med 2003 ; 138 : 215 ？ 229 12558362 

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19. 20 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. S. Preventive Services Task Force. S. Preventive Services Task Force : Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: recommendations and rationale . Ann Intern Med 2003 ; 138 : 212 ？ 214 12558361 

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20. 21 Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group Dabelea D Bell RA D'Agostino RB Jr Imperatore G Johansen JM Linder B Liu LL Loots B Marcovina S Mayer-Davis EJ Pettitt DJ Waitzfelder B : Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States . JAMA 2007 ; 297 : 2716 ？ 2724 17595272 

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21. 22 SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group Liese AD D'Agostino RB Jr Hamman RF Kilgo PD Lawrence JM Liu LL Loots B Linder B Marcovina S Rodriguez B Standiford D Williams DE : The burden of diabetes mellitus among US youth: prevalence estimates from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study . Pediatrics 2006 ; 118 : 1510 ？ 1518 17015542 

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22. 23 American Diabetes Association : Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents (Consensus Statement) . Diabetes Care 2000 ; 23 : 381 ？ 389 10868870 

23. 24 Lawrence JM Contreras R Chen W Sacks DA : Trends in the prevalence of preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus among a racially/ethnically diverse population of pregnant women, 1999？2005 . Diabetes Care 2008 ; 31 : 899 ？ 904 18223030 

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24. 25 American Diabetes Association : Gestational diabetes mellitus (Position Statement) . Diabetes Care 2004 ; 27 ( Suppl. 1 ): S88 ？ S90 14693936 

25. 26 HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group Metzger BE Lowe LP Dyer AR Trimble ER Chaovarindr U Coustan DR Hadden DR McCance DR Hod M McIntyre HD Oats JJ Persson B Rogers MS Sacks DA : Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes . N Engl J Med 2008 ; 358 : 1991 ？ 2002 18463375 

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26. 27 Landon MB Spong CY Thom E Carpenter MW Ramin SM Casey B Wapner RJ Varner MW Rouse DJ Thorp JM Jr Sciscione A Catalano P Harper M Saade G Lain KY Sorokin Y Peaceman AM Tolosa JE Anderson GB : Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes . N Engl J Med 2009 ; 361 : 1339 ？ 1348 19797280 

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27. 28 Kim C Newton KM Knopp RH : Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review . Diabetes Care 2002 ; 25 : 1862 ？ 1868 12351492 

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28. 29 Lindstrom J Ilanne-Parikka P Peltonen M Aunola S Eriksson JG Hemio K Hamalainen H Harkonen P Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S Laakso M Louheranta A Mannelin M Paturi M Sundvall J Valle TT Uusitupa M Tuomilehto J : Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study . Lancet 2006 ; 368 : 1673 ？ 1679 17098085 

29. 30 Li G Zhang P Wang J Gregg EW Yang W Gong Q Li H Li H Jiang Y An Y Shuai Y Zhang B Zhang J Thompson TJ Gerzoff RB Roglic G Hu Y Bennett PH : The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study . Lancet 2008 ; 371 : 1783 ？ 1789 18502303 

30. 31 Kosaka K Noda M Kuzuya T : Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: a Japanese trial in IGT males . Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005 ; 67 : 152 ？ 162 15649575 

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31. 32 Torgerson JS Hauptman J Boldrin MN Sjostrom L : XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients . Diabetes Care 2004 ; 27 : 155 ？ 161 14693982 

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32. 33 Kawamori R Tajima N Iwamoto Y Kashiwagi A Shimamoto K Kaku K : Voglibose Ph-3 Study Group Voglibose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind trial in Japanese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance . Lancet 2009 ; 373 : 1607 ？ 1614 19395079 

33. 34 De Fronzo RA : for ACT NOW Study Group ACTos NOW Study for the Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW) Study . Late-breaking abstract presented at 68th Annual Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association , 6 June 2008 , San Francisco, CA 

34. 35 Gerstein HC : Point: If it is important to prevent type 2 diabetes, it is important to consider all proven therapies within a comprehensive approach . Diabetes Care 2007 ; 30 : 432 ？ 434 17259525 

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35. 36 Nathan DM Davidson MB DeFronzo RA Heine RJ Henry RR Pratley R Zinman B : American Diabetes Association Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care . Diabetes Care 2007 ; 30 : 753 ？ 759 17327355 

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36. 37 American Diabetes Association : Consensus statement on self-monitoring of blood glucose . Diabetes Care 1987 ; 10 : 95 ？ 99 3552518 

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37. 38 American Diabetes Association : Self-monitoring of blood glucose . Diabetes Care 1994 ; 17 : 81 ？ 86 8112195 

38. 39 Welschen LM Bloemendal E Nijpels G Dekker JM Heine RJ Stalman WA Bouter LM : Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes who are not using insulin: a systematic review . Diabetes Care 2005 ; 28 : 1510 ？ 1517 15920083 

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39. 40 Farmer A Wade A Goyder E Yudkin P French D Craven A Holman R Kinmonth AL Neil A : Impact of self monitoring of blood glucose in the management of patients with non-insulin treated diabetes: open parallel group randomised trial . BMJ 2007 ; 335 : 132 17591623 

40. 41 O'Kane MJ Bunting B Copeland M Coates VE : ESMON study group Efficacy of self monitoring of blood glucose in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (ESMON study): randomised controlled trial . BMJ 2008 ; 336 : 1174 ？ 1177 18420662 

41. 42 Simon J Gray A Clarke P Wade A Neil A Farmer A : Diabetes Glycaemic Education and Monitoring Trial Group Cost effectiveness of self monitoring of blood glucose in patients with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes: economic evaluation of data from the DiGEM trial . BMJ 2008 ; 336 : 1177 ？ 1180 18420663 

42. 43 Sacks DB Bruns DE Goldstein DE Maclaren NK McDonald JM Parrott M : Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus . Clin Chem 2002 ; 48 : 436 ？ 472 11861436 

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43. 44 Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group Tamborlane WV Beck RW Bode BW Buckingham B Chase HP Clemons R Fiallo-Scharer R Fox LA Gilliam LK Hirsch IB Huang ES Kollman C Kowalski AJ Laffel L Lawrence JM Lee J Mauras N O'Grady M Ruedy KJ Tansey M Tsalikian E Weinzimer S Wilson DM Wolpert H Wysocki T Xing D : Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes . N Engl J Med 2008 ; 359 : 1464 ？ 1476 18779236 

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44. 45 Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group : The effect of continuous glucose monitoring in well-controlled type 1 diabetes . Diabetes Care 2009 ; 32 : 1378 ？ 1383 19429875 

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45. 46 Stratton IM Adler AI Neil HA Matthews DR Manley SE Cull CA Hadden D Turner RC Holman RR : Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study . BMJ 2000 ; 321 : 405 ？ 412 10938048 

46. 47 Cagliero E Levina EV Nathan DM : Immediate feedback of HbA1c levels improves glycemic control in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients . Diabetes Care 1999 ; 22 : 1785 ？ 1789 10546008 

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47. 48 Miller CD Barnes CS Phillips LS Ziemer DC Gallina DL Cook CB Maryman SD El-Kebbi IM : Rapid A1c availability improves clinical decision-making in an urban primary care clinic . Diabetes Care 2003 ; 26 : 1158 ？ 1163 12663590 

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48. 49 Nathan DM Kuenen J Borg R Zheng H Schoenfeld D Heine RJ : A1c-Derived Average Glucose Study Group Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values . Diabetes Care 2008 ; 31 : 1473 ？ 1478 18540046 

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49. 50 Rohlfing CL Wiedmeyer HM Little RR England JD Tennill A Goldstein DE : Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA(1c): analysis of glucose profiles and HbA(1c) in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial . Diabetes Care 2002 ; 25 : 275 ？ 278 11815495 

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50. 51 Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group Wilson DM Kollman : Relationship of A1C to glucose concentrations in children with type 1 diabetes: assessments by high-frequency glucose determinations by sensors . Diabetes Care 2008 ; 31 : 381 ？ 385 18056888 

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51. 52 Skyler JS Bergenstal R Bonow RO Buse J Deedwania P Gale EA Howard BV Kirkman MS Kosiborod M Reaven P Sherwin RS : American Diabetes Association, American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA diabetes trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association . Diabetes Care 2009 ; 32 : 187 ？ 192 19092168 

52. 53 The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group . N Engl J Med 1993 ; 329 : 977 ？ 986 8366922 

53. 54 Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group . N Engl J Med 2000 ; 342 : 381 ？ 389 10666428 

54. 55 Martin CL Albers J Herman WH Cleary P Waberski B Greene DA Stevens MJ Feldman EL : DCCT/EDIC Research Group Neuropathy among the diabetes control and complications trial cohort 8 years after trial completion . Diabetes Care 2006 ; 29 : 340 ？ 344 16443884 

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55. 56 Ohkubo Y Kishikawa H Araki E Miyata T Isami S Motoyoshi S Kojima Y Furuyoshi N Shichiri M : Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study . Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995 ; 28 : 103 ？ 117 7587918 

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56. 57 Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34): UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group . Lancet 1998 ; 352 : 854 ？ 865 9742977 

57. 58 Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33): UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group . Lancet 1998 ; 352 : 837 ？ 853 9742976 

58. 59 Holman RR Paul SK Bethel MA Matthews DR Neil HA : 10-Year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes . N Engl J Med 2008 ; 359 : 1577 ？ 1589 18784090 

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59. 60 Duckworth W Abraira C Moritz T Reda D Emanuele N Reaven PD Zieve FJ Marks J Davis SN Hayward R Warren SR Goldman S McCarren M Vitek ME Henderson WG Huang GD : VADT Investigators Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes . N Engl J Med 2009 ; 360 : 129 ？ 139 19092145 

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60. 61 Moritz T Duckworth W Abraira C : Veterans Affairs diabetes trial？corrections . N Engl J Med 2009 ; 361 : 1024 ？ 1025 19726779 

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61. 62 Lawson ML Gerstein HC Tsui E Zinman B : Effect of intensive therapy on early macrovascular disease in young individuals with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Diabetes Care 1999 ; 22 ( Suppl. 2 ): B35 ？ B39 10097897 

62. 63 ADVANCE Collaborative Group Patel A MacMahon S Chalmers J Neal B Billot L Woodward M Marre M Cooper M Glasziou P Grobbee D Hamet P Harrap S Heller S Liu L Mancia G Mogensen CE Pan C Poulter N Rodgers A Williams B Bompoint S de Galan BE Joshi R Travert F : Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes . N Engl J Med 2008 ; 358 : 2560 ？ 2572 18539916 

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63. 64 Selvin E Marinopoulos S Berkenblit G Rami T Brancati FL Powe NR Golden SH : Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus . Ann Intern Med 2004 ; 141 : 421 ？ 431 15381515 

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64. 65 Stettler C Allemann S Juni P Cull CA Holman RR Egger M Krahenbuhl S Diem P : Glycemic control and macrovascular disease in types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: Meta-analysis of randomized trials . Am Heart J 2006 ; 152 : 27 ？ 38 16824829 

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65. 66 Nathan DM Cleary PA Backlund JY Genuth SM Lachin JM Orchard TJ Raskin P Zinman B : Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes . N Engl J Med 2005 ; 353 : 2643 ？ 2653 16371630 

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66. 67 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Research Group Nathan DM Zinman B Cleary PA Backlund JY Genuth S Miller R Orchard TJ : Modern-day clinical course of type 1 diabetes mellitus after 30 years' duration: the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications and Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications experience (1983？2005) . Arch Intern Med 2009 ; 169 : 1307 ？ 1316 19636033 

67. 68 Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group Gerstein HC Miller ME Byington RP Goff DC Jr Bigger JT Buse JB Cushman WC Genuth S Ismail-Beigi F Grimm RH Jr Probstfield JL Simons-Morton DG Friedewald WT : Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes . N Engl J Med 2008 ; 358 : 2545 ？ 2559 18539917 

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68. 69 Duckworth W : VADT Results . Late-breaking abstract presented at 68th Annual Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association , 6 June 2008 , San Francisco, CA 

69. 70 Reaven PD Moritz TE Schwenke DC Anderson RJ Criqui M Detrano R Emanuele N Kayshap M Marks J Mudaliar S Rao RH Shah JH Goldman S Reda DJ McCarren M Abraira C Duckworth W : Intensive glucose lowering therapy reduces cardiovascular disease events in VADT participants with lower calcified coronary atherosclerosis . Diabetes 2009 ; 59 : 2642 ？ 2648 19651816 

70. 71 Turnbull FM Abraira C Anderson RJ Byington RP Chalmers JP Duckworth WC Evans GW Gerstein HC Holman RR Moritz TE Neal BC Ninomiya T Patel AA Paul SK Travert F Woodward M : Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes . Diabetologia 2009 ; 52 : 2288 ？ 2298 19655124 

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71. 72 American Diabetes Association : Postprandial blood glucose (Consensus Statement) . Diabetes Care 2001 ; 24 : 775 ？ 778 11315848 

72. 73 Ceriello A Taboga C Tonutti L Quagliaro L Piconi L Bais B Da Ros R Motz E : Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress generation: effects of short- and long-term simvastatin treatment . Circulation 2002 ; 106 : 1211 ？ 1218 12208795 

73. 74 Raz I Wilson PW Strojek K Kowalska I Bozikov V Gitt AK Jermendy G Campaigne BN Kerr L Milicevic Z Jacober SJ : Effects of prandial versus fasting glycemia on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: the HEART2D trial . Diabetes Care 2009 ; 32 : 381 ？ 386 19246588 

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74. 75 Metzger BE Buchanan TA Coustan DR de Leiva A Dunger DB Hadden DR Hod M Kitzmiller JL Kjos SL Oats JN Pettitt DJ Sacks DA Zoupas C : Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus . Diabetes Care 2007 ; 30 ( Suppl. 2 ): S251 ？ S260 17596481 

75. 76 Kitzmiller JL Block JM Brown FM Catalano PM Conway DL Coustan DR Gunderson EP Herman WH Hoffman LD Inturrisi M Jovanovic LB Kjos SI Knopp RH Montoro MN Ogata ES Paramsothy P Reader DM Rosenn BM Thomas AM Kirkman MS : Managing preexisting diabetes for pregnancy: summary of evidence and consensus recommendations for care . Diabetes Care 2008 ; 31 : 1060 ？ 1079 18445730 

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76. 77 DeWitt DE Hirsch IB : Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: scientific review . JAMA 2003 ; 289 : 2254 ？ 2264 12734137 

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77. 78 Rosenstock J Dailey G Massi-Benedetti M Fritsche A Lin Z Salzman A : Reduced hypoglycemia risk with insulin glargine: a meta-analysis comparing insulin glargine with human NPH insulin in type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care 2005 ; 28 : 950 ？ 955 15793205 

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78. 79 Mooradian AD Bernbaum M Albert SG : Narrative review: a rational approach to starting insulin therapy . Ann Intern Med 2006 ; 145 : 125 ？ 134 16847295 

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79. 80 Nathan DM Buse JB Davidson MB Heine RJ Holman RR Sherwin R Zinman B : Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes . Diabetes Care 2006 ; 29 : 1963 ？ 1972 16873813 

80. 81 Nathan DM Buse JB Davidson MB Ferrannini E Holman RR Sherwin R Zinman B : American Diabetes Association, European Association for Study of Diabetes Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes . Diabetes Care 2009 ; 32 : 193 ？ 203 18945920 

81. 82 Bantle JP Wylie-Rosett J Albright AL Apovian CM Clark NG Franz MJ Hoogwerf BJ Lichtenstein AH Mayer-Davis E Mooradian AD Wheeler ML : Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes―2006 . Diabetes Care 2006 ; 29 : 2140 ？ 2157 16936169 

82. 83 DAFNE Study Group Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial . BMJ 2002 ; 325 : 746 12364302 

83. 84 Franz MJ Monk A Barry B McClain K Weaver T Cooper N Upham P Bergenstal R Mazze RS : Effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy provided by dietitians in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled clinical trial . J Am Diet Assoc 1995 ; 95 : 1009 ？ 1017 7657902 

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84. 85 Goldhaber-Fiebert JD Goldhaber-Fiebert SN Tristan ML Nathan DM : Randomized controlled community-based nutrition and exercise intervention improves glycemia and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients in rural Costa Rica . Diabetes Care 2003 ; 26 : 24 ？ 29 12502654 

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85. 86 Lemon CC Lacey K Lohse B Hubacher DO Klawitter B Palta M : Outcomes monitoring of health, behavior, and quality of life after nutrition intervention in adults with type 2 diabetes . J Am Diet Assoc 2004 ; 104 : 1805 ？ 1815 15565074 

86. 87 Miller CK Edwards L Kissling G Sanville L : Nutrition education improves metabolic outcomes among older adults with diabetes mellitus: results from a randomized controlled trial . Prev Med 2002 ; 34 : 252 ？ 259 11817922 

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87. 88 Wilson C Brown T Acton K Gilliland S : Effects of clinical nutrition education and educator discipline on glycemic control outcomes in the Indian health service . Diabetes Care 2003 ; 26 : 2500 ？ 2504 12941709 

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88. 89 Graber AL Elasy TA Quinn D Wolff K Brown A : Improving glycemic control in adults with diabetes mellitus: shared responsibility in primary care practices . South Med J 2002 ; 95 : 684 ？ 690 12144072 

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89. 90 Gaetke LM Stuart MA Truszczynska H : A single nutrition counseling session with a registered dietitian improves short-term clinical outcomes for rural Kentucky patients with chronic diseases . J Am Diet Assoc 2006 ; 106 : 109 ？ 112 16390674 

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93. 94 Norris SL Zhang X Avenell A Gregg E Bowman B Schmid CH Lau J : Long-term effectiveness of weight-loss interventions in adults with pre-diabetes: a review . Am J Prev Med 2005 ; 28 : 126 ？ 139 15626569 

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94. 95 Klein S Sheard NF Pi-Sunyer X Daly A Wylie-Rosett J Kulkarni K Clark NG : American Diabetes Association, North American Association for the Study of Obesity, American Society for Clinical Nutrition Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies: a statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition . Diabetes Care 2004 ; 27 : 2067 ？ 2073 15277443 

95. 96 Norris SL Zhang X Avenell A Gregg E Schmid CH Kim C Lau J : Efficacy of pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis . Arch Intern Med 2004 ; 164 : 1395 ？ 1404 15249348 

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96. 97 Wolf AM Conaway MR Crowther JQ Hazen KY L Nadler J Oneida B Bovbjerg VE : Improving Control with Activity and Nutrition (ICAN) Study Translating lifestyle intervention to practice in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: Improving Control with Activity and Nutrition (ICAN) study . Diabetes Care 2004 ; 27 : 1570 ？ 1576 15220230 

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97. 98 Manning RM Jung RT Leese GP Newton RW : The comparison of four weight reduction strategies aimed at overweight patients with diabetes mellitus: four-year follow-up . Diabet Med 1998 ; 15 : 497 ？ 502 9632125 

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98. 99 Shai I Schwarzfuchs D Henkin Y Shahar DR Witkow S Greenberg I Golan R Fraser D Bolotin A Vardi H Tangi-Rozental O Zuk-Ramot R Sarusi B Brickner D Schwartz Z Sheiner E Marko R Katorza E Thiery J Fiedler GM Bluher M Stumvoll M Stampfer MJ : Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet . N Engl J Med 2008 ; 359 : 229 ？ 241 18635428 

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99. 100 Franz MJ VanWormer JJ Crain AL Boucher JL Histon T Caplan W Bowman JD Pronk NP : Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up . J Am Diet Assoc 2007 ; 107 : 1755 ？ 1767 17904936 

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100. 101 Look AHEAD Research Group Pi-Sunyer X Blackburn G Brancati FL Bray GA Bright R Clark JM Curtis JM Espeland MA Foreyt JP Graves K Haffner SM Harrison B Hill JO Horton ES Jakicic J Jeffery RW Johnson KC Kahn S Kelley DE Kitabchi AE Knowler WC Lewis CE Maschak-Carey BJ Montgomery B Nathan DM Patricio J Peters A Redmon JB Reeves RS Ryan DH Safford M Van Dorsten B Wadden TA Wagenknecht L Wesche-Thobaben J Wing RR Yanovski SZ : Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the look AHEAD trial . Diabetes Care 2007 ; 30 : 1374 ？ 1383 17363746 

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