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Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Ionized calcium(Ca²⁺) is one of many second messengers in cells. There are two common motifs for Ca²⁺ signaling. In nonexcitable cells, both inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate(IP₃) and diacylglycerol(DAG) are formed by activation of phospholipase C(PLC) when the agonist stimulates either the ...

Ionized calcium(Ca²⁺) is one of many second messengers in cells. There are two common motifs for Ca²⁺ signaling. In nonexcitable cells, both inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate(IP₃) and diacylglycerol(DAG) are formed by activation of phospholipase C(PLC) when the agonist stimulates either the G protein-coupled receptor or the tyrosine kinase receptor. IP₃ acts as an intracellular second messenger by binding to the IP₃ receptor(IP₃R) that spans the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and triggering release of Ca²⁺ from the endoplasmic reticulum(ER). In excitable cells(eg. neurons), Ca²⁺ entering through voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ channels may directly activate ryanodine receptors(RyR), the excitable cell counterparts to the IP₃R, to release Ca²⁺ from the intracellular stores. In addition to these systems that increase cytosolic [Ca²⁺], cells have Ca²⁺ pumps that remove cytosolic Ca²⁺. One of the most exciting areas in Ca²⁺ signal transduction in recent years has been the discovery of gating of Ca²⁺ entry across the plasma membrane by depletion of intracellular stores. Calcium-induced calcium release(CICR), triggering of an explosive release of stored Ca²⁺ from the ER by a small amount of Ca²⁺ either from the adjacent ER or from VDCCs, is also an Interesting phenomenon. Cells give and receive much more information by more complex ways of Ca²⁺ signaling in the spatiotemporal aspects. Many researchers are now paying attention to the roles of Ca²⁺ signaling in the brain.

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