초록

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Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Recently the problem of ‘low fertility" has getting great amount of public concerns in Korean Society. It has been assumed that Korean case of exceptionally rapid decrease in fertility rate can be explained by two elements - family planning policy strongly led by authoritarian government from 1970 t...

Recently the problem of ‘low fertility" has getting great amount of public concerns in Korean Society. It has been assumed that Korean case of exceptionally rapid decrease in fertility rate can be explained by two elements - family planning policy strongly led by authoritarian government from 1970 to mid 1980"s, and a considerable increase in female employment rate. But it is very hard to support these two assumptions when we consider the historical context of family planning and the patterns of women employment in Korea. The first assumption overestimates government ability to force family planning and contraceptions, for having children is too private to be compelled by law or official surveillance. Instead we consider the effect of that policy, namely the de-politicization, privatization and degradation of the meaning of motherhood both in political and social level, for the role and organizations of mothers in that policy were nothing other than a instrument which were managed along the government guidelines. According to the recent data of national fertility research 2003, fertility rate of hired women shows the same level of not -hired women in Korea. Most of Korean working women adapts their job career to their family life cycle, and there still remains the notorious M-curve which depicts a gender-specific rupture in their working carreer at the moment of child birth and early rearing. I propose a ‘self-reinforcing negative spiral" as an alternative conceptual framework to explain the process of fertility decrease. Each actors in various level have tried to cope with the speed and scope of compressive modernization. In other words, the government introduced national family planning while neglected effective policies to support families. And each family inclined to decrease the number of their children to reduce their burden of responsibility and high cost of education which are necessary for their upward mobility in Korean society. In the level of individual women actors, it seemed very proper to control birth to lessen their burden of dual labor in workplace and family. Beyond their expectation, each actor"s choice augmented to decrease fertility rate into dangerous level to threat national reproduction like a negative spiral. To be out of this negative spiral, it is necessary to devise systematic family support policy and to rebuild the meaning of motherhood with affordable socio-cultural recognition.

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