Ethnopharmacological relevance: Atherosclerosis (AS) can result in severe cardiovascular diseases. Early indications of AS include disorders in lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction. Statins are the preferred drugs for stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques because of th...
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Atherosclerosis (AS) can result in severe cardiovascular diseases. Early indications of AS include disorders in lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction. Statins are the preferred drugs for stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques because of their lipid-lowering, anti-inflammation and endothelial-protection activities. However, they can exhibit side effects and are effective in only one-third of patients. Many natural products (especially traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs)) possessing similar lipid-lowering, anti-inflammation and antioxidant activities are of interest in many studies exploring new AS drug therapy. The widely distributed hawthorn is used to prevent and cure heart disease not only in China but also in the United States and several European countries. For example, the fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. and Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N.E.Br. (a commonly used hawthorn fruit in China) is used in combination with other TCMs to treat AS. Studies have also shown that the water extracts of these two hawthorn fruits are effective against hyperlipidemia by lowering lipid levels, reducing endothelial dysfunction, and inhibiting inflammation. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect and possible mechanisms of the aqueous extract of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major on AS rats. Materials and methods: The fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major was extracted with 70% ethanol; the ethanol extract was chromatographed on a D101 macroporous resin to obtain a sugar-free aqueous extract (AECP). Atherosclerotic rats were fed a high-fat diet and injected with vitamin D3 and ovalbumin. Rats were divided into five groups: normal, model, model plus simvastatin, model plus low-dose AECP, and model plus high-dose AECP. AECP and simvastatin were administered (via the intragastric route) to AECP groups and the simvastatin group. For normal and model groups, water was given for 4 weeks. After 12 weeks, levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in blood were measured by an automatic biochemistry analyzer. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, nitric oxide (NO), endothelin (ET), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-18 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pathological changes in arteries were observed using an optical microscope and the intima-media thickness (IMT) calculated. Cholesterol deposition was evaluated by filipin staining. Chemical ingredients in AECP were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative means by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: AECP significantly reduced the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C but increased HDL-C levels. It also decreased the concentrations of CRP, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-18. AECP increased levels of ET and TXB2 but increased 6-keto-PGF1α levels. Histopathological examination showed that AECP inhibited pathological changes in the arteries of AS rats and reduced IMT. Chemical analysis suggested that the main components of AECP were chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, (-)-epicatechin, rutin and isoquercitrin. Conclusions: These data suggest that AECP can inhibit AS progression in high-fat-diet-fed rats. Possible mechanisms of action include improvement of lipid metabolism, decrease in inflammatory cytokine responses, and protection of the endothelium.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Atherosclerosis (AS) can result in severe cardiovascular diseases. Early indications of AS include disorders in lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction. Statins are the preferred drugs for stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques because of their lipid-lowering, anti-inflammation and endothelial-protection activities. However, they can exhibit side effects and are effective in only one-third of patients. Many natural products (especially traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs)) possessing similar lipid-lowering, anti-inflammation and antioxidant activities are of interest in many studies exploring new AS drug therapy. The widely distributed hawthorn is used to prevent and cure heart disease not only in China but also in the United States and several European countries. For example, the fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. and Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N.E.Br. (a commonly used hawthorn fruit in China) is used in combination with other TCMs to treat AS. Studies have also shown that the water extracts of these two hawthorn fruits are effective against hyperlipidemia by lowering lipid levels, reducing endothelial dysfunction, and inhibiting inflammation. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect and possible mechanisms of the aqueous extract of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major on AS rats. Materials and methods: The fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major was extracted with 70% ethanol; the ethanol extract was chromatographed on a D101 macroporous resin to obtain a sugar-free aqueous extract (AECP). Atherosclerotic rats were fed a high-fat diet and injected with vitamin D3 and ovalbumin. Rats were divided into five groups: normal, model, model plus simvastatin, model plus low-dose AECP, and model plus high-dose AECP. AECP and simvastatin were administered (via the intragastric route) to AECP groups and the simvastatin group. For normal and model groups, water was given for 4 weeks. After 12 weeks, levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in blood were measured by an automatic biochemistry analyzer. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, nitric oxide (NO), endothelin (ET), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-18 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pathological changes in arteries were observed using an optical microscope and the intima-media thickness (IMT) calculated. Cholesterol deposition was evaluated by filipin staining. Chemical ingredients in AECP were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative means by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: AECP significantly reduced the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C but increased HDL-C levels. It also decreased the concentrations of CRP, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-18. AECP increased levels of ET and TXB2 but increased 6-keto-PGF1α levels. Histopathological examination showed that AECP inhibited pathological changes in the arteries of AS rats and reduced IMT. Chemical analysis suggested that the main components of AECP were chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, (-)-epicatechin, rutin and isoquercitrin. Conclusions: These data suggest that AECP can inhibit AS progression in high-fat-diet-fed rats. Possible mechanisms of action include improvement of lipid metabolism, decrease in inflammatory cytokine responses, and protection of the endothelium.
Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Bubik 52 196 2012 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.10.020 A novel approach to prevent endothelial hypermeability: the Crataegus extract WS® 1442 targets the cAMP/Rap1 pathway
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry Cai 75 1692 2011 10.1271/bbb.110194 Grape seed procyanidin B2 inhibits human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration induced by advanced glycation end products
Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi (Chin) Chen 36 172 2002 The effect of an instant haw beverage on lipid levels, antioxidant enzyme and immune function in hyperlipidemia patients
Current Atherosclerosis Reports Chyu 13 405 2011 10.1007/s11883-011-0189-9 Progress in HDL-based therapies for atherosclerosis
American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology Feletou 3 H985 2006 10.1152/ajpheart.00292.2006 Endothelial dysfunction: a multifaceted disorder (The Wiggers Award Lecture)
Lipids in Health and Disease Hing Ling 11 8pp 2012 10.1186/1476-511X-11-18 Ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/40mg versus atorvastatin 40mg in high cardiovascular risk patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multicenter study
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Kao 53 430 2005 10.1021/jf040231f Anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoid contents from dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida in vitro and in vivo
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Kuo 124 544 2009 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.005 Effect of shanzha, a Chinese herbal product, on obesity and dyslipidemia in hamsters receiving high-fat diet
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Li 135 469 2011 10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.045 Effects of total glucosides from paeony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall) roots on experimental atherosclerosis in rats
Chinese Journal of Pathophysiology (Chin) Liu 18 1332 2002 Effects of hawthorn fruit on hyper homocysteinemia in patients with coronary artery disease
Anhui Zhong Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao (Chin) Liu 27 38 2008 Effects of hawthorn extracts isolated by different polar solvent on blood fat and hemorheological indexes in rats with hyperlipidemia
Journal of Food Science Luo 74 H189 2009 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01241.x Dietary Intervention with AHP, a functional formula diet, improves both serum and hepatic lipids profile in dyslipidemia mice
Circulation Pearson 107 499 2003 10.1161/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45 Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association
European Journal of Nutrition Wang 47 235 2008 10.1007/s00394-008-0717-8 The anti-atherosclerotic effect of olive leaf extract is related to suppressed inflammatory response in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi (Chin) Wang 36 784 2011 Antiatherogenic effect of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and Fructus crataegi on experimental atherosclerosis in rats
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Wang 133 442 2011 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.018 Anti-atherogenic effect of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang, a traditional Chinese medicine, in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture Yang 92 1578 2012 10.1002/jsfa.5671 Composition and health effects of phenolic compounds in hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) of different origins
AI-Helper
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.