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This study explores the historical evolution of EU’s common energy policy and analyses the characteristics of each period. Although energy consideration centered on the ECSC and EURATOM have triggered a long process of European integration, the development of common energy policy has been almost abs...

This study explores the historical evolution of EU’s common energy policy and analyses the characteristics of each period. Although energy consideration centered on the ECSC and EURATOM have triggered a long process of European integration, the development of common energy policy has been almost absent since the Treaty of Rome until the mid-1980s. This absence of European common energy policy is quite unique considering the progress in trade and monetary areas. Nationalized energy supply system, different energy mix and national champion strategy have been noted as obstacles for common energy policy. EU’s common energy policy had been revitalized after the adoption of Single European Act in 1986 and subsequent progress in completing an internal market. European Energy Charter (1991) and Energy Charter Treaty (1994) brought the progress of EU’s common external energy policy. The consolidation of European common energy policy has been noticeable since 2006 with the adoption of Green Paper and subsequent Strategic Action Plans. However, EU’s common energy policy still faces disagreement of member states in implementing liberalization and deregulation of gas and electricity market. A political confidence of member states is not strong enough to negotiate effectively with Russia and other major energy producers. National targets to reduce GHGs emission and to increase renewable energy are facing challenges in spite of the broad agreement on its principle. The evolution of EU’s common energy policy can be explained partly by the trend of global oil price, the institutional progress of EU and international environmental norms. However, each factor is not enough to make a convincing explanation of the up-and-down of EU’s common energy policy. It requires a more comprehensive and multi-layered approaches by mixing relevant policy contexts regarding various issue agenda of common energy policy.

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