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Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The Ligustrum japonicum is a broad-leaved evergreen tree distributed in southern and western parts of Korea. The fruiting season of L. japonicum is a winter between October and January when foods for animals are generally scarce; hence the species may be an importance source of foods for birds win...

The Ligustrum japonicum is a broad-leaved evergreen tree distributed in southern and western parts of Korea. The fruiting season of L. japonicum is a winter between October and January when foods for animals are generally scarce; hence the species may be an importance source of foods for birds wintering in these areas. We aimed to understand interactions between winter-fruiting trees and birds: (1) identification of avian species consuming L. japonicum fruits, and (2) the effect of fruit ingestion by birds on its seed germination. We monitored avian species consuming the fruits and carried out germination experiments with seeds in different conditions from December 2009 to July 2010 on Hong-do Island, Korea. The Brown-eared Bulbul (Microscelis amaurotis) was the only observed species that consumed the fruits of L. japonicum during the period. Pulp and coat-removed seeds and ingested seeds by bulbuls were germinated significantly earlier than intact seeds. However, germination rates of the three groups were not different. This result suggests that the bird ingestion of L. japonicum fruits helps earlier germination or farther dispersal of its seeds, so that the tree may be advantageous in intraspecific competition in the community and have the increased opportunity to generate new colonies. Understanding symbiotic interactions between birds and plants on a small remote island may give a clue for future restoration of damaged vegetations on islands in Korea

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