[논문]Structure of full-length human phenylalanine hydroxylase in complex with tetrahydrobiopterin

Flydal, Marte Innselset; Alcorlo-Pagé; s, Martí; n; Johannessen, Fredrik Gullaksen; Martí; nez-Caballero, Siseth; Skjærven, Lars; Fernandez-Leiro, Rafael; Martinez, Aurora; Hermoso, Juan A.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1902639116

Structure of full-length human phenylalanine hydroxylase in complex with tetrahydrobiopterin 원문보기

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v.116 no.23, 2019년, pp.11229 - 11234

Flydal, Marte Innselset (Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway) , Alcorlo-Pagés, Martín , Johannessen, Fredrik Gullaksen (Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Instituto de Quí) , Martínez-Caballero, Siseth (mica-Fí) , Skjærven, Lars (sica “Rocasolano,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientí) , Fernandez-Leiro, Rafael (ficas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain) , Martinez, Aurora , Hermoso, Juan A. (Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway)

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SignificanceThe present crystal structure of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) provides the 3D structure of the full-length human PAH, both unbound and complexed with the tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor. The BH4-bound state is physiologically relevant, keeping PAH stable and in a precatalytic state at low L-Phe concentration. Furthermore, a synthetic form of BH4 (Kuvan) is the only drug-based therapy for a subset of phenylketonuria patients. We found two tetramer conformations in the same crystal, depending on the active site occupation by BH4, which aid to understand the stabilization by BH4 and the allosteric mechanisms in PAH. The structure also reveals the increased mobility of human, compared with rat, PAH, in line with an increased predisposition to disease-associated mutations in human.Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is a key enzyme in the catabolism of phenylalanine, and mutations in this enzyme cause phenylketonuria (PKU), a genetic disorder that leads to brain damage and mental retardation if untreated. Some patients benefit from supplementation with a synthetic formulation of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) that partly acts as a pharmacological chaperone. Here we present structures of full-length human PAH (hPAH) both unbound and complexed with BH4 in the precatalytic state. Crystal structures, solved at 3.18-Å resolution, show the interactions between the cofactor and PAH, explaining the negative regulation exerted by BH4. BH4 forms several H-bonds with the N-terminal autoregulatory tail but is far from the catalytic FeII. Upon BH4 binding a polar and salt-bridge interaction network links the three PAH domains, explaining the stability conferred by BH4. Importantly, BH4 binding modulates the interaction between subunits, providing information about PAH allostery. Moreover, we also show that the cryo-EM structure of hPAH in absence of BH4 reveals a highly dynamic conformation for the tetramers. Structural analyses of the hPAH:BH4 subunits revealed that the substrate-induced movement of Tyr138 into the active site could be coupled to the displacement of BH4 from the precatalytic toward the active conformation, a molecular mechanism that was supported by site-directed mutagenesis and targeted molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, comparison of the rat and human PAH structures show that hPAH is more dynamic, which is related to amino acid substitutions that enhance the flexibility of hPAH and may increase the susceptibility to PKU-associated mutations.

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참고문헌 (36)

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Structure of full-length human phenylalanine hydroxylase in complex with tetrahydrobiopterin 원문보기

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