초록

○ 연구결과
- 다양한 형태(규산칼슘, 규산칼리, 규산나트륨) 및 농도가 그룹화된 작물의 생육에 미치는 영향
- 기외 순화 증진을 위한 조직배양배지에 첨가한 규소의 효과
- 규산질 비료의 주요 절화류 병해충 내성 증진 효과 구명
- 규산질 비료의 농약 절감효과 및 경제성 분석
- 키토산은 산에만 용해되므로 중성키토산(CTS50)을 개발
- 시제품의 개발 및 상품성 검토

Abstract ▼

1-1. Effects of Si application on growth of the young plant (French marigold)
Application of Si at various concentrations results in inhibition of stem length and promotion of stem diameter in two French marigold cultivars Boy Orange and Yellow Boy.
In addition, fresh and dry weights increase

1-1. Effects of Si application on growth of the young plant (French marigold)
Application of Si at various concentrations results in inhibition of stem length and promotion of stem diameter in two French marigold cultivars Boy Orange and Yellow Boy.
In addition, fresh and dry weights increased with increasing concentration of Si. Silicon application to marigold resulted in positive growth responses.
1-2. Effects of Si application on growth and quality of pot chrysanthemum and poinsettia plants
In pot chrysanthemum, stem thickness and length, and chlorophyll contents were increased by Si application. Although not significantly different among treatments, it was significantly different between cultivars. In poinsettia, Si application showed a negative effect on the development of stem, since stem length and canopy width decreased proportionally with increasing Si concentration.
1-3. Investigation on effect of application of Si at various concentrations in the nutrition solutions
After cultivation with various Si concentrations in the nutrition solution, growth, absorption of nutrients, and plant tissue Si content were investigated in several plant species, plug seedlings (hot pepper and tomato), and potted plants (chrysanthemum, spathiphyllum, ivy, carnation, kalanchoe, and poinsettia).
(1) Hot pepper: Silicon concentration in nutrition solution did not significantly affected plant growth. However, in the control treatment (no Si application), stem length and fresh
weight of root were increased. Silicon concentration in the plant increased with increased Si concentration in the nutrition solution.
(2) Tomato: The 100 mg․L^-1 Si treatment showed the greatest effect on fresh and dry weights of the root. After application for 3 to 6 days, absorbtion of several nutrients (K, Ca, and Mg) were stimulated, while absorbtion of P and Mo suppressed, proportionally with the increasing Si concentration. The plant tissue Si content was higher in the root than shoot and leaves, in which Si contents were proportionally increased with increased Si concentration in the nutrient solution.
(3) Chrysanthemum: After 9 days of transplanting, there were no significant difference in plant growth. However, K, Ca, Mg, P and Mo were actively absorbed. Between days 1 and 3, and days 6 and 9, Si absorbtion was corresponding to Si concentration in the nutrient solution. In addition, absorbtion of P was positively related as compared to the case of hot pepper and tomato.
(4) Spathiphyllum: The 50 mg․L^-1 Si treatment showed significant effects on stem thickness and leaf area, in which fresh and dry weights of aerial and subterranean parts also showed positive effects.
(5) Ivy: Application of various Si concentrations in nutrition solution did not show significant differences on growth. However, fresh weights of the aerial parts were significantly increased in the 100 mg․L^-1 Si treatment.
(6) Carnation: After 13 days of transplanting with application of various concentrations of Si, stem length, root length, fresh and dry weights of the aerial parts were significantly increased in the 100 mg․L^-1 Si treatment. By increased Si concentration, absorbtion of nutrient elements was increased and Si content in the plant tissue was proportionallyincreased.
(7) Kalanchoe: After 13 days of transplanting with application of various concentrations of Si, all the growth-related parameters were significantly inhibited in the Si treatments than the control treatment. Fresh and dry weights of the aerial parts, especially leaf area, were decreased with Si treatment.
(8) Poinsettia: The effect of various Si concentrations in the nutrition solution was not significant on plant growth. During the experiment period, absorption of Si, K, Ca, Mg, and other ions was stimulated proportionally by increasing Si concentration.
1-4. Investigation of effect of SiO₂ as a fertilizer on horticultural crops To investigate effect of SiO₂ as a fertilizer on horticultural crops, plug seedlings (hot pepper and tomato) and potted plants (chrysanthemum, spathiphyllum, ivy, carnation, kalanchoe, and poinsettia) were cultivated on the ebb and flow systems with and without Si application.
The results on growth-related parameters of plug seedlings of hot pepper and tomato grown for 8 days on the ebb and flow systems with various Si concentrations are summarized as follows.
(1) Hot pepper: There were no significant differences in growth-related parameters (fresh weight, dry weights, etc.) among treatments.
(2) Tomato: Dry weights of aerial parts were significantly increased in the 100 mg․L^-1 Si treatment.
The results on growth-related parameters of potted plants of chrysanthemum, spathiphyllum, ivy, carnation, kalanchoe, and poinsettia grown for 32 days on the ebb and flow system with various Si concentrations are summarized as follows.
(3) Chrysanthemum: Chlorophyll contents increased in the 100 mg․L^-1 Si treatment.
(4) Spathiphyllum: There were no significant differences in growth-related parameters among treatments.
(5) Ivy: Number of leaves increased in the 100 mg․L^-1 Si treatment.
(6) Carnation: The growth was slightly increased, but not statistically significantly, in the 100 mg․L^-1 Si treatment.
(7) Kalanchoe: The stem length and leaf thickness increased in the 100 mg․L^-1 Si treatment.
(8) Nutrient analysis was conducted for solutions used in the recirculating ebb and flow system during cultivation. Based on the results of this analysis, pH and EC were adjusted to 5.6 and 1.93mS․cm-1, respectively, in the initial solution of the control with no application of Si. After 20 days of cultivation, pH of the solution was not changed, but EC increased from 1.93 to 2.08mS․cm-1. The concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, S, P, Mo, and Si, but Na and Mn, ions slightly decreased.
1-5. Investigation for effects and problems of commercially available silicate fertilizers Based on the investigation of difficulties for producers and consumers (growers) on effects and problems of commercial silicate fertilizers, results of the analysis to find suitable solutions are described below.
(1) The problems of commercially available silicate fertilizers are expensive for customers
(mainly growers) and there are no descriptions on the exact content and purity of the products.
(2) According to results of survey conducted to growers, there were some positive responses on the use of silicate fertilizers.
(A) It stimulates hardening of leaf structure and darkening of leaves in carnations and kalanchoes.
(B) It makes short internodes and prevents senescence of lower leaves in chrysanthemums and carnations.
(C) It stimulates growth and development of root and increases new shoots in roses.
(D) It prevents lodging and makes leaves thicker in wild flowers.
(E) It works against some pests and diseases such as powdery mildew and fungi, and it makes short internodes in Maidenhair vine.
(F) It stimulates rooting after transplanting and vigorous growth in paprika.
(3) Problems on the use of silicate fertilizers
(A) some problems were indicated. The liquified silicate fertilizers are expensive and increase pH of the growing medium.
(B) The granular silicate fertilizers are difficult to apply and difficult to know the exact amount to use.
(4) Price and package information has been collected for 15 commercially available silicate fertilizers. The price varied from 16,500 to 330,000 Korean Won. The standard package size also varied from 25 to 50 mL in liquid products, and from 3 to 15.1 kg in granular products.
1-6. Assessments on production efficiency of the standardized plug seedlings of strawberry by Si application
(1) After 60 days of nursery period, growth-related parameters of strawberry propagules were investigated. The diameter of crown was 10.6 mm, leaf area was 294.4 cm2, and fresh weight was 17.3 g in ‘Maehyang’ in the control treatment. Thee parameters increased by silicate fertilization in the order of fertigation of silicate fertilizer, fertilization with a granular silicate fertilizer, and fertigation of silicate fertilizer + fertilization with a granular silicate fertilizer. In ‘Seolhyang’ also fertilization with a granular silicate fertilizer or fertigation of silicate fertilizer increased on leaf area and fresh weight.
(2) When the propagule having 10 mm of crown diameter and 15 g or greater of fresh weight as salable, 70% of both ‘Maehyang’ and ‘Seolhyang’ were salable in the control treatment and this value slightly increased with all silicate fertilizer treatments.
(3) Incidence of anthracnose did not show any trend as affected by applications of silicate fertilizers. The incidence of powdery mildew was 15% in the ‘Seolhyang’ in the control treatment, but it decreased to 2.2-5.5% in silicate fertilizer treatments. In ‘Maehyang’ the incidence was decreased, as compared to the control, in the treatment of fertigation of silicate fertilizer and fertigation of silicate fertilizer + fertilization with a granular silicate fertilizer, but not in the treatment of fertilization with a granular silicate fertilizer.
(4) Although the effects of SiO₂ were variable depending upon cultivar, the positive effects of silicate fertilizers were proven. However, careful further investigations are necessary to find out optimum Si concentration and number of applications of the silicate fertilizers for the expected effect of preventing lodging of propagules.
1-7. Effects on growth of horticultural crops by Si application at various concentrations in the vitro culture
In this study, we summarized our results about the effects of Si fertilizer supplemented to the vitro culture medium on growth of horticultural crops (strawberry, hot pepper, begonia, pansy, impatiens, and petunia).
(1) Strawberry: In ‘Maehyang’ plant height, chlorophyll content, and fresh and dry weights were greater in the control treatment than Si treatments. In ‘Janghee’, root length, number of leaves, and chlorophyll content were greater in the control treatment than Si treatments. In addition, plant height, and fresh and dry weights were the greatest in the 300 mg․L^-1 Si treatment.
(2) Hot pepper: The growth was stimulated in the 300 mg․L^-1 Si treatment.
(3) Petunia: The growth was stimulated in the 300 mg․L^-1 Si treatment.
(4) Impatiens: The growth was stimulated in the 300 mg․L^-1 Si treatment.
(5) Begonia: The growth was stimulated in the 300mg․L^-1 Si treatment.
(6) Pansy: The growth was stimulated in the 200 mg․L^-1 Si treatment in ‘Super Olympia Red’. In ‘Super Olympia Rose’, plant height, root length, and number of leaves were greater in the control treatment than Si treatments. Leaf area, chlorophyll content, and fresh and dry weights were greater in the 200 mg․L^-1 Si treatment than the control treatment.
1-8. Effect of Si supplemented to the culture medium on hyperhydricity of vitro plants
We investigated effect on hyperhydricity in a mass propagation system by in vitro culture, after Si application in the culture medium. In addition, we visually and histologically monitored and found out that the normal cineraria and cotoneaster plantlets developing consistently in the Si supplemented medium in which plantlets frequently have hyperhydricity problems occurring during the regeneration period.
1-9. Effect of Si supplemented to the culture medium on growth of regenerated Lilium hansonii in vitro
For successful mass propagation of Lilium hansonii , an endangered plant in Ulleungdo, potassium silicate supplemented to the regeneration medium was tested for its effect on the development of shoots. The Si application did not cause any harmful effects on the development of Lilium hansonii which means that it can be applicable for propagation for this plant. Expecially white powdery particles were observed in stomata which seem to Si particles. It may have positive effects on reducing abiotic stresses during the acclimatization process.
1-10. Effects of source of Si (calcium silicate, potassium silicate, and sodium silicate) and concentration on growth and development of greenhouse horticultural crops After growing for 7 days in a hydroponic system supplied with potassium silicate, amount of Si absorbed per unit gram of root dry mass was analyzed and compared in different plant species. Relatively higher values were found in tomato ‘Super Dotaerang’, carnation ‘Tula’, and hop pepper ‘Gilsang’. Most of the plants used in this experiment showed a pattern of Si absorption along with the transpirational stream. However, in the case of ivy and spathiphyllum, Si absorbtion seems to be either excluded or blocked at the root or the absorbed Si is excreted or discharged from the rot to the solution.
1-11. Effects of silicate source and application method on growth and development of vegetable plug seedlings
When Si was applied at the same concentration from either potassium silicate, sodium silicate, or calcium silicate, the effect was variable depending on the plant species and cultivar, but in general the greatest growth promotion was observed with use of potassium silicate. In two cultivars of spathiphyllum, growth and developmental responses were different, and this means that effect of Si can not be generalized. The result of foliar application of Si once a week showed negligible effects on growth and development. The increased number of stomata in the leaf of hot pepper may have been caused by the accumulated Si which could be a key factor to increase the stress resistance.
1-12. Effect of immersing tomato seeds into a solution of K₂SiO₃ or uniconazol on germination and growth of seedlings
By immersing seeds in uniconazol, overall growth and development of tomato seedlings were suppressed. In addition, hypocotyl length and stem length were suppressed in the 100 mg·L^-1 K₂SiO₃ treatment in ‘Seogeon’ resulting in overall suppressed growth and development. Similar results were observed in the experiment of 2009 for kalanchoe and poinsettia with application of Si. However, in ‘Seokwang’, stem length was rather increased in the 100 mg·L^-1 K₂SiO₃ treatment, and therefore, further investigation to compare Si effects in different cultivars is necessary.
1-13. Effect of immersion of tomato seeds to uniconazol solution and Si treatment during seedling growth stage
The stem length was suppressed more than 50%, but chlorophyll content increased, by immersing tomato seeds (4 different cultivars) in 50 mg·L^-1 uniconazol solution. In general, stem length in the K₂SiO₃ treatment was longer or similar with that in the control or the deionized water treatment. In conclusion, the immersing seeds in uniconazol solution inhibited the active stem elongation, and Si treatment stimulated general growth and development of such parameter as stem length.
1-14. Growth and development of potted marigold plant as affected by concentration and type of Si, and irrigation method
Silicon application slightly inhibited growth and development of underground part of marigold plant. The size of aerial part of the plant were bigger in the foliar application than sub-irrigation treatment. There were no differences between two cultivars. Percent flowering and number of flowers were higher in the K₂SiO₃ treatment than others. This result indicates positive effects of K₂SiO₃ on flowering of marigold plants. In addition, the size of flower and percent flowering were affected by Si application method. The percent flowering increased and damage by insects decreased by foliar application.
1-15. Growth and development of potted chrysanthemum plant as affected by concentration and type of Si, and irrigation method
Silicon treatment suppressed the size of plants in potted chrysanthemum in general. Stem length and canopy width were slightly decreased. The growth and development of the underground part were also decreased by Si treatment, showing similar trends as the aerial part.
To increase quality of potted plants, growers use chemical plant growth retardants which can reduce stem length to result in compact product. According to this results, Si application would be a useful technique for environment friendly production of compact potted chrysanthemum plants. From the results of suppressed stem length by Si treatment obtained in first year’s study and other results in different species, a positive effect of Si on potted plant cultivation could be expected in reducing the total size of plants to produce compact plants.
1-16. Effect of Si application on growth and development of the tissue cultured Ajuga multiflora in vitro
The suitable concentration of Na₂SiO₃ application positively affects on all the growth-related parameters (leaf length, number of roots, root length, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weights, etc.). However, we found that application of the higher concentrations of Na₂SiO₃ rather inhibited growth and development of Ajuga multiflora.
Analysis of tissue content of ions showed that contents of Si and Na increased by increased Na₂SiO₃ concentration, but the increased Si and Na ions in the plant showed to act the antagonism for the absorption of Fe, Ca, and B ions. Therefore, it is possible to produce high quality Ajuga multiflora plantlets successfully by Si application with a proper concentration. It is necessary to consider the concentration of Si to be applied as a fertilizer.
1-17. Effect of Si application on growth and development of the tissue cultured chrysanthemum in vitro
The growth and development were not significantly affect by Si treatment. In the first year’s experiment, a trend of stem length being suppressed by Si treatment was observed.
However, in tissue cultured-chrysanthemum, there were no significant differences for those parameters. In the study on Si application for potted chrysanthemum, results showed suppressed stem length, but those effects were varying depending on the type of Si, application time, and plant cultivar. Analysis of tissue content of ions showed that contents of Si and Na increased by increased Na₂SiO₃ concentration, but the increased Si and Na ions in the plant showed to act the antagonism for the absorption of Fe and B ions. In chrysanthemum, the status of plant and environment should be considered.
1-18. Effect of Si concentration on growth and development of young Lilium hansonii plants
The growth was the worst in 100 mg·L^-1 Na₂SiO₃ treatment. The increased concentration of Na₂SiO₃ inhibited growth and development of the root. The size of plant was retarded, but chlorophyll content was increased, in the 100 mg·L^-1 Na₂SiO₃ treatment, indicating hard growth of the plants. Analysis of tissue content of ions showed that contents of Si and Na increased by 100 mg·L^-1 Na₂SiO₃ treatment, but the increased Si and Na ions in the plant showed to act the antagonism for the absorption of K and Ca ions. In Lilium hansonii , the status of plant and environment, as well as type and concentration of Si should be considered.
1-19. Effect of Si type on growth and development of the tissue cultured ivy seedlings in vitro
The growth and development were slightly increased, while chlorophyll contents were decreased, by the Si treatment. There were no significant differences in the effect of Si source. Analysis of tissue content of ions showed that content of Si increased by Si treatments, but the increased Si ion in the plant showed to act the antagonism for the absorption of Na and K ions. There were no significant differences among the Si sources.
1-20. Effect of Si type on growth and development of the tissue cultured cineraria seedlings in vitro
There were no significant differences in the effect of different Si types. Especially in both treatments, growth and development of underground part were largely affected, but not by the type of Si. Analysis of tissue content of ions showed that contents of K and Na increased by depending on the type of Si fertilizer, and antagonisms among ions were observed for the absorption of K and Ca ions. In cineraria, the type of Si to be used should be decided after considering the status of plant and the culture environment.
1-21. Effect of Si on Nephrolepis plantlets cultured in vitro and acclimatized in vivo The size of plant was suppressed by the Si treatment regardless of medium concentration and light intensity. Silicon treatment suppressed stem length and canopy width both in in vitro culture and during acclimatization in vivo. According to these results, if growers want to have compact potted plants, Si application could be considered as a tool for environment friendly production. However, there were some negative effects found on the root growth as the size of the root was simultaneously reduced. It is necessary to find an optimum concentration which just reduce the size of the aerial parts of the plant only.
1-22. Effect of Si on hop pepper and marigold seedlings cultured in vitro and acclimatized in vivo
The growth and development of hot pepper were not significantly affected by the Si treatment. However, in marigold, some growth-related parameters, such as stem length, root length, stem thickness, and fresh and dry weights, were suppressed by Si the treatment. In general, Si treatment suppressed size of the plant, but not in all plants, but only Si-sensitive plants.
1-23. Effect of silicon on growth and tolerance to NaCl stress of Torenia fournieri in vitro
The effect of Si on survival and growth of torenia (Torenia fournieri Linden ex Foum)
Duchess Blue and White’ cultured in vitro under salt stress were examined. Earlier reports mentioned torenia exhibiting poor salt tolerance. Shoot buds isolated from 16 days old seedlings were cultured on the MS medium containing 0, 50 or 100 mM NaCl alone or in combination with 1.8 or 3.6 mM Si from K₂SiO₃. Plant survival ratio was significantly reduced by NaCl supplementation as compared to the control. The survival ratio significantly increased to 100% when 1.8 or 3.6 mM Si was added to the MS medium containing 50 mM NaCl. However, only 31% of plantlets survived when Si was added to the culture medium containing 100 mM NaCl. Shoot and root lengths decreased significantly (P = 0.001) with increasing NaCl concentration in the culture medium. The addition of NaCl to the MS medium significantly reduced fresh and dry weights. However, Si supplementation increased fresh and dry weights under 50 mM NaCl, as compared with the control. The greatest fresh and dry weights were recorded when shoot buds were cultured on the MS medium containing 50 mM NaCl and 3.6 mM Si. The activities of SOD, APX, and CAT, but POD, were markedly higher in the presence of 50 mM NaCl, as compared with the control. When Si was added to the medium containing 50 mM NaCl, activities of SOD, POD, APX, and CAT decreased as compared with the 50 mM NaCl treatment. Thus, Si-mediated resistance to NaCl stress was not due to antioxidant enzymes. Although Si was not effective in increasing tolerance to high level salt i.e., 100 mM NaCl, the results suggested the Si supplementation was effectively enhanced tolerance to 50 mM NaCl stress.
1-24. Silicon promotes shoot proliferation and shoot growth of Salvia splendens ‘Hot Jazz’ under salt stress
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of Si against NaCl on axillary shoot proliferation and shoot growth of in vitro-cultured Salvia splendens ‘Hot Jazz’, one of the important floricultural plants. In vitro study was chosen because in such controlled environment the mechanism of Si alleviation can be clearly studied without any external hindrance. Nodal explants have been cultured on the MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg·L^-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.5 mg·L^-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) with or without 50 or 100 mM NaCl and 50 or 100 mg·L^-1 K₂SiO₃ as the Si source. Salt stress exhibited strong retardation on growth parameters such as number and length of shoots and internodes, chlorophyll content, and fresh and dry weights of shoots. At 50 mM NaCl both 50 and 100 mg·L^-1 K₂SiO₃ helped to overcome the salt effect and maximized the plant growth. Though the Si gives tolerance and increased growth even in the 100 mM NaCl treatment, it was not as much effective as in the 50 mM NaCl treatment. On conclusion, these results put forward an experimental evidence for further studies of Si on salinity stress in ornamental plants.
1-25. Effect of Si on tolerance to NaCl stress in Dianthus caryophyllus L. ‘Tula’ and ‘Ducati’
In greenhouse, carnation was grown with 0, 50 or 100 mg·L^-1 NaCl supplemented with 50
mg·L^-1 of K₂SiO₃. After flowering, growth parameters were measured. Plant height, stem
diameter, number of flowers, and fresh and dry weights were reduced by NaCl as
compared to the control in both cultivars. Interestingly, in ‘Tula’ plant height and chlorophyll content increased and electrolyte leakage percent (ELP) decreased when plants were grown with 100 mM NaCl and 50 mg·L^-1 Si as compared with 100 mM NaCl alone.
There is no significant effect of Si on supplementation of 50 mM NaCl. However, growth and ELP of ‘Ducati’ were not affected by Si supplementation in both 50 mM and 100 mM NaCl treatments. Finally, under NaCl stress 50 mg·L^-1 K₂SiO₃ was more effective in ‘Tula’ than ‘Ducati’.
1-26. Effect of Si on tolerance to white rust in chrysanthemum ‘Pink Eye' and ‘Happy Eye’
In this study, two types of application, such as foliar spray and sub-irrigation method, was used. The effect of silicon (K₂SiO₃) and their application method on the growth and development, and incidence of white rust on chrysanthemum ‘Pink Eye' (resistant) and ’Happy Eye‘ (sensitive) was assessed. As compared to sub-irrigation, incidence of white rust was significantly decreased by 50 or 100 mg·L^-1 K₂SiO₃ applied as foliar spray.
Overall the silicon-treated plants showed more tolerance to white rust than the control plants, particularly foliar sprays was more effective than the sub-irrigation.
1-27. Effect of silicon source and application method on growth and development, and incidence of powdery mildew in potted Rosa hybrida ‘Apollo’ and ‘Remata’
The effect of silicon from different sources (K₂SiO₃ and Na₂SiO₃) and their application methods (foliar application, subirrigation, and foliar application + subirrigation) on the growth and development, and incidence of powdery mildew of potted Rosa hybrida ‘Apollo’ (resistant) and ‘Remata’ (sensitive) was assessed. Plant materials, grown in a commercial rose farm in pots containing a commercial growing medium, consisted of rooted terminal cuttings of Rosa hybrida L. after first pinching. Silicon was mixed in a nutrient solution, at 0, 50, or 100 mg·L^-1 Si as K₂SiO₃ or Na₂SiO₃, with EC of 1.6-1.8 mS·cm-1 and pH of 5.8, and was supplied through a subirrigation system or applied by a foliar application. Natural infestation of Sphaerotheca fuliginea on the plants grown in an environment-controlled glasshouse was investigated. Both subirrigational supply and foliar application of Si decreased the plant height. Incidence of powdery mildew in Rosa hybrida ‘Remata’ by infection of Sphaerotheca fuliginea significantly decreased by 100 mg·L^-1 K₂SiO₃ applied as foliar sprays as compared to that in the control (0 mg·L^-1 K₂SiO₃). Overall the silicon-treated plant had more tolerance to powdery mildew than the control plant, and K₂SiO₃ applied as foliar sprays was the most effective.
1-28. Effect of Si source on growth of the Lsi2 transgenic chrysanthemum ‘Brighton’
The objectives of the present study were 1) to obtain an Lsi2 transgenic ‘Brighton’ using an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system, 2) to investigate the effect of Si sources on Si uptake and root growth of transgenic plants, 3) to analyze the presence of Si bodies in the root and shoot of the transgenic plant energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) combined with a scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), and 4) to determine effect of Si application on the content of mineral elements of the transgenic plant. The content of Si in the non-transgenic ‘Brighton’ was not significantly affected by Si application, while the Lsi2 transgenic plant showed increased Si content in the +Si treatment as compared with the control. Plants supplemented with CaSiO₃ had the greatest increased contents in the leaf and root of Ca, K, P, Mg, and S followed by Na₂SiO₃, K₂SiO₃, and fumed silicate. The plant in +Si treatment was shown to develop numerous root hairs which were not found in the -Si treatment. Containment of Si was confirmed specifically in these root hairs, suggesting that these root hairs developed in response to the Si treatment. This study was useful not only for understanding Si uptake, but also for comparing the mineral contents as affected by Si supplementation and source.
1-29. Effect of silicon on growth and temperature stress tolerance of Nephrolepsis exaltata 'Corditas’
Effect of Si nutrition on growth and temperature stress tolerance of Nephrolepis exaltata ‘Corditas’ grown in a soilless substrate was examined. In vitro-grown acclimatized plantlets were transplanted into pots containing a coir-based substrate. A nutrient solution containing 0, 50 or 100 mg·L^-1 Si was supplied through a drip irrigation system. After 5 months of cultivation, Si-treated and -untreated plants were grown at 10, 25, or 40±1°C under a 12 h photoperiod with 530 μmol·lm^-2·s^-1 PPFD and 60% RH. After 7 days, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured. Silicon nutrition had a negative effect on growth characteristics of N. exaltata ‘Corditas’. However, Si-treated plants had more tolerance to temperature stress than the control plants. The Fv/Fm value was not significantly different when plants were exposed to 25°C. However, significant difference in Fv/Fm was recorded when plants were exposed to 10 or 40°C. Thus, Fv/Fm could be used as an indicator of low and high temperature tolerance in ferns. The present study also suggests that application of Si may be used to enhance temperature tolerance of ferns.
1-30. Effect of silicon source and application method on growth and development in the potted Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Dianthus caryophyllus L., and Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.
The effect of silicon from different sources (CaSiO₃, K₂SiO₃, and Na₂SiO₃) and their application methods (foliar application vs. subirrigational supply) on growth of potted Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Dianthus caryophyllus L., and Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. was investigated. Rooted terminal cuttings of these plants were transplanted into 10.5 cm plastic pots containing a commercial growing medium. Then, a nutrient solution, containing 0 or 50 mg·L^-1 Si as K₂SiO₃, Na₂SiO₃, or CaSiO₃ and adjusted to EC 1.4-1.6 mS·cm-1 and pH 6.0, was supplied through subirrigation along with the nutrient solution or the Si solution was provided by foliar applications. Plants were grown in a glasshouse with a mean temperature of 23℃ and RH of 70-80%. After 12 weeks of cultivation, plant growth characteristics and shoot tissue contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, and Si were measured.
Both subirrigational supply and foliar application of Si decreased plant height and flower stem length. However, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana and Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. in the foliar application treatment resulted in disease-like soft rot and etiolated necrosis on the leaf. The K₂SiO₃, Na₂SiO₃, or CaSiO₃ supplied through a subirrigation system increased shoot tissue contents of Si and chlorophyll as compared to the control. Shoot tissue contents of Ca, K, and Na increased when the plant was supplied with CaSiO₃, K₂SiO₃, and Na₂SiO₃, respectively. Subirrigational supply of K₂SiO₃ and Na₂SiO₃ decreased shoot tissue contents of Ca and Mg, and K and Ca, respectively. Therefore, a subirrigational supply of Si could improve plant quality of potted plants by making plants to grow in more compact forms.
1-31. Effect of silicon source and application method on tolerance to high temperature stress, and growth and development of poinsettia ‘Ichiban’
The effect of Si supplied during plant cultivation on the tolerance to high temperature stress after harvest in Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. 'Ichiban' was investigated. Rooted cuttings were transplanted into 10 cm (370 mL) pots and a nutrient solution, containing 0 or 50 mg·L^-1 Si as K₂SiO₃, Na₂SiO₃, or CaSiO₃ and adjusted to EC mS·cm-1 and pH 6.0, was supplied through subirrigation along with the nutrient solution or the Si solution was provided weekly by foliar applications. After two months of cultivation, plants were placed in an environment controlled chamber under a 9h photoperiod with 410 μmol·lm^-2·s^-1 PPFD at 35±1°C (high temperature) conditions. Then plants were collected after 18 days to determine electrolyte leakage percent (ELP), Fv/Fm, photosynthetic rate, Si deposition by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of leaf stomata, specific activities of antioxidant [APX (ascorbate peroxidase), CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), and POD (peroxidase)], and tissue contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, and Si in the shoot using ICP-AES. The response to stress was attributed to enhanced specific activities of enzymatic antioxidant (APX) and suppressed specific activities of non-enzymatic antioxidant (ELP) in the high temperature-stressed plants in response to Si application.
The Fv/Fm, photosynthetic rate, and Si contents in the shoot increased in the treatments of K₂SiO₃ and Na₂SiO₃ supplied through subirrigation. The Si-treated plant had more tolerance to high temperature stress than the control plant. Of the Si source and application method tested, K₂SiO₃ and Na₂SiO₃ supplied through subirrigation were found to be the most effective in enhancing tolerance to high temperature stress.
1-32. Effect of Silicon Fertilizer on Growth of Allium tuberosum
Allium tuberosum, commonly known as Chinese chives, is widely distributed in China, India, and Korea. It has been used as a vegetable since time immemorial in Korea. There are a few reports available on cultivation of A. tuberosum, but they focused mainly on seed germination and plant spacing. There is no report is available on silicon nutrition of this species. Supplementation of silicon in crop production is reported to affect the quality of several crop species that accumulate Si in their tissues. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of silicon fertilizer on the growth of A. tuberosum, and to evaluate the effect of low temperature storage on membrane permeability of the leaf tissue.
Rhizomatous plants were planted on 4th March 2011 in plastic trays (38 cm × 59 cm × 15 cm) containing Tosilee medium + farm soil (1:1, v/v) and cultivated for 45 days in a glasshouse. Humacil Chito (HC), a liquid fertilizer, composed of 13% of silicic acid, 6% of potassium, 8% of humic acid, and 0.5% of chitosan, was used as the Si fertilizer as a 1% diluted solution with tap water. Treatments were (1) 8 g (N:P:K = 20:17:17) compound fertilizers (CF, control), (2) 8 g CF + 500 mL 1% HC, (3) 4 g CF + 1,000 mL 1% HC, (4) 4 g CF + 500 mL 1% HC, and (5) 1,000 mL 1% HC. The fertilizers applied as a base fertilizer at the beginning of cultivation. Plants were irrigated with tap water at a 3 day interval. The first, second, and third crops were harvested on 14th May, 4th June, and 22th June 2011, respectively. Application of HC did not increase yield in the first harvest however, it significantly increased yield at the second and third harvest as compared to the control. The average number, length, diameter, and fresh weight of shoots were significantly increased with treatments 3, 4, and 5 as compared to the control. After 15 days of low temperature storage (4℃) of harvested leaves, the electrolyte leakage was significantly affected by treatments, and leakage was greatest in treatments 1 and 5, and low in treatments 2, 3, and 4. Thus, application of CF + HC was recommended for increasing yield and quality of A. tuberosum.
1-33. Effect of high solution pH caused by supplementation of silicate fertilizers on growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘GN Bi’ and Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ‘Ichiban’
Generally, supplementation of Si tends to raise pH of the nutrient solution. This study was carried out to examine the effect of change in pH by addition of silicate fertilizers on growth and development of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘GN Bi’ and Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ‘Ichiban’. Three types of silicate fertilizers, such as commercial products Keunson and Gyusanwang, and K₂SiO₃ was used. The pH of the control and K₂SiO₃ was adjusted 6.0, whereas that of the two commercial silicate fertilizers, having pH of 7.8 (Keunson) and 8.2 (Gyusanwang), was used as is or lowered to 6.0. Therefore, totally six treatments were used. There were no significant differences in growth and development among the Si source and change in pH. Compared with other fertilizers, K₂SiO₃ supplementation increased stem diameter, and fresh and dry weights of the shoot slightly. In conclusion, change in pH upon Si supplementation had no influence on the growth and development of chrysanthemum.
1-34. Effect of silicon on adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf and petiole explants of Ajuga multiflora Bunge
In this study, we investigated the effect of Si concentration on shoot regeneration from leaf and petiole explants of Ajuga multiflora Bunge. Leaves with petioles were excised from greenhouse-grown plants, washed initially under running tap water for 30 min, and then washed thoroughly in distilled water. The explants were surface-sterilized in 70% (v/v) ethanol for 60 sec, 1.5% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite for 15 min, and 0.1% (w/v) HgCl2 for 5 min. Each treatment was followed by 5 washes with sterile distilled water and cultured in the MS medium containing 3.0 mg·L^-1 BA and 1.0 mg·L^-1 IAA, 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar. The Si was supplemented as K₂SiO₃ with four different concentrations such as 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg·L^-1. All cultures were maintained at 25±1℃ under 16 h photoperiod with 45 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 PPFD. The inclusion of Si to the MS medium increased the frequency of shoot induction. The mean number of shoots per explant increased with increasing concentration of Si in the medium. Addition of Si increased activities of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, while it decreased activity of ascorbate peroxidase.
In conclusion, Si promotes shoot regeneration of A. multiflora by altering activity of antioxidant enzymes.
1-35. Effects of NaCl and silicon on in vitro propagation of Ajuga multiflora Bunge
Leaves with petioles were excised from greenhouse-grown plants and cultured on the MS medium containing 0, 50, or 100 mM NaCl alone or in combination with 1.8, 3.6, or 7.2 mM Si. All cultures were maintained at 25±1℃ under 16 h photoperiod with 45 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 PPFD. Antioxidant enzyme activity was estimated in the regenerated shoot buds and leaves. The shoot induction decreased when the medium was supplemented with NaCl and Si. Addition of Si increased activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase as compared with NaCl stress. Application of Si increases the antioxidant enzyme activities under salt stress.
1-36. Effect of Si on tolerance to heat stress in Salvia splendens 'Vista Red' and 'Sizzler Red'
Activities of APX, GPX, and SOD were enhanced more by Si application in both the control and heat stressed, and vice versa on CAT activity. In the control and Si treatment, protein expression was varied before and after heat stress, irrespective of cultivar. Invasion of common aphids after 21 days post-anthesis was completely eradicate in the Si treatment of ‘Vista Red’, while slightly prevented in ‘Sizzler Red’, as the former uptake more Si than the later. In conclusion, Si increased the tolerance of ‘Vista Red’ and ‘Sizzler Red’. The in vivo application of Si promoted growth in a normal condition and also played a vital role in maintaining plant metabolism under a temperature stress.
1-37. Growth and antioxidant activity under drought and low temperature stresses of plug seedlings of 9 pepper cultivars as affected Si supplement to the medium
This experiment was carried out to investigate growth and antioxidant activity of plug seedlings of nine pepper cultivars subjected to drought and low temperature stress. In the first experiment, seeds were germinated and grown in plug trays filled with a commercial growing medium with or without supplementation of a commercial silicate fertilizer Keunson^(R) or New Plus Gold^(R). After 47 days, growth differences and Si uptake were measured. In the second experiment, raised seedlings were subjected to drought or low temperature stress for 10 days and measured for their changes in growth and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Under drought stress, Si-treated ‘Bugwanggeon’ showed increased shoot length and shoot dry weight. Keunson^(R)-supplemented ‘Manitta’ and ‘Bugwanggeon’ showed increased SOD, POD, and APX activities, and New Plus Gold�-supplemented ‘Manitta’ showed increased SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activities. In low temperature stress, with Si supplementation ‘Manitta’ had increased shoot length and number of leaves, - 49 -
wheras ‘Bugwanggeon’ had increased shoot length and shoot fresh weight, and in both cultures, activities of SOD, APX, and CAT increased. The results suggested that Si application had some positive effects on growth and stress tolerance in ‘Manitta’ and ‘Bugwanggeon’.
2-1. Effect of silicon on the growth and yield of spray cut roses
Leaves of cut rose (Rosa hybrida Hort.) ‘Yellow King‘ was sprayed with silicate fertilizers.
(1) All growth index, such as plant height, fresh weight, and stem diameter, increased by 10-20% as compared to the control.
(2) Vase life of rose applied with silicate fertilizers increased as the concentration increased. When applied with 4.5 mL·L^-1 Si, vase life of the rose extended by 4 days.
2-2. Effect of silicon on the growth and yield of standard cut roses
Cut rose (Rosa hybrida Hort.) ‘Red Carpet‘ was treated with singly or a combination of silicate granule fertilizers and liquid fertilizers, and the results are follows.
(1) There was not significant differences between silicon-treated and untreated roses in plant height, stem diameter, and fresh weight. Concentrations greater than 1.5 mL·L^-1 induced reduction in many growth index.
(2) The yield of cut flower increased significantly when supplemented with granule + liquid fertilizers (0.5 mg·L^-1), but decreased with higher concentrations.
2-3. Effect of silicon on the growth and yield of standard cut chrysanthemums.
Chrysanthemum ‘Jungheungchoo’ was weekly sprayed on leaves with a silicate fertilizer at 0.25-4.5 mL·L^-1, and the results are follows.
(1) There was not a significant difference between treatments in plant height, but a significant increase in fresh weight by 0.5 mL·L^-1 and reduction with concentration above that were observed.
(2) Stem diameter increased by 20% as compared with the control in all silicate fertilizer treatments.
(3) There was not a significant difference among treatments in vase life of cut flowers.
2-4. Effect of silicon on the resistance against disease and insects in cut roses
(1) When cut rose 'Yellow King' was treated with silicate fertilizers (Keunson silicate solution, 0.25-4.5 mg·L^-1) and SiO2 (50, 100 mg·L^-1), incidence of aphids was reduced by 60% as compared with control.
(2) When cut rose ‘New Red Carpet’ was sprayed on leaves with silicate fertilizers, no significant difference was shown in incidence of powder mildew.
(3) When cut rose 'Free Sun’ was sprayed on leaves with silicate fertilizers, there was not significant difference between treatments in the resistance against harmful insects, but 10% increase as compared with control when treated by K₂SiO₃, were observed.
2-5. Effect of silicon on the resistance against disease and insects in cut chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum ‘Shinro’ was treated with several silicate fertilizers and pure silicon, and the incidence of disease and insects was evaluated. The resistance against many other diseases including white rust increased largely by 200 mg·L^-1 K₂SiO₃, Keunson solution, and Gyusantech solution.
2-6. Effect of silicon on anti-feeding of slugs on Chinese cabbage
Chinese cabbage leaves were sprayed with silicate fertilizers, and leaf area damaged by slugs were evaluated. Anti-feeding effect was shown in silicate fertilizers (Keunson), but K₂SiO₃ solutions increased leaf area damaged by slugs.
2-7. Effect of silicon on the resistance against slugs and growth of Tagetes L.
Seedlings of Tagetes L. were sprayed on leaves or drenched with several silicate fertilizers
or pure silicon, and the incidence of disease and/or insects were evaluated. Drenches of 100 mg·L^-1 K₂SiO₃ induced 30% reduction in the incidence of disease and insects, but no significant difference was found between other treatments and the control when treated by foliar spray.
2-8. Alleviation effect of silicon on high salt stress on cut chrysanthemum
Cut chrysanthemum ‘Baeksun’ planted in plastic pots was drenched with salt and silicon, and the medium was analyzed. The EC and NaCl increased by salt treatment, and decreased by silicate fertilization. However, pH increased by silicate fertilization.
2-9. Alleviation effect of silicon on salt stress caused by continuos cropping in cut chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum ‘Baeksun’ grown in a farm soil with high EC values caused by successive croppings was drenched by silicate fertilizers. The medium EC and NaCl levels decreased from 7.9 to 6.3 mS·cm-1, and from 3.1 to 2.5 mM, respectively. Plant height and number of leaves increased significantly in plants treated with silicon as compared with the control.
2-10. Effect of absorption promotion of other nutrients by silicon in cut rose
Cut rose ‘Hanmaum' was drenched with silicate fertilizers, and soil and plant were analyzed. Growth and yield of cut rose were promoted by silicate fertilizers, and contents of K and P in soil decreased, indicating promoted absorption of other nutrients by Si.
2-11. Alleviation effect of silicon against drought stress in standard cut chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum 'Baeksun' was drenched with silicate fertilizers, and drought stress was imposed by withholding irrigation for 9 days. All index including fresh weight and electrolyte leakage showed that the plants treated with silicate fertilizers were less withered and maintained a healthier condition as compared with control.
2-12. Proper concentration of new silicate fertilizer for cut chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum ‘Baeksun’ grown in a nutrient solution system was applied with new silicate fertilizer (Humaxilchito) at recommended concentration (0.25 mL·L^-1, RC), 1/2RC, and 2RC. As a result, RC and 1/2RC accelerated flowering speed and gave good growth.
2-13. Proper concentration of new silicate fertilizer for cut rose
Rose ‘Love Letter' grown in a nutrient solution system was applied with new silicate fertilizer (Humaxilchito) at recommended concentration (0.25 mL·L^-1, RC), 1/2RC, and 2RC. As a result, RC and 1/2RC produced a thicker stem diameter, a wider leaf area, and better cell vitality than the control.
2-14 Trial experiment for a new silicate fertilizer at a commercial cut chrysanthemum farm
Chrysanthemum ‘Baeksun’ grown in a nutrient solution system was supplied with 0.25 mL·L^-1 of silicate fertilizer (Humaxil). Fresh weight, leaf area, cell vitality, and chlorophyll content increased significantly as compared with the control.
2-15. Trial experiment for a new silicate fertilizer at a commercial cut rose farm
Rose ‘Good Choice’ grown in a nutrient solution system was supplied with 0.25 mL·L^-1 of silicate fertilizer (Humaxil). Plant height, fresh weight, and number of leaves increased significantly and vase life of cut rose prolonged by 2 days as compared with the control.
3-1. The reacting characteristics of mixtures of soluble silicate with alkaline and the inorganic acids were observed and analyzed. And the observed characteristics were applied to additive techniques of the functional substances for the physiological activation of crops humic acid delivered from plant matter used as a supplement for soil in agriculture and chitosan (complex glucosamine acids) that is a principal derivate of chitin comes from shellfish, to soluble silicate in order to lower pH of the mixed silicate fertilizers.
3-2. The ‘Chito-Gyusan’ was released. It was created by reacting acid chitosan, the functional substances for the physiological activation of crops, with existing alkaline soluble silicate fertilizer, aiming to make the fertilizer to be easily absorbed by plants. This product obtained a registration approval as an ‘organic farming material’ by the Rural Development Administration (RDA) in 2010.
3-3. The ‘Humaxil’ was created by adding a compound function of humic acid and acid chitosan, with existing alkaline soluble silicate fertilizer, aiming to make the fertilizer easily be absorbed by plants. This product obtained a patent registration approval by the Patent office in 2011.
3-4. The ‘Gyusanwang’ fertilizer, the balled form of ‘Humaxil’, was launched. It was designed to improve the extracting speed and fertilizing efficiency of original ‘Humaxil’. It has a patent pending to the Patent Office in 2012.
3-5. ‘Manufacturing techniques of ’Gyusan coated seeds’ aiming to increase fertilizing efficiency and to decrease production cost was developed and a product was launched and it had a patent pending to the Patent Office in 2013.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요 약 문 ... 3
• SUMMARY ... 33
• CONTENTS ... 53
• 목 차 ... 54
• 제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 55
• 제 1 절: 연구개발의 목적 ... 55
• 제 2 절: 연구개발의 필요성 ... 55
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 63
• 제 1 절 국내·외 연구현황 ... 63
• 제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 66
• 제 1 절 규소비료를 이용한 고품질 이식묘와 분화류 재배기술 개발 ... 66
• 제 2 절: 규산질 비료를 이용한 절화류의 친환경 재배기술 ... 368
• 제 3 절 고 기능성 규소비료 개발 및 상품화 ... 484
• 제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 574
• 제 1 절 목표달성도 ... 574
• 제 2 절 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 579
• 제 5 장 연구개발 성과 및 성과활용 계획 ... 580
• 제 1 절 연구개발 성과 ... 580
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 595
• 제 7 장 참고문헌 ... 596
• 끝페이지 ... 600