초록 ▼

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
녹비작물을 이용한 논토성별 탄소순환 연구에서 논토양에서 탄소축적량이 가장 많았던 녹비작물는 헤어리치/보리혼파구와 헤어리베치단파구였으며 토성별로는 식양토에서 가장 적었고 양토, 사양토 순이었다. 경운깊이를 20 cm로 깊게 경운하면 메탄 발생량을 줄일 수 있었으며 이 때의 메탄 발생량도 사양토에서 가장 많이 발생되었다. 녹비작물 장기 투입논의 토양특성 및 쌀수량에 미치는 효과는 녹비작물을 무비로 장기연용하여 재배하면 토양의 물리성인 용적밀도와 공극율은 개선되었으나 화학성분 중 유기물 함량은 증가되었나 무기성분인

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
녹비작물을 이용한 논토성별 탄소순환 연구에서 논토양에서 탄소축적량이 가장 많았던 녹비작물는 헤어리치/보리혼파구와 헤어리베치단파구였으며 토성별로는 식양토에서 가장 적었고 양토, 사양토 순이었다. 경운깊이를 20 cm로 깊게 경운하면 메탄 발생량을 줄일 수 있었으며 이 때의 메탄 발생량도 사양토에서 가장 많이 발생되었다. 녹비작물 장기 투입논의 토양특성 및 쌀수량에 미치는 효과는 녹비작물을 무비로 장기연용하여 재배하면 토양의 물리성인 용적밀도와 공극율은 개선되었으나 화학성분 중 유기물 함량은 증가되었나 무기성분인 K, Mg, 유효인산 성분이 점차감소되는 경향을 보였다. 쌀수량은 헤어리베치 단파구와 헤어리베치/보리 혼파구에서 높았다. 녹비종류에 따른 분해 특성이 작물 생육에 미치는 영향은 헤어리베치는 토양환원 후 57일에 100가 분해된 반면 헤어리베치/보릿짚은 88.1%가 분해되었으며 보릿짚은 47.4%만이 분해되었다. 녹비작물 투입 후 미생물의 변화는 보릿짚과 헤어리베치 환원구에서 토양활성값과 호흡량이 증가 되었다. 녹비작물 재배지 토양미생물 군집변화 모니터링 연구는 토양미생물을 분석하기 위한 시험방법을 논토양 진균의 분석조건을 마련하고 32종의 미생물을 동정하여 5개의 새로운 미생물을 찾았으며 AM fungi에서는 8종의 미생물을 동정하여 헤어리베치 처리구에서 1개의 새로운 미생물을 동정하였고 세균에서는 헤어리베치 뿌리혹에서 19개, 토양에서 15개의 미생물을 동정하였다.
지역별(경기지역, 충남지역, 전복지역, 전남지역, 경남지역) 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사한 결과 논토양에서 녹비작물에 발생하는 해충은 9종이었으며 바구미류와 파리류가 가장 많았다.
애멸구 발생량을 측정한 결과 이모작 재배지나 일모작 재배지간에 차이가 없었으며 논바닥보다는 논뚝에서 발생되는 양이 더 많았다. 벼에서 발생되는 줄무늬잎마름병과 애멸구 발생량도 일모작 재배지와 이모작 재배지간에 차이가 없었으며 전북에서는 녹비작물 과다 이용하는 농가에서 입짚무늬마름병이 다량 발생되어 질소비료의 조절이 필요하였다. 사과과원에서 병해충 발생 양상은 논토양과 같이 녹비작물 재배로 인하여 병해충 발생율이 증가되지 않았으며 오히려 익충이나 천적들의 발생이 증가되는 등 녹비작물 또는 초생재배로 인하여 생물다양성이 증대되었다. 녹비작물 주요 해충의 친환경 관리 체계 확립 연구는 알팔파바구미는 1~4월까지는 알로 존재하고 3월부터 유충이 발생되며 4월 하순부터 번데기를 거쳐 성충으로 진화되며 우리나라에서는 년 2회 성충이 채집되었다. 알팔파바구미는 자운영과 헤어리베치 포장에서 3월말부터 발생하기 시작하여 4월에 가장 많이 발생되었다. 알팔파바구미의 피해 정도는 헤어리베치보다는 자운영에서 더 심하였고 알팔파바구미 신성충에 의한 콩 피해주율은 6월 하순으로 갈수록 증가되었다. 알팔파바구미 방제를 위한 친환경 약제는 님추출물이 포함된 4종에서 효과가 우수하였고 1회 처리로 약 65% 이상의 방제가를 얻었으며 2회 처리시 75%이상 방제가 가능하였다. 화학적 방제를 할 경우에는 더스반수화제를 4월 중순경에 사용하는 것이 효과적이었다. 녹비작물 이용한 토양선충 관리 기술 개발 연구는 토양 선충 억제력이 우수한 네마장황 등 6개의 녹비작물을 선발하였고, 네마장황의 투입량이 많을수록 억제효과가 뛰어난 결과를 얻었다.
농가실증 시험 결과 뿌리썩이선충보다는 뿌리혹선충에서 억제력이 더 높았으며 토양선충 오염도가 높은 지역은 녹비작물 단독보다는 녹비작물과태양열 소독과 같이 시행하면 억제력을 더 높일 수 있었다.
녹비작물 재배 및 채종지에서 톱다리개미허리노린재 발생 실태 조사 및 생물적방제재 이용 방제법개발 연구는 헤어리베치 채종지에서 35종의 노린재류가 발견되었으며 이 중 변색장님노린재, 알락수염노린재, 닮은초록장님노린재, 고리장님노린재 발생이 많았다. 톱다리개미허리노린재는 헤어리베치 채종지에서 5월 상순부터 발생되기 시작하였으며 7~8월에 가장 많이 채집되었다.
마을추출물에서 기피작용이 높았으며 트랩에 Fenitrothion EC, Bifenthrin WP 약제 살포로 방제가를 높일 수 있었다. 톱다리개미허리노린재의 친환경방제제로는 응박사 등 4개의 품목에서 방제효과가 방제시기는 오후 3~5시 사이가 좋았다.
녹비작물의 공익적 기능 평가과제는 녹비작물 재배로 화학비료 절감효과는 959천원/ha이었고 CO₂ 저감효과는 762천원/ha, 경관가치는 2,508천원/ha로 전체 4228천원/ha의 효과가 있었다.
양배추재배농가의 경우 화본과인 수수 두과인 네마장황, 풋베기콩과 작부체계를 이루면 수익성이 높았고 사과과원에 화이트클로버를 재배하면 제초비용을 56%를 줄여 제초효과가 우수하였다.

Abstract ▼

1. 녹비작물을 이용한 논 토성별 탄소순환 연구
We applied the green manure in soil texture of paddy and examined the carbon variation for each green manure because we wanted to examine the CO2 variation when the green manure crops which were used as soil fertility en hancing source were applied in paddy soil. Also,

1. 녹비작물을 이용한 논 토성별 탄소순환 연구
We applied the green manure in soil texture of paddy and examined the carbon variation for each green manure because we wanted to examine the CO2 variation when the green manure crops which were used as soil fertility en hancing source were applied in paddy soil. Also, we measured the carbon absorption of methane and carbon depending on the depth of cultivation in order to reduce methane emissions. In the experiment about the carbon absorption depending on the kind of green manure crops, we accumulated 80 ~ 124 kg/10a of carbon by cultivating the green manure crops in winter. The green manure crops that accumulated a large quantity of carbon were hairy vetch/barely mixed planting and hairy vetch single planting. The carbon absorption during the growth period of rice increased in sync with the grouth of the rice in all areas. The carbon absorption of rice in ripening stage was highest in the leaf and stem, which were followed by the spike and root. The CO2 absorption was high during July and August when the rice grew substantially and decreased after September. The methane emissions increased starting from 6.17 and was high untill 8.18, but decreased after that day. The time when the methane emissions was at its highest was 6.17 which wasn' t so far fro the day the green manure crops was applied. methane emissions of hairy vetch application was about 4 times higher than control(chemcal fertilizer). The soil total carbon(T-C) content was the highest in clay loam, which was followed by loam and sandy loam. The quantity of rice in green manure crop application was higher than that in chemical fertilizers. The treatments with large quantities were hairy vetch single planting(456 ~531 kg/10a) and hairy vetch/barely mixed planting(580 ~ 618 kg/10a). The amount of the absorbed carbon during the experiment about the carbon absorption depending on the depth of tillage was 16.4 ~86.7 kg/10a. The soil total carbon after the experiment was higher than it was before the experiment, and it was higher in 10cm tillage than it was in 20cm tillage. The amount of carbon absorbed by the plant increased in all depths of tillage and soil textures as the rice grew. The amount of CO2 absorbed in the chamber in 10cm tillage was lesser than that in 20cm tillage. It was lowest in sandy loam, followed by loam and clay loam depending on the soil type. The methane emissions was high in 10cm tillage. It was highest in clay loam, followed by loam and sandy loam depending on the soil type. The amount of rice depending on the depth of the soil was the same.
2. 녹비작물 장기 투입논의 토양 특성 및 쌀수량에 미치는 효과
The green manure yield of hairy vetch was many with 1,617 ~ 2,116 kg/10a, and that of barley was less with 779 kg/10a. The nitrogen yield of hairy vetch was 11.5 ~ 12.3 kg/10a while that of barley was 1.8 kg/10a. It is 1/6 of the nitrogen yield of hairy vetch.
By cultivating green manure crops, the soil porosity and bulk density was improved, and was especially improved in hairy vetch/barley mixed. The chemical property of the soil throughly decreased. Available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and exchangeable magnesium gradually decreased, and the pH and exchangeable calcium did not have any difference in treatment. Both the rice yield of Unkangbyeo and Hopumbyeo with hairy vetch was high, and that with barley was the same with chemical fertilizer.
3. 녹비종류에 따른 분해특성이 작물 생육에 미치는 영향
The degree of decomposition depending on the variety of green manure crops was 47.4 % in barley, 88.1 % in barley/hairy vetch mix and 100% in hairy vetch 54 days after green manure application. The microbial activity of the soil 50 days after green manure application wasn' t different between the treatments, but after 110 days, it was higher in green manure treatments than it was in chemical fertilizer treatment. Depending on the depth og the soil, it was higher in topsoil than it was in subsoil. However, in the hairy vetch which decomposes quickly, the missing plant rate of beans was 24~33%, and its lodging index of 6 was high. By adding green maure, the stem length of beans increased by 10cm and the number of branching of beans increased, but the pod number per plant decreased and the bean yield decreased compared to chemical fertilizer.
4. 녹비작물 재배지 토양미생물 군집변화 모니터링
Green manure crop is widely used as a fertilizer and this crop is recently interested in its aspects for changing physicochemical properties of soil. Despite of its importance, however, microbes concerning with a green mature crop have been less invested up to now. In order to investigate microbial community in soils which are cultivated with green mature crop, we collected fungi and bacteria for the establishment of PCR-DGGE analysis.
PCR was performed using universal primers (ITS1 and ITS2 rRNA gene) and further DGGE analysis was effective in the presence of 15-50% denaturant with 6% acrylamine gel. NCBI BLAST analysis showed that universal primer can be used for DNA sequence analysis. AM fungi community can be analyzed using a glomus-specific primer and DGGE analysis was effectively done using a 8% acrylamide gel containing 10-40% denaturant. Analysis of the bacterial community in soil was effective when PCR were performed with universal primer (16s rDNA) or Rhizobium-specific primer and DGGE analysis under the condition of 8% acrylamide gel with 20-60% denaturant. DNA sequences were identified using 16s rDNA DGGE by the aid of NCBI BLAST.
IN summary, when soil sample is collected from narrow area (for example, rhizobium), universal primer can be effectively used for the analysis of microbial community.
However, the sample is obtained from broad area, primer might be designed from the more broad primer (for example, phylum or class basis).
5. 경기지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사
This study was carried out to clarify the relation between cultivation of green manure corps and disease and pest occurrences on paddy field, pear, and apple orchard of Gyeonggi area. The results obtained are summarized as follows; The occurrence characteristics of the disease and insect pests of manure crop culture on rice-barely repeated cultivation paddy field was surveyed from 2009 to 2010. Before the rice planting, the density of the small brown planthopper and rice green leafhopper were higher than the other insect pests such as rice weevil on the bank around rice field in 2009. The rate of viruliferous small brown planthopper in kimpo area was the most such as 17.3%. After the rice planting, the densities of rice blast disease, brown spot of rice, rice stripe virus, white-backed planthopper and rice leaf roller did not showed difference between the single cropping field and double cropping field, but the incidence rate of rice sheath blight was different between the cropping system. The difference of occurrence of the disease and insect pests between on green manure crop planted and not planted pear or apple orchard was surveyed from 2011 to 2013. Without relation to green manure crop planting, the densities of insect pests such as leap roller moths and the disease such as scab were very low in pear or apple orchards.
6. 충남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사
A 2-year(2009 and 2010) field trial was conducted to determine the effects of green manures and crop sequences on rice fields. Sheath blight disease is mostly in the area of Yesan and Nonsan areas, the blast diseases that occur in late August showed the inscidence of less than 0.2 percent. Bacterial leaf blight, dwarf disease did not occur in green manures cropping systems in Chungnam province. Sheath blight have occurred first in mid-July, lasted until early October. However, regardless of whether the cultivation of green manure crops, there was no difference in the degree of generation of sheath blight incidence. Rice green caterpillar did not occur at Yesan, but occurred relatively high density in Nonsan area, regardless of the cultivation of green manure crops. In addition, the damage of rice water weevil in paddy fields of conventional practices was higher than in hairy vetch cultivation fields at two surveyed areas. Rice white tip did not occur at Yesan area, but in the surveyed fields of Nonsan, it occur in the green manure cropping fields.
We investigated the occurrence of major pests, 4 species of moths (Grapholita dimorpha Busck, Carposina sasakii Matsumura, Archips breviplicanus Walsingham, Adoxophyes orana Fischer von Roslerstamm), apple aphid (Aphis spiraecola Patch), two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and parasitoids in pear orchard with hairy vetch and cutting weeds in Yesan, Chungnam province during the flowering season and summer depression season of hairy vetch in 3 years (from 2011 to 2013). The occurrence of 4 species of moths in hairy vetch plot and cutting weeds (major is finger grass, Digitaria sanguinalis, 80%) were little different. But in case of apple aphid, the density in hairy vetch plot was just 95 aphids per stem at 20th June but low after then. The density of two spotted spider mite on pear leaf in hairy vetch plot was lower than in cutting weeds plot significantly.
The number of parasitoids collected in hairy vetch plot during flowering season(May and June) were 398 and 798 in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The number of parasitoids collected in hairy vetch plot during summer depression season (July and August) were 114 and 172, respectively, but in cutting weeds plot, 9 and 22 in May and June, 8 and 5 in July and August. We didn’t know either hairy vetch in pear orchard affected the occurrence of 4 species of moths, apple aphid and two spotted spider mite or not but was acted to be favorable for wasps, the natural enemies on the contrary. The improvement of chemical control systems through the selection of low chemicals to natural enemies with cover and green manure plants would turn effective pest management into a possibility.
7. 전북지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사
Sclerotinia rot, leaf spot, and bacterial leaf spot disease had been occurred at milk vetch and hairy vetch which are planted at rest time in the rice cultivation season. And smut and Fusarium head blight occurred slightly at Barley in late growth. Rice in paddy fields after various green manure crops had cultivated were occurred rice sheath blight, but this is not influence to disease incidence in comparison with not cultivating green manure crops. Rice sheath blight incidence was severe during rice growing stage at 2010 When the rate of germination of milk vetch and hairy vetch was low because of bad climatic conditions at growing period so the production was low. Because did not take into account the growth of the green manure fertilization with increased disease occurrence. Therefore environmental farms need to decide the amount of applied fertilizer considering quantity of green manure crop at poor growth or decreasing yield.
8. 전남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사
This study was surveyed the pests species and biodiversity in the rice cultivation field, pear, persimmon and apple orchard which is planting green manure crop, and analysis green manure crop planting have effects amount of pests and diseases on this crops.
Generally, culturing green manure crop in rice paddy was milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus) and hairy vetch, and it damaged 7 species of pest. The most dangerous pest is alfalfa weevil. Alfalfa weevil occurred more at organic field than normal field. It prefer milk vetch than hairy vetch. Alfalfa weevil made peak on late April on milk vetch field, at that time it happened 245 individuals (normal 122). Alfalfa weevil eat only 4 species of leguminous plant such as milk vetch, hairy vetch, clover and medic among the 16 species of weeds surround paddy field.
Rice disease occurred very low density when after culturing the green manure crop.
Pest occurrence amount was effected by culturing technique. As a result, green manure crop cultivation in paddy field was not effect on the amount disease and pest on rice crop.
In pear and persimmon orchard, green manure crop pests was investigated 7 species including H ypera postica, Laodephax striatellus, M egoura crassicauda, Aphis craccivora, Nephotettix cincticeps, Liriomyza sp., black spot and the most dangerous pest was H . postica but it did not damaged orchard tree. Amount of pests and natural enemies dwelling soil covering plant was not difference between organic farming(hairy vetch planting) and conventional farming(natural weed). H omona magnanima occurred three times a year but it rarely damaged leaf of persimmon. But, it damaged very seriously on pear orchard. Total adult moth catched by pheromone trap was 1,261 organic farm, 1,003 conventional farm and 621 clean-tilled farm. Grapholita molesta occurred four times a year but it also rarely damaged twig of persimmon.
In pear orchard, number of collected invertebrate species and individuals on soil sample was follow as : 730 individuals of 17 species at organic farm, 272 individuals of 12 species at conventional farm and 81 individuals of 6 species at clean-tilled farm. The richness index was lined up by conventional farm 2.31 > organic farm 2.27 > clean-tilled farm 1.14. In persimmon orchard, number of collected invertebrate species and individuals on soil sample was follow as : 838 individuals of 22 species at organic farm, 421 individuals of 17 species at conventional farm and 381 individuals of 15 species at clean-tilled farm. The richness index was lined up by organic farm 3.12 > conventional farm 2.65> clean-tilled farm 2.36.
3 species of disease and 15 species of pest occurred on organic culturing apple orchard.
The major pests was alternaria leaf spot(Alternaria mali), marssonina blotch(Diplocarpon mali), Oriental fruit moth(Grapholita molesta), apple leafminer(P hyllonorycter ringomiella), M onema flavescens, Wilemanus bidentatus, apple lyonetid(Lyonetia prunifoliella) and apple aphid(Aphis citricola). Apple leaf miner occurred all apple tree growing season, the most time was late July. Oriental fruit moth occurred 4 times, the peak was early May, late June, late July and early September. apple lyonetid occurred 2 times, the peak was early June and late September. Among the orchard weeds, Hairy vetch, milk verch, thistle is host plant of some aphid. Thistle is the only apple aphid’s host plant.
Organic farming apple orchard have a lot of fallen leaves because of complex damage of alternaria leaf spot, marssonina blotch, apple aphid and apple leafminer.
In organic orchard, pests and natural enemies in soil covering plant was very diverse than low chemical control orchard. Number of collected invertebrate species and individuals on soil sample was follow as : 1,187 individuals of 24 species at organic farm and 483 individuals of 13 species at conventional farm. The richness index was lined up by organic farm 3.25 > conventional farm 1.94.
9. 경남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사
From year of 2009 to 2013 for 5 years, pest occurrences in green manure crop cultivation fields were investigated in Gyeongnam province. Results of 2009-2010 years investigations alfafa weevil (H yperapostica) with development stages in Jinju, the larva was detected on March 11, pupa on April, 24 and imago stage of weevil on May 13 in year of 2009. In 2010, on March 26 for the larva, on May 11 for pupa and on May 20 for imago were recorded. Number of trapped the imago in pitfall trap showed significantly different depending on treatments, especially in germinated -soybean treatment had the highest effect to trap of the insect. In 2011, occurrence of sweet persimmon anthracnose and spider mites were not different among investigated orchards regardless cover crop ormanagement practices. The primary pest management is critical to reduce damage by the pests. The pests occurrences ratio and impact may be influenced by cover crops, management protocol. However, cultivation skill of growers, pesticide application and vegetation type are more important factors. Therefore in future investigation, various survey protocols should applied to obtain more detail and reliable results in pest occurrence research. In sweet persimmon orchards, Adoxophyes (Adoxophyes orana) was monitored with sex pheromone traps, the pest was detected four times per year and damage rate was 1– 9%. In 2012, circular leaf spot disease (M ycosphaerella nawae) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) of sweet persimmon were not occurred in all survey fields including practical management, herbicides treatment, and cover crop orchards. Result of pest generation rate with pheromone traps, both Archippus breviplicanus and Adoxophyes orana were detected from May 10 to October 30. On June 20, total 260 of Adoxophyes orana were trapped and on October 10, 254 individual Archippus breviplicanus were counted. In 2013 survey in apple orchards, Alternaria mali and Diplocarpon mali occurred less than 1% in both grass and non-grass planting orchards and apple anthracnose was not detected. Pest monitoring results with pheromone traps showed that Grapholita molesta, Archippus breviplicanus, and Adoxophyes orana were not detected. In non-grass planting orchard, 52 individual Carponsia niponensis were collected. Result of Aphid and mite survey, aphid was detected at only 1– 5% in both grass and non-grass planting orchards. However, mite was not recorded.
10. 녹비작물 주요 해충의 친환경 관리 체계 확립
This study was conducted to determine the occurrence pattern and damage intensity of adult alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica Gyllenhal, on green manure, and control efficacy of environment-friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) against H. postica. The experiments were carried out in Chinese milk vetch (CMV) and hairy vetch (HV) fields in Milyang from 2009 to 2013. A five time-wept method was used to record the occurrences of H. postica population. The over-wintered adult of the weevil appeared in the field from late March and peaked in mid April whereas the 1st generation adult appeared from late April and peaked in late May. Higher occurrences of larval H. postica were recorded from early April to early May. Stink bugs, such as, a sole bug, Dolycoris baccarum Linnaeus; bean bug, Riptortus pedestris Fabricius; one-banded stink bug, Piezodorus hybneri Gmelin and green stink bug, Nezara antennata Scott were observed as major stink bugs in the green manure fields. The damage rate of CMV and HV incurred by alfalfa weevil increased from middle April to late May and was significantly higher on CMV than on HV.
Control efficacies of EFAMs sprayed on various time and in several frequencies against H . postica in April, 2010 were 73.6%, 71.9% and 66.2% at single spray in early, middle and late April, respectively and that ranged from 77.1% to 78.9% when sprayed twice. With three spray frequencies the control efficacy averaged 87.2%. Control efficacies of EFAMs with a single application in early, mid and late April in 2011 were 57.9%, 66.8% and 65.2%, respectively and ranged from 73.7% to 76.8% when sprayed twice. Control efficacy averaged with 82.7% when EFAMs were sprayed for three times. Control efficacy of EFAMs increased with increase in spray frequency. Among the tested, Ungsamee®, Wangjoongwangeco® and Muchungjidae® showed relatively higher control efficacy than a chemical insecticide, etofenprox 20EC.
Mortalities of stink bugs varied according to the kind of EFAMs sprayed.
First generation of H. postica adults preferred and damaged Chinese cabbage seedling the most followed by soybean and kale. Trends of host plant preference of H. postica provide basic information for a safer cultivation of upland crops near or around green manure crop field.
11. 녹비작물 이용한 토양선충 관리 기술 개발
Crotalaria, rye, castor bean, sudangrass was showed poor or non host to root-kont nematode, M eloidogyne incognita., in greenhouse pot test.
Crotalaria juncea and sudangrass reduced root-kont nematode population compared to the non treatment on oriental melon greenhouse experiments. In strawberry greenhouse experiments, Crotalaria juncea and sudangrass reduced Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp. nematode population compared to the non treatment. Both nematodes were greatly reduced by solarization and solarization with cover crop after incoperation. Solarization with cover crop also greatly increased plant growth and weight compared to the non treatment.
The number of bacteria-feeder nematodes and bacteria increased on cover crops before and after incoperation into soil. White mustard(Braco), Sorghum-sudangras hybrids(Sordan 79) reduced Pratylenchus spp. nematode population compared to the non treatment on strawberry greenhouse experiment. White mustard(Braco) reduced Heterodera schachtii population on chinese cabbage field experiment.
12. 녹비작물의 공익적 기능 평가
Around the globe, agriculture with functionality of environmental conservation and maintenance has been considered as a low carbon green growth industry. In particular, by using green manure crops to grow crop, the effects on low-carbon and environmentally friendly agricultural production in the market can be expected. Various green manure crops are grown in the agricultural field. Hairy vetch, milk vetch and rye which are typical green manure crops were evaluated the economic value of multifunctionality and substitution effect of chemical fertilizers. According to the economic effects on green manure crops per 1ha, 1,458 thousand won in case of hairy vetch, 1,372 thousand won in case of milk vetch and 1,398 thousand in case of rye was calculated. Green manure crops' s cultivated area is 97 thousand ha in 2008.
The scale of the economic value in the area was calculated as 134.6 billion won. As for landscape value in green manure crops, the external economic effect is expected to take advantage of environmental protection and landscape crops. And this study was carried out to analyze the effect of the farm management and productivity increase of cabbages growing in the plastic house based on application of green manure crops such as silage corn, haussolgo(Sorghum bicolar L. M oench) , hairy vetch, etc. According to the effect of green manure crop grown in summer season, the biomass amount of the silage corn was the highest; 7,630㎏ per 10a, the next was haussolgo, 5,620㎏ per 10a. In terms of the fertilizer ingredients, the first of forage soybean was 3.84% of nitrogen, whereas hairy vetch was 1.74% of phosphate and kalium, 4.74%. Productivity increase of cabbages was the highest in the haussolgo plot of which the yield of showed 10,090㎏ per 10a and the farm household income would be worth 8,053 thousand won. By growing forage crops in the winter season, the biomass amount was the highest in the mixed sowing plot with rye(50%) and hairy vetch(50%) of 3,590㎏ per 10a, whereas the productivity in the mixed seeding with rye(70%) and hairy vetch(30%) was highest, 6,249㎏ per 10a and the farm household income would be worth 7,387 thousand won. Judging from these results, more practical on-farm research on applying different green manure crops as a basal fertilizer with cabbage in the plastic house should be considered to analyze the farm management and the farm household income at different sites.
13. 녹비작물 재배 및 채종지에서 톱다리개미허리노린재 발생 실태 조사 및 생물적 방제재 이용 방제법 개발
The seasonal occurrence of R iptortus pedestris Fabricius was investigated using pheromone traps baited with its aggregation pheromone in the fields with various crop composition (mixture culture of barley and hairy vetch in Asan, Chungnam; monoculture of hairy vetch in Yuseong, Daejeon) from mid-May to mid-July of seed gathering season in 2010. The invasion of R . pedestris into the experimental fields began to increase rapidly from late-June in which period hairy vetch and barley reach the beginning of seed formation stage. After seed gathering season in mid-July, the invasion rate of R . pedestris decreased, and the activity was continually observed till early-November. In addition to dominant R . pedestris species, 33 species of hemiptera including Apolyaus watajii, Dolycoris baccarum, Adelphocoris suturalis, and Yemma exlis were collected, which indicated abundant species diversity in the hairy vetch fields. In the laboratory, the failure of emergence to adult stage. Also, R . pedestris showed higher preference on soybeans than hairy vetch may be not ture host for the development and survival of R . pedestris. It is consisted that R . pedestris is a temporary visitor at the season of seed formation in hairy vetch fields.
•Recently, the rate of cultivation of such as hairy was increased as a way reducing the current soil problem. However, the occurrence of insect pest such as bean bugs, Riptortus pedestris, were increased in the field of green manure crops and their injuries to hairy vetch were observed. While minimizing insecticide use for the environmental friendly agriculture, the control of the bean bug can be utilize environmental friendly agricultural materials(EFAMs) in the green manure crop fields. The control effects of some EFAMs and most of chemical insecticides to the bean bug were significantly high. As a result of direct spray of EFAM that contained sophora extract or neem extract, the control effects of six EFAMs were higher than 70% at 120 hours after treatments. Among them, three EFAMs were showed over 90% of control effects. On the other hand, most of chemical insecticides were showed 100% of control effect against the bean bug at 48 hours after treatment. As mortality effects of EFAMs were slowly observed until 120h. after treatment, we must use selected EFAMs at the beginnings of occurrence and entrance in the field of green manure for effective control of bean bugs.
•Seasonal fluctuations of R . pedestris were investigated in four regions including two sites each at Mt. Yangseong(Munui-myeon, Cheongwon-gun), O-chang(Cheongwon-gun), and Jujung-dong(Cheongju) using aggregation pheromone traps from April to November in 2010 and 2011. Aggregation pheromone and aggregation pheromone+soybean traps were set at all investigated sites, and the Mt. Yangseong A and B sites were investigated at a farmland(80m, asl)and forest(200 and 300m). The population density of R . pedestris was high in mid June, mid August, and late October in 2010 and in early May, mid June, mid September, and early October in 2011 with trivoltine. O-chang and Jujung-dong populations, which were distinguished in farmlands and forest, were highest from June to August in the farmland and in September in the forest. Similar numbers of R . pedestris were capture in the farmlands and the forest in June-August, September-November, respectively. From the results of the four regions, more R. pedestris adults were captured in the aggregation pheromone+soybean trap than that in the pheromone trap. To investigate the migration route by altitude, 500 R . pedestris adults marked with fluorescent paint were released and re-caught insects were counted in traps after 10 and 20 days. The pattern of the re-caught R, pedestris indicated migration from the forest to farmlands during April-June. These results suggest that the insects did not migrate in August because food was plentiful in the forest at 200m, but they moved to the forest during October due to the scarity of food and for overwintering. The R . pedestris seasonal fluctuations in 2011 were affected heavily by the environment, particularly rain precipitation.
•This study was examined for activity of aggregation pheromone trap with residual effect of insecticides against R . pedestris. Time of escape was from aggregatin pheromone trap researched 49.74 min(ET99) and 65.01(ET99) with 1st and 2nd instar nymph respectively. Six insecticides for the stink bugs were treated to 3 different materials(wood, metal and plastic). Bifenthrin and fenitrothion were showed 100% insecticidal activity at 48h. to all developmental stage of R . pedestris. Residual effect of bifenthrin and fenitrothion on plastic meterials were showed 100% inseciticidal activity over 15 days after treatment with 1st, 3rd instar nymphs and adults except 5th instars nymph. In field test using plastic materials trap with two pesticides, 1st instar nymphs and adults were showed 100% mortality until 10 day after treatment. These results indicate that R . pedestris might be mnagement using aggreagtion pheromone trap with insecticides.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제 출 문 ... 2
• 요 약 문 ... 4
• SUMMARY ... 7
• 목 차 ... 17
• 제 1 장 서 론 ... 18
• 제 1절 녹비작물을 이용한 논토성별 탄소순환 연구 ... 18
• 제 2절 녹비작물 장기 투입논의 토양특성 및 쌀 수량에 미치는 효과 ... 18
• 제 3절 녹비종류에 따른 분해 특성이 작물 생육에 미치는 영향 ... 19
• 제 4절 녹비작물 재배지 토양미생물 군집변화 모니터링 ... 19
• 제 5절 경기지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사 ... 19
• 제 6절 충남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사 ... 20
• 제 7절 전북지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사 ... 21
• 제 8절 전남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사 ... 22
• 제 9절 경남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사 ... 22
• 제 10절 녹비작물 주요 해충의 친환경 관리 체계 확립 ... 23
• 제 11절 녹비작물 이용한 토양선충 관리 기술 개발 ... 24
• 제 12절 녹비작물의 공익적 기능 평가 ... 24
• 제 13절 녹비작물 재배 및 채종지에서 톱다리개미허리노린재 발생 실태 조사 및 생물적방제재 이용 방제법 개발 ... 25
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 27
• 제 1절 녹비작물을 이용한 논토성별 탄소순환 연구 ... 27
• 제 2절 녹비작물 장기 투입논의 토양특성 및 쌀 수량에 미치는 효과 ... 27
• 제 3절 녹비종류에 따른 분해 특성이 작물 생육에 미치는 영향 ... 28
• 제 4절 녹비작물 재배지 토양미생물 군집변화 모니터링 ... 28
• 제 5절 경기지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사 ... 28
• 제 6절 충남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사 ... 29
• 제 7절 전북지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사 ... 30
• 제 8절 전남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사 ... 31
• 제 9절 경남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사 ... 31
• 제 10절 녹비작물 주요 해충의 친환경 관리 체계 확립 ... 32
• 제 11절 녹비작물 이용한 토양선충 관리 기술 개발 ... 32
• 제 12절 녹비작물의 공익적 기능 평가 ... 33
• 제 13절 녹비작물 재배 및 채종지에서 톱다리개미허리노린재 발생 실태 조사 및 생물적방제재 이용 방제법 개발 ... 34
• 제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 36
• 제 1절 녹비작물을 이용한 논토성별 탄소순환 연구 ... 36
• 제 2절 녹비작물 장기 투입논의 토양특성 및 쌀수량에 미치는 효과 ... 54
• 제 3절 녹비종류에 따른 분해특성이 작물생육에 미치는 영향 ... 59
• 제 4절 녹비작물 재배지 토양미생물 군집변화 모니터링 ... 62
• 제 5절. 경기지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생 생태 조사 ... 73
• 제 6절 충남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생생태 조사 ... 82
• 제 7절 전북지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생생태 조사 ... 90
• 제 8절 전남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생생태 조사 ... 104
• 제 9절 경남지역 녹비작물 재배지 병해충 발생생태 조사 ... 136
• 제 10절 녹비작물 주요 해충의 친환경 관리 체계 확립 ... 145
• 제 11절 녹비작물 이용한 토양선충 관리 기술 개발 ... 160
• 제 12절 공익적 기능 평가 ... 169
• 제 13절 녹비작물 재배 및 채종지에서 톱다리개미허리노린재 발생 실태조사 및 생물적방제재 이용 방제법 개발 ... 184
• 제 4 장 연구개발목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 ... 218
• 1절 : 목표대비 달성도 ... 218
• 2절 : 정량적 성과(논문게재, 특허출원, 기타)를 기술 ... 220
• 제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 221
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 221
• 제 7 장 기타 중요 변동사항 ... 222
• 제 8 장 국가과학기술종합정보시스템에 등록한 연구장비 현황 ... 223
• 제 9 장 참고문헌 ... 223
• 끝페이지 ... 234