초록

연구개발결과
- 산지개발, 하천정비 시 표토활용 녹화정책 제시
- 표토 재활용 기술개발
- 종자 및 식물 확보 기술
- 임목폐기물 재활용 기술
- 현장적용 공법 및 장비

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. Results
1. Development of utilizing policy of generated resources in the site
A. Literature investigation of actual management of top-soil in development field in the country
ㆍ In the question asking the experience of recycling and collection of top-soil in the field of mountain developm

Ⅳ. Results
1. Development of utilizing policy of generated resources in the site
A. Literature investigation of actual management of top-soil in development field in the country
ㆍ In the question asking the experience of recycling and collection of top-soil in the field of mountain development, respondents with experience were 55.1%, 54 people of entire respondents and respondents without experience were 44.9%, 44 people, thus it indicates that there were more respondents with experience than those without experience by a minute difference. Among experienced people, number of time of recycling and collection of top-soil was 2 times averagely, showing a significantly little number.
ㆍ Besides, in the question asking the biggest constraint upon recycling of collection of top-soil, respondents who answered difficulty of construction were 20, thus 20.4%, and respondents who answered the economical cost were 38, 38.8%, and lack of knowledge were 7, 7.1%, period of construction were 9, 9.2%, and respondents who answered the incomplete system were 16, 16.3%, other problems due to piled up location of top-soil during the period of construction were 8, 8.2%.
ㆍ In the question asking the experience of collection of top-soil and recycling, respondents with experience were 19, 35.8%, and those without experience were 34, 64.2%, thus there were more respondents without experience of collection of top-soil or recycling. The number of times of collection of top-soil and recycling among experienced people was shown as 2 times averagely.
ㆍ In the question asking the biggest constraint upon recycling of collection of top-soil, respondents who answered the difficulty of construction were 6 people, 11.3%, and respondents who answered the economic cost were 36, 67.9%, lack of knowledge were 2, 3.8%, period of construction was 1, 1.9%, respondents who answered the incomplete system were 4, 7.5%, other problems due to the piled up location of top-soil during the period of construction shown to be 4 people, 7.5%.
B. Review of system and utilizing policy of top-soil in the country and abroad
ㆍ In Article 39 (top soil conservation) of construction act of federation, Germany stipulates that top-soil which had been dug by the modification of building or construction, and that of other things essential to the surface of soil should be conserved in useful condition and protected from damage or elimination, and in third clause of Article 156 (violation or order), it clarifies the default of top-soil preservation is the subject of criminal punishment.
ㆍ In Article 202 (top-soil protection) of construction act other than this, it is stipulated that top-soil, likewise other major modification case of earth surface, should be protected from the destruction or waste being in the state that could be excavated in the process of construction or modification.
ㆍ In 1977, U.S passed the legislation making the restoration of vegetation and preservation of top-soil of mining area mandatory in the parliament, and it has continued until now. Besides, regarding the management of top-soil, it is stipulated that it should be collected first and kept in separate space, protected so that it would not be contaminated with foreign substances which possess strong acid or pernicious ingredients, plant in right attribute should be sowed or planted on it to prevent modification or wind erosion, and kept top-soil should cover up seeds uniformly above that surface when the damaged ground is finally flattened.
ㆍ Other than this, in standard specification of corps of engineers, it mainly mentions in the part of (6) creation of top-soil, final halt and ground cover planting and (7) planting regarding the management of top-soil as a basis of planting in detail.
ㆍ Japan has implemented the regulation making preservation of top-soil together with preservation of trees mandatory as permission standard of development in the development activity which exceeds a certain scale with revision of the town planning and zoning act in 1974.
ㆍ On the other side, in our country, there is no relevant regulation directly dealing with preservation of top-soil, and only exist contents simply confining the collection of soil and stone directly and indirectly in the law that deals with soil environment, and measure for the importance of preservation of top soil does not exist. Instead, mentioning standard specification of construction and environmental management of Ministry of Land, of landscaping project, collection and keeping and utilization method of top-soil in Landscape Architecture Design, it provides applicable guidelines upon construction work and landscaping project.
ㆍ Appropriation of all-round price following the utilization and preservation of top-soil according to guidelines should be conducted and these should be mentioned clearly in the standard specification to enable actual preservation and utilization, however, it is in the state that these are not used in that way.
C. Proposal of utilizing policy of top-soil suitable in the country
ㆍ Reinforcement of publicity through the expansion of soil environment education
ㆍ Revision and supplementation of top-soil related legislation
ㆍ Publication of guidelines for top-soil recycling and supplementation of estimating cost
2. Development of technology of ecology restoration utilizing generated resources in the site
A. Development of recycling technology of top-soil
(A) Diagnosis, assessment, expedient of top-soil
ㆍ As a result of assessment in the target area of mountain development, content of potassium ion and available phosphate fell short of valuation basis in every target area, and next, soil acidity and content of organic matter fell short of valuation basis in many areas.
ㆍ As a result of assessment of top-soil in the target area of river development, content of organic matter and potassium ion fell short of valuation basis in every target area of investigation and next, content of available phosphate fell short of valuation basis in many areas.
ㆍ From these results, nutrient shortage can be counted as a controlling factor of vegetation of top-soil in the target area of investigation of river and mountain development work, and the problem in the planting is expected poor growth and development of plant. Thus, as expedients for top-soil, improvement product of organic matter and injection of VA mycorrhiza are proposed in order to improve the function of phosphoric acid supply of soil.
ㆍ But, considering the fact that it is in the waterside in the case of target area of river development work, it is judged that expedites should be conducted in the range that does not cause water contamination.
(B) Development of collection system of top-soil
ㆍ Equipment in the form of central collection and portable shoulder equipment for individual were developed, and in the case of dual shoulder top-soil collection system, patent registration is completed.
B. Development of secure technology of seed and plant
(A) Assessment of germination characteristics and distribution state of soil seed bank among soil
ㆍ 23 families, 55 genus, 62 species of germination plant of soil seed bank in top-soil of mountain area were identified.
ㆍ 28 families, 66 genus, 76 species of germination plant of soil seed bank in top-soil of river area were identified.
(B) Study of optimal environmental condition for the improvement in germination percent of soil seed bank
ㆍ Seed germination percent was shown highest in Lespedeza cuneata with 71% in control, and shown lowest in Lespedeza cyrtobotrya with 11%. During summer, germination percent of every seed was shown very low in less than 5%, and in the case of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, germination percent was investigated as lower than 1%, thus had the lowest germination percent. During winter, germination percent of seed collected in the lower part showed higher propensity of germination percent than those in the surface of top-soil.
(C) Vegetation comparison of green belt with cut slope and adjacent natural area
ㆍ Average number of plant species in each enumeration district was 10.3 kinds, 15 kinds respectively in green belt and natural area, green-belt had lower number than natural area and average cover rate was 90.6%, 88.1% respectively in green-belt and natural area, thus green-belt had higher rate than natural area
ㆍ Common plant of green-belt and natural area is just 24.1% of entire appearing plant, and since index of similarity (0.38) is very low, vegetation of green-belt and natural area can be said quite different to each other.
ㆍ Appearing plant of green-belt and natural area was 111 kinds, 136 kinds respectively.
ㆍ Plant colony of green-belt and natural area was classified into 10 colonies individually. But, common plant colony of green-belt and natural area didn't exist and there were much difference in species composition of plant and vegetation.
(D) Assessment of germination characteristics of soil seed bank in the area of lowland secondary forest
ㆍ Vascular plants of soil seed bank germination were coniferous forests in 29 taxon of 1 variety of 28 species belonging to 20 family 27 genus, and broad-leaved forest in 36 taxons of 2 variety of 34 species belonging to 18 family 32 genus.
ㆍ Chrysanthemum was the plant group of soil seed bank that both of coniferous and broad-leaved forest germinated the most and in the appearance frequency of enumeration district, Cyperus amuricus of coniferous forest and Crepidiastrum sonchifolium of broad-leaved forest was shown high.
ㆍ In taxon according to soil depth, coniferous forests were most prominent at 0~20cm of soil depth and broad-leaved forests were most prominent in 0~5 cm of soil depth, and in the number of individuals, both of coniferous and broad-leaved forests were prominent at 0~2cm of soil depth and decreased as the soil depth deepens.
ㆍ In then case of plant with the most number of germinated individual of soil seed bank, it was Crepidiastrum sonchifolium both in coniferous and broad-leaved forests.
ㆍ Index of similarity between the subterranean part and ground part was low with average 0.22, and with the 0.40 index of similarity of coniferous and broad-leaved forests, it was shown higher than the comparison between the subterranean part and ground part.
(E) Assessment of germination characteristics of soil seed bank of top-soil and suitability for restoration of disturbance are
ㆍ Vascular plants of germination of soil seed bank in barren ground and fallow field were total 55 taxons (kinds), and in the case of barren ground, it was 40 taxons of 3 variety of 37 species belonging to 19 family 34 genus, and in the case of fallow field, it was 41 taxons of 4 variety of 37 species belonging to 24 family 38 genus.
ㆍ Poaceae was the plant group of soil seed bank that germinated the most in both barren ground and fallow field, and in appearance frequency of enumeration district, crabgrass was shown to be highest in both barren ground and fallow field.
ㆍ In taxons according to the soil depth, 2-5cm of soil depth in the case of barren ground and 5-10 cm of soil depth deeper than that of barren ground in the case of fallow field was shown the most numerous, and in the number of individuals, both of barren ground and fallow field showed the most at 0-2cm of soil depth.
ㆍ The number of individuals according to the soil depth decreased as it deepens, and decreased rapidly at depth more than 10 cm of soil depth.
ㆍ Index of similarity of subterranean part and ground part was low with average of 0.33, however, index of similarity of barren ground and fallow field showed higher index than comparison of subterranean part and ground part with average of 0.55.
(F) Selection of optimal plant for ecology restoration
ㆍ Candidate species of germination experiment for the selection of optimal plant for greening had basis of cosmopolitan throughout the Korean peninsula, regeneration of natural healing, suitability for growth and development, and possibility of succession of planting, and were 10 kinds of herbacious perennial oriented growing wild, 3 kinds of bushes, 1 kind of annual plant and 1 kind of introduced species.
ㆍ In the case of mountain, there were 9 kinds including Indigofera kirilowii, Lespedeza cuneata, Miscanthus sinensis, Imperata cylindrica, Chrysanthemum boreale, Lespedeza bicolor, Cassia mimosoides, Indigofera amblyantha, Themeda triandra and in the case of river, there were 5 kinds including Pennisetum alopecuroides, Phragmites communis, Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Typha orientalis.
(G) Germination Characteristics of Seed Indigofera amblyantha for Slope Revegetation
ㆍ This study was analyzed and investigated the morphological character, production time and germination characteristic of seed that collected in Chungnam, in order to offer the basic informations for slope restoration and revegetation using Indigofera amblyantha of wild shrub.
ㆍ Pod (legume) was cylindrical type and length 31.5mm, width 2.5mm, and seed number of per pod was full ripe 5.5, unripe 0.9. Seed was elliptical type and length 2.4mm, width 1.7mm, and weight of 1,000 seeds was 5.9g. Because seed matured within December and next year January, optimum time of seed production was in mid of January. In the treatment H₂SO₄ of 15 minutes, seed germination rate was the highest as 91.0%, and average days to germination was the shortest as 6.7 days. Average days to germination by temperature was the shortest from 25℃. Therefore, seed germination of Indigofera amblyantha was very useful in the treatment H₂SO₄ of 15 minutes from 25℃ temperature.
(H) Study of seed gathering period of Poaceae for greening and germination characteristics according to the temperature
ㆍ It was judged that right time for gathering considering seed maturity, amount of seed insertion, germination percent, number of days of germination, shattering of Poaceae in Chung-nam region was from middle to late October for Miscanthus sinensis and Pennisetum alopecuroides from late October to early November for Themeda triandra and common Miscanthus sacchariflorus, and in the middle November for Pennisetum glaucum.
ㆍ The period with most number of seed insertion was middle October for Miscanthus sinensis, Pennisetum alopecuroides and Miscanthus sacchariflorus, late November for Themeda triandra, Pennisetum glaucum and the period with the highest percent of maturity end of seed was early November for Miscanthus sinensis, Pennisetum alopecuroides and Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Phragmites communis and middle November for Pennisetum glaucum, Themeda triandra .
ㆍ The period with the highest germination percent according to the gathering period was early October for Miscanthus sacchariflorus, middle October for Themeda triandra, early November for Miscanthus sinensis, middle November for Pennisetum glaucum and the period with the shortest number of days of germination according to the gathering period was early November for Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus, middle November for Pennisetum glaucum and Themeda triandra.
ㆍ Optimal temperature for germination of public seed was 20-25℃ for common Miscanthus sinensis and Pennisetum alopecuroides, 25℃ for Themeda triandra, 25-30℃ for reed.
(I) Study of maturity according to the gathering period of legumen seeds and germination characteristics
ㆍ The right time for gathering considering seed maturity, amount of seed insertion, germination percent, sprouting days, shattering of legumes growing wild in Chung-nam region was judged as from early to middle October for Cassia mimosoides, early November for Lespedeza cuneata, from early to middle November for Lespedeza bicolor.
ㆍ The period with the most amount of seed insertion was early October for Cassia mimosoides, early November for Lespedeza cuneata and Lespedeza bicolor, and the period with the highest seed percent of maturity end was early November for Cassia mimosoides, and middle November for both Lespedeza cuneata and Lespedeza bicolor.
ㆍ The period with the highest germination percent according to the gathering period was early October for Cassia mimosoides (99.8%), middle November for Lespedeza cuneata (68.3%), early November for Lespedeza bicolor (24.3%), and the period with the shortest sprouting days according to gathering period was early October for Cassia mimosoides, middle November for Lespedeza cuneata and Lespedeza bicolor.
ㆍ Optimal germination temperature for public seed was 15~35℃ for Cassia mimosoides, 25~30℃, for Lespedeza cuneata and judgement of optimal germination temperature was difficult for Lespedeza bicolor for it had a low germination percent.
(J) Mass production of containerized seedlings and development of planting technology
ㆍ Pinus Densiflora, representative trees of facility seedling of our country, is judged that it is possible to conduct facility seedlings even in a very small volume of container such as plastic 193.
ㆍ And it is judged that it is more desirable to use containerized seedling of Rhododendron mucronulatum in the container of plastic 193.
ㆍ But, since seeds of Azalea are delicate seeds, optimal environment for germination should be maintained keeping constant warmth and water not affected by dryness.
ㆍ Patent registration of developed container for aboriculture is completed.
ㆍ During winter, containerized seedlings with hardening treatment survived 97% in outside facility for growth and development and 100% in vinyl house and as a result of planting them in the land of tree nursery, 97% of rootage was shown.
ㆍ On the other side, technology of mass production of containerized seedlings of Pinus Densiflora and Rhododendron mucronulatum was standardized.
ㆍ Essential material for containerized seedlings were standardized as well.
C. Development of recycling technology of wood waste biomass
(A) Study of characteristics of wood waste biomass
ㆍ Optimal mix proportion of wood waste biomass for the development of greening base material for ecology restoration is lower than 30%, attachment thickness was judged that setting 1~10cm is valid, and it is judged as well that examination regarding this should be conducted through modelling experiment and site operation. In addition, wood waste biomass used here should be undecomposed shattered product.
ㆍ On the other side, as a result of literature investigation of prior research, it is apprehended that decaying wood waste biomass in the bare ground takes about 6 months to 2 years. Thus, it is judged that development regarding the promotion technology of decomposition of wood waste biomass is needed.
(B) Development of portable express decomposition system of wood waste biomass
ㆍ Equipment of aerotropic decomposition developed by this research is to be installed in any place that resources for decomposition are generated, and in the location with good ventilation, and its sensors and equipment of environmental monitor is to be installed in close range which do not receive disturbance in transmitter and receiver, and mainly focused on the point that decomposition process could process efficiently.
ㆍ The most representative items that can simply measure and is the most important one in diagnosing whether the decomposition of wood waste biomass is going well are the percentage of water and temperature. Thus, the percentage of water and temperature was selected as major controlling factors and sensors that can measure these in real time were selected.
ㆍ Managing the temperature and percentage of water in real time, matters of
progress of decomposition of wood waste biomass was apprehended.
ㆍ Besides, transmitting the temperature and percentage of water to long distance in real time, system that can manage and evaluate the degree of decomposition of the site was established.
ㆍ But, since external electrical power is not supplied for the characteristics of decomposition equipment of wood waste biomass, sensor kinds that can measure indicator using minimum electricity were selected.
ㆍ As a result of experiment of aerotropic decomposition process through decomposition system of wood waste biomass, broadleaf trees had a rapid decomposition within relatively short term (1~2 months), however, needleleaf trees had only partial decomposition processed.
ㆍ This is judged that high concentration of toxic compound in kinds of resin generated for the protection of tree itself in needleleaf trees controlled the proliferation of degrading bacteria.
ㆍ Aerotropic composting apparatus which has ventilation function with no power supply and the management methods regarding it developed through this research has completed patent registration.
D. Method of construction of field application and development of equipment
(A) Development of technology for ecology restoration using wood waste biomass and top-soil
ㆍ As a result of assessing the efficiency applying 3 kinds of base materials for planting developed through this research (Mix1, Mix2, Mix3) to the demonstration site, Mix 2 was determined to be most suitable.
ㆍ On the other side, since this developed technology has distinct duty and objectives that it restores the state before the development by stable effect of ecology restoration, affordable coast and recycling of useful resources in the local compared to the prior technology, it is judged that there is high possibility of success in commercialization.
(B) Development of attachment system for ecology restoration
ㆍ As a result of review of prior technology, driving principle of equipment is input of power-material and mixture-transfer-discharge, thus similar according to the technology.
ㆍ Hereby, process undergoing the steps of input-mixture-spraying of material (attachment – spray work) is established.
ㆍ As differentiation and characteristics compared to prior technology, it is easy to achieve efficient mixture of material due to the new stirring system, and with the application of electric clutch, clogging is less for attachment after enough stirring is possible, and beginners can drive as well for the manipulation is simple.
ㆍ Reflux pump was installed so that it can remove the foreign substance flowing backward upon the occurrence of constipation while stirring mixing materials.
ㆍ In addition, with the application of 4″ valve in the induction plumbing, there is no blockage and the manipulation is easy.
ㆍ Existing equipment generally uses 2″ centrifugal pump, however, in this equipment, with the application of 3″mono pump, discharge at high pressure of 20～25 ㎪/㎠ is possible thus distance and scope of attachment spray is extended.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 3
• 요약서 ... 4
• 요약문 ... 10
• SUMMARY ... 23
• 목차 ... 40
• 표 목차 ... 43
• 그림 목차 ... 51
• 제1장 서 론 ... 61
• 제1절 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 63
• 1. 연구개발의 중요성(필요성) ... 63
• 2. 연구개발의 국내외 현황 ... 67
• 가. 국내의 기술개발 현황 ... 67
• 나. 해외의 기술개발 현황 ... 81
• 다. 국외 출장 관련기술조사 ... 96
• 3. 연구개발 대상 기술의 차별성 ... 125
• 가. 차별성 ... 125
• 나. 선행기술의 문제점 분석 ... 125
• 다. 개발 기술의 우수성 및 차별성 ... 126
• 라. 주관기관의 관련기술 보유현황 ... 137
• 제2절 연구개발의 목표 및 추진 전략 ... 141
• 1. 연구개발의 목표 ... 141
• 가. 연구개발의 최종목표 ... 141
• 나. 연도별 연구개발의 목표 및 내용 ... 142
• 다. 연도별 연구개발의 추진일정 ... 146
• 라. 연도별 연구성과 창출계획 ... 149
• 마. 평가의 착안점 및 기준 ... 151
• 2. 연구개발의 추진전략·체계 및 연구수행 방법 ... 154
• 가. 연구개발의 추진전략 ... 154
• 나. 연구개발의 추진체계 ... 155
• 다. 연차별 연구수행 방법 ... 156
• 제2장 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 ... 173
• 제1절 현장발생자원 활용 정책 개발 ... 175
• 1. 국내개발현장의 표토관리 실태 문헌 조사 ... 175
• 가. 조사 목적 ... 175
• 나. 조사 범위 ... 175
• 다. 조사 방법 ... 178
• 라. 전문가 설문조사 결과 ... 180
• 마. 국내개발현장의 표토 성능 변화 분석 결과 ... 191
• 2. 국내외 표토 활용 정책 및 제도 검토 ... 225
• 가. 국외의 표토 활용 정책 및 제도 검토 ... 225
• 나. 국내의 표토 활용 정책 및 제도 검토 ... 231
• 3. 국내에 적합한 표토 활용 정책 제안 ... 234
• 가. 토양환경교육 확대를 통한 홍보강화 ... 234
• 나. 표토 관련 법령 개정 및 보완 방안 ... 234
• 다. 표토재활용 지침서 발간 및 품셈보완 ... 236
• 라. 표토의 정보화 체계 활성화 방안 ... 237
• 마. 기술개발 및 토양구조개선 방안 ... 238
• 제2절 현장발생재 활용 생태복원 기술개발 ... 240
• 1. 표토 재활용 기술개발 ... 240
• 가. 표토 진단, 평가, 처방기술 ... 240
• 나. 표토 수거시스템 개발 ... 269
• 2. 종자 및 식물 확보기술 개발 ... 286
• 가. 매토종자 토양 중 분포상태 및 발아특성 평가 ... 286
• 나. 매토종자 발아율 향상을 위한 표토 집적 기준 연구 ... 312
• 다. 절개사면 녹화지역과 인접 자연지역의 식생 비교 ... 317
• 라. 저지대 이차림 지역의 매토종자 발아특성 ... 326
• 마. 표토의 매토종자 발아특성과 교란지 복구적합성 ... 334
• 바. 생태복원용 적정 식물의 선정 ... 342
• 사. 비탈면 녹화용 큰낭아초 종자의 발아특성 ... 357
• 아. 녹화용 벼과식물 종자의 채종시기 및 온도별 발아특성 ... 363
• 자. 콩과식물 종자의 채종시기별 성숙도 및 발아특성(차풀, 비수리, 싸리) ... 374
• 차. 용기묘 대량생산 및 식재 기술 개발 ... 381
• 3. 임목폐기물 재활용 기술 개발 ... 428
• 가. 임목폐기물의 특성 구명 ... 428
• 나. 이동형 임목폐기물 고속부숙화 시스템 개발 ... 436
• 다. 기타 ... 468
• 4. 현장적용 공법 및 장비 개발 ... 471
• 가. 임목폐기물 및 표토를 이용한 생태복원 기술개발 ... 471
• 나. 생태복원용 취부시스템 개발 ... 483
• 제3장 목표 달성도 및 관련분야 기여도 ... 500
• 제1절 연도별 연구개발목표의 달성도 ... 502
• 1. 1차년도 연구개발목표, 수행내용 및 달성도 ... 502
• 2. 2차년도 연구개발목표, 수행내용 및 달성도 ... 503
• 3. 3차년도 연구개발목표, 수행내용 및 달성도 ... 504
• 제2절 관련분야의 기술발전 기여도(환경적 성과 포함) ... 505
• 제4장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 등 ... 508
• 제1절 연구성과 활용계획 ... 510
• 1. 경제사회적 성과달성 계획 ... 510
• 2. 과학기술적 성과달성 계획 ... 512
• 3. 국제협력 계획 ... 513
• 4. 인력활용․양성 계획 ... 514
• 5. 공공적 성과달성 계획 ... 514
• 6. 환경적 성과달성 계획 ... 515
• 제2절 NTIS에 등록한 연구시설·장비현황 ... 516
• 1. 등록장비 현황 ... 516
• 가. 생태복원용 취부시스템 ... 516
• 나. 이동형 임목폐기물 고속부숙화 시스템 ... 517
• 제5장 참고문헌 ... 520
• 1. 국내문헌 ... 522
• 2. 국외문헌 ... 526
• 3. 기타 ... 529
• 끝페이지 ... 532