초록 ▼

○ 연구결과
국내외 고급육 생산을 위한 TMR 시스템을 조사하기 위해 국내는 농진청 축산연구소, 지역축협 및 개인농가의 사례를 조사하였고 국외는 일본 미야자키현의 육우조합 등의 육우 TMR을 조사하였다. 고급육 생산을 위한 사양단계별 TMR 사양시험에서는 관행급여인 대조구와 육성기까지 TMR을 급여한 시험구가 증체량, 육질 1등급은 높았으며 도체율과 육량은 비육후기까지 전기간 TMR을 급여한 시험구 3이 높았다. 최소비용 TMR 사양시험에서는 저가형 TMR을 급여한 시험구가 관행사료인 대조구와 비교했을 때 증체량, 도체율에서

○ 연구결과
국내외 고급육 생산을 위한 TMR 시스템을 조사하기 위해 국내는 농진청 축산연구소, 지역축협 및 개인농가의 사례를 조사하였고 국외는 일본 미야자키현의 육우조합 등의 육우 TMR을 조사하였다. 고급육 생산을 위한 사양단계별 TMR 사양시험에서는 관행급여인 대조구와 육성기까지 TMR을 급여한 시험구가 증체량, 육질 1등급은 높았으며 도체율과 육량은 비육후기까지 전기간 TMR을 급여한 시험구 3이 높았다. 최소비용 TMR 사양시험에서는 저가형 TMR을 급여한 시험구가 관행사료인 대조구와 비교했을 때 증체량, 도체율에서 차이가 없었으며 근내지방도와 육질 1등급은 더 높았으며 소득도 차이가 없어 저비용이 가능하였다.
농산가공부산물 13종을 선정하여 일반성분, 광물질 및 아미노산 조성을 분석하여 TMR용 부존원료 확보 및 사료가치를 평가하였다. TMR 유형별 비육후기 사양시험에서는 습식 TMR과 발효 TMR이 건식 TMR보다 소화율, 총 VFA, 효소역가 등이 높았고, 증체량과 고급육 출현율에서도 습식 TMR과 발효 TMR이 높았다. 최종적으로 본 과제에서 도출된 연구결과와 국내외 자료 및 농가의 실정을 파악하여 국내에서는 최초로 한우용 TMR 급여 지침서를 개발하였다.

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. Results
1. Development of TMR feeding system for producing high-quality meat in Hanwoo
A. Survey of beef cattle TMR system at home and abroad
1) Korean National Livestock Research Institute
① Hanwoo steers with 6 months old (body weight 147kg) are finished until 27 months old.
② Ri

Ⅳ. Results
1. Development of TMR feeding system for producing high-quality meat in Hanwoo
A. Survey of beef cattle TMR system at home and abroad
1) Korean National Livestock Research Institute
① Hanwoo steers with 6 months old (body weight 147kg) are finished until 27 months old.
② Rice bran, brewers grain and mushroom residue besides general single ingredients are used as TMR　ingredients.
③ CP contents (as-fed basis) of TMR are 10% at growing period and 9% at early․mid․late fattening period. TDN contents of TMR are 43% at growing period, 45∼47% at early fattening period, 49∼51% at mid fattening period and 57∼58% at late fattening period.
2) Jangsoo Livestock Cooperatives Federation
① Growing stages are divided into three periods; growing period 8∼14 months old, fattening period 15∼20 months old, and finishing period 2 1∼shipping. Body weight for shipping is 620kg.
② Calf is castrated at 8 months old.
③ Generally moisture content of TMR is 30∼40%, which is a type of wet TMR. CP contents (DM basis) of TMR are 16% at growing period, 14% at fattening period and 12% at finishing period.
3) Beef cattle federation in Japan Miyazaki prefecture
① Steers with 7∼8 months old (body weight 147kg) are finished until 19 months old. Body weight for shipping is 800kg.
② Soybean curd cake, sorghum silage, rice bran and wheat bran besides general single ingredients are used as TMR　ingredients.
③ Steers at 10 months old intake 12kg of TMR (DM 8kg)
B. Development of TMR suitable for growth stage (feeding trial)
1) Feeding TMR tended to increase the daily gain and decrease the dry matter intake and feed conversion compared to control during growing period. However During the rest period, the trend was opposite with higher daily gain in CR feeding.
2) Daily gain during the total experimental period for control, T1, T2 and T3 group was 0.782, 0.777, 0.735 and 0.738kg, respectively. With control or T1 diet being significantly higher (P<0.05) in dry matter intake compared with T2 and T3.
3) Feeding control or T1 diet tended to increase the carcass weight but decrease the dressing percentage. Rib-eye area of control, T1, T2 and T3 group was 87.23, 86.18, 85.77 and 83.94cm², respectively. Highest Back fat thickness was observed in T1 group and lowest back fat thickness was observed in control. Marbling score of control, T1, T2 and T3 group was 5.71, 5.29, 4.65 and 4.65, respectively.
4) Percentage Carcass with 'A' meat quantity of control, T1, T2 and T3 group was 35.3, 17.6, 23.5 and 35.3%, respectively. However, percentage of high quality meat of control, T1, T2 and T3 group was 82.3, 82.3, 58.8 and 70.6%, respectively.
C. Development of TMR suitable for growth stage (digestion trial)
1) Generally, in vivo digestibility was higher in TMR compared with CR. During growing period, dry matter(DM), crude protein(CP), NDF and ADF digestibility were higher by 8.8, 16.3, 16.9 and 18.7%, respectively in TMR compared with CR. In addition, CP digestibility of TMR was higher by 26.7% during fattening period (P<0.01), but lower during finishing period (P<0.05).
2) Ruminal pH was not different between treatments. TMR feeding tended to increase NH3-N concentration after feeding, especially after 3h and 6h post-feeding (P<0.01). TMR feeding did not affect total VFA, acetate and propionate production, but decreased A/P ratio during growing period (P<0.01).
3) TMR feeding tended to increase the number of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen fluid. However, TMR feeding tended to decrease the number of fungi during growing and fattening period, but increased the number of fungi during finishing period (P<0.01).
4) TMR feeding did not affected CMCase activity, but tended to increase xylanase activity, especially during growing period (P<0.01) and after 9h feeding during finishing period(P<0.05).
D. Development of minimum-cost TMR for producing high-quality meat in Hanwoo
1) Daily gain during the total experimental period for control, T1 and T2 group was 0.73, 0.73 and 0.69, respectively. Feed conversion for control, T1 and T2 group was 12.16, 14.12 and 13.33, respectively.
2) Feeding control or T1 diet tended to increase the carcass weight but decrease the dressing percentage. Rib-eye area of control, T1 and T2 group was 88.66, 86.83 and 84.19cm², respectively. Highest back fat thickness was observed in T2 group and lowest back fat thickness was observed in control. Marbling score of control, T1 and T2 was 3.50, 3.61 and 4.78, respectively.
3) Percentage carcass above 'B' meat quantity of control, T1 and T2 group was 88, 83 and 71%, respectively. However, percentage of high quality meat of control, T1 and T2 group was 42, 44 and 59%, respectively.
4) Selling price of control, T1 and T2 group was 6620000, 6620000 and 6650000won, respectively. Income of control, T1 and T2 group was 6210000, 6130000 and 6220000won, respectively.
E. Comparison of different nutrient levels of TMR in fattening Hanwoo steers
1) Daily gain for control, T1 and T2 group was 0.74, 0.68 and 0.62, respectively. Feed conversion for control, T1 and T2 group was 11.98, 13.24 and 14.55, respectively.
2) Highest carcass weight, back fat thickness and lowest rib-eye area were observed in control group. Lowest back fat thickness and highest rib-eye area were observed in T1 group. Marbling score of control, T1 and T2 group was 3.5, 4.6 and 3.7, respectively.
3) Percentage carcass above 'B' meat quantity of control, T1 and T2 group was 73, 87 and 87%, respectively. However, percentage of high quality meat of control, T1 and T2 group was 40, 69 and 47%, respectively.
2. Development of low-cost TMR feed and guidebook for Hanwoo
A. Nutritive value of non-convention feed resources as TMR ingredients for Hanwoo
1) Nutritive value of non-convention feed resources as TMR ingredients
① Sesame oil meal, taffee dregs had the highest protein contents (40% CP), followed by brewers grain and barley hull (23% CP), and citrus meal, apple pomace and jujube hull which had the lowest crude protein content, ranging from 6 to 8%. EE content was the highest for coffee hull (15.3%), and sesame oil meal and taffee dregs had 12%. Ganodermn lucidum waste, brewers grain, quercus charcoal, and coffee hull contained relative high NDF (80%), but distillers grain had lower NDF (12.06%). Agricultural by-products contained high TDN (>70%) were distillers grain, sesame oil meal, malt hull and citrus meal and those having low TDN (<30%) were quercus charcoal and ganodermn lucidum waste.
② Total amino acid content was highest for taffee dregs (around 45%) and followed by brewers grain and distillers grains (20%). Citrus meal, apple pomace and jujube hull contained lowest amino acid ranging from 3.0 to 6.0%. The agricultural by-products did not contain detectable levels of chromium, mercury, lead and cadium.
2) In situ DM disappearance of non-convention feed resources as TMR ingredients
① According to results of nylon bag studies agricultural by-products showed variable disappearance characteristics, which is well depicted by variances in disappearance parameters among by-products. Distillers grain was the most degradable in the rumen (70%) with malt hull, quercus charcoal, rupin hull and coffee hull being moderate (40%) and ganodermn lucidum waste the lowest (13%).
3) Effects of storage condition on physical and chemical characteristics of wet fruit pulp
① According to general appearances the proper storage periods at 20℃ were less than 3 days for citrus meal, 3 days for apple pomace and 6 days for jujube hull under open condition, but the proper period tended to be longer when stored in closed condition. The proper storage periods was less than 3 days for citrus meal and apple pomace, and 6 days for jujube hull in open condition without too much differences in closed system.
② The average pH values during whole storage period were 3.38 and 3.37 at 20℃ and 30℃, which were essentially the same. Sample pH tended to decrease with increasing storage period, and higher in closed condition compared with open condition.
③ It appears that ammonia production in fruit pulps increased with increasing storage period regardless of storage condition (open or closed). The ammonia production was highest in apple pomace during whole storage period regardless of temperature, but lowest in citrus meal at 20℃ (0-3d) and lowest in jujube hull at 30℃ (15-20 d). In addition the ammonia production was higher in closed condition compared with open condition.
④ The inside temperature in fruit pulps was linearly increased with storage temperature. It appears that the temperature was highest in jujube hull and lowest in citrus meal at 20℃, but the temperature was highest in apple pomace and lowest jujube hull at 30℃ after 9 days storage. In addition the temperature was constantly higher in open condition compared with closed condition at 30℃, but the temperature was varied at 20℃.
B. Development of TMR types for producing high-quality meat in Hanwoo
1) Effects of types of TMR on rumen fermentation characteristics, and nutrients digestibility in sheep
① pH, NH₃-N, total and individual VFA, A/P ratio and enzymes (CMCase, Xylanase and Proteolytic activity) activity in the rumen were higher in WTMR and FTMR compared with DTMR.
② In addition, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, NDF and ADF digestibility in the total tract were also higher in WTMR and FTMR compared with DTMR.
2) Effects of types of TMR on carcass grade of Hanwoo steers
① Daily gain and dry matter intake were higher in WTMR compared with DTMR, but feed conversion were lower.
② Carcass rate in WTMR was lower than DTMR and FTMR (p<0.01).
③ Appearance percentage of 'A' ranked meat quantity in DTMR, WTMR, and FTMR were 50, 50, and 16.7%, respectively. However, appearance percentage of high quality meat in DTMR, WTMR, and FTMR were 16.7, 66.7, and 66.7%, respectively.
C. Construction of TMR feeding system for producing high-quality meat in Hanwoo
TMR feeding guidebook for Hanwoo was developed by integrating results of this study, TMR data for beef at home and abroad. This guidebook introduces ingredients, manufacturing method, mixing program and instances of TMR for beef. In addition, it includes nutrients requirement, calf selection for fattening, finding opportune period for shipment, utilization of supersonic wave, barley feeding and regulation of vitamin feeding.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약문 ... 3
• SUMMARY ... 15
• CONTENTS ... 25
• 목차 ... 26
• 제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 27
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 29
• 1. 국내 기술 현황 ... 29
• 2. 국외 기술 현황 ... 31
• 제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 33
• 제1절 고급육 생산을 위한 한우용 TMR 사양체계 개발 ... 33
• 제2절 저비용 한우용 TMR 사료 및 지침서 개발 ... 126
• 제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 168
• 제1절 고급육 생산을 위한 한우용 TMR 사양체계 개발 ... 168
• 제2절 저비용 한우용 TMR 사료 및 지침서 개발 ... 168
• 제 5 장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 170
• 1. 기초자료 제공 ... 170
• 2. 산업계 및 농가로의 기술 제공 ... 170
• 3. 논문 발표 ... 170
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 171
• 제1절 TMR의 개념 및 도입배경 ... 171
• 제2절 TMR의 특성 ... 172
• 제3절 TMR과 반추위 발효 ... 175
• 제4절 TMR과 분리급여의 효과 비교 ... 182
• 제6절 TMR과 부존자원의 활용 ... 187
• 제 7 장 참고문헌 ... 191
• 끝페이지 ... 202