초록

○ 연구결과
1) 악취 중 표적성분의 선정
2) 악취저감 균주의 개발
3) 악취저감 균주의 컬럼충전재 정착성 확인
4) 바이오필터 충전재의 개발
5) 바이오필터시스템의 개발

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. Results and Suggestions for Application of the Results
1. Selection of the target malodorous compounds
Malodorous compounds from the feces and livestock houses of cattle (fattening cattle․milking cow․heifer), poultry (layer․pullet), and pig (sow․ piglet) were determined by: ① Gastec detecti

Ⅳ. Results and Suggestions for Application of the Results
1. Selection of the target malodorous compounds
Malodorous compounds from the feces and livestock houses of cattle (fattening cattle․milking cow․heifer), poultry (layer․pullet), and pig (sow․ piglet) were determined by: ① Gastec detection tubes, ② GC/MS, GC/FID, and GC/FPD analysis (after extraction of the samples by SPME or SDA) ③ Sensoring by electronic nose, and target compounds were selected among them.
▷ Sulfur compounds: hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), methylmercaptan (CH₃SH), ethylmercaptan (C₂H₅SH)
▷ Nitrogen compounds : ammonia (NH₃), amines (CH₃)₃N
▷ Volatile fatty acids : butyric, valeric acid, and their iso-forms were selected as the general target compounds, and
▷ Hydrogen sulfide (threshold: 0.00047∼4.6 ppm)
▷ Ammonia (threshold: 1∼46.8 ppm) were selected as the primary target compounds.
2. Strain developments for malodor removal
A. Isolation and selection of microorganisms which degrade malodor compounds
Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria were isolated by enrichment cultivation techniques, employing biofilters of which the columns were packed with soils, composts, activated sludges from the municipal waste treatment facility and supplied by high concentrations of NH₃ and H₂S gases.
▷ Ammonia oxidizing bacteria
A1-1 (Unknown; no match)
A2-5.1 (Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava)
A3* (Rhodococcus equi)
A4-2 (Unknown; low homology with Rhodococcus equi)
K4-3.2 (Deinococcus erythromyxa)
M7-1 (Arthrobacter ramosus)
▷ Hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria
M2-3 (Unknown; low homology with Pseudomonas doudoroffii)
J2-6 (Unknown; no match)
S1-3 (Nocardia otitidiscaviarum)
S4-2.3 (Ochrabactum anthropi)
S5-5.2* (Alcaligenes sp.; 16S rDNA sequence)
The potent strains*, Rhodococcus equi A3 with NH₃-oxidizing activity, and Alcaligenes sp. S5-5.2 with H₂S-oxidizing activity, were selected among the isolates for further application.
B. Culture methods and compatibilities of the selected strains
Media compositions and culture methods to obtain the bacterial mass which could be used for inocula to biofilter materials were investigated. Cell mass of the strains, Rhodococcus equi A3 and Alcaligenes sp. S5-5.2, were produced on NB and NB + Na₂S₂O₃, respectively by semicontinuous operation
of a fermentor: culture broth amounted 90% of the working volume of the fermentor were harvested every 24 hours.
Compatibility of the strains were tested for preparation of mixed culture inocula: inhibitions for growth were observed between the strains, K4-3.2↔A2-5.2, M2-3↔A2-5.2, and M2-3↔J2-6. Growth of the strains, A3 and S5-5.2, were not affected by any antagonistic organisms or by sludge sediments from municipal waste treatment process.
3. Attachment of microorganisms to the biofilter materials and the efficiency of malodor removal
Mixtures (50% : 50%, v/v) of culture broth of the strains, A3 and S5-5.2, were inoculated to the packing materials such as coconut peat, composted chaffs of pine, perlites, and etc., and the viable titres counted after 72 hours of acclimation period to be of 9×10⁸ c.f.u. g^-1. The cells attached on the surface of pores were observed by SEM. Levels of the titres were ranged between 7.3×10⁸ and 1.2×10⁹ during the period of operating the lab-scale biofiltration system .
Efficiencies of malodor removal were tested by employing various biofiltration systems which packed by chaffs of pine 70% and perlites 30%, and inoculated by mixtures of culture broth as above. Average rates of removal were: 97.8% for NH₃ gas and 93.1% for H₂S gas by the lab-scale system; 96.1% for NH₃ and 91.1% for H₂S by the pilot-scale system; 95.6% for NH₃ and 82.4% for H₂S by the pilot-scale system for the minimized pigsty; 89.5% for NH₃ and 78.2% for H₂S by the system for the pigsty. Additional inoculations were not necessary, because other malodor compounds such as mercaptans and VFA's were eliminated simultaneously by the systems.
4. Development of the packing materials for biofilter
Packing materials which have the appropriate properties such as high specific surface area, minimal back pressure, suitable surface for the attachment of microorganisms and low prices were selected by employing a labscale biofiltration system.
A. Design and construction of a lab-scale biofiltration system
Specifications for the lab-scale biofiltration system were: column, 18,000 ㎤ and Φ120×450 ㎜; plenum chamber, 300×300×200 ㎜; sensor, 6 channels multi-point air velocity meter; pressure gage, 0∼2 ㎏f/㎠.
B. Selection of the packing materials
It was considered that major materials were chaffs of pine, swollen rice hulls, coconut peats, and minor materials were perlites and rice straws to reduce the back pressure, zeolites and active carbons to increase the adsorption efficiency, and composts to supply nutrition for microorganisms.
Malodor adsorption efficiency of single material : Adsorption efficiencies of coconut peats and chaffs of pine against ammonia gas were superb: the adsorption amounts of NH₃ per unit volume were 0.158 and 0.112 ℓ/㎤ for coconut peats and chaffs of pine. While those of perlites and rice hulls against hydrogen sulfide gas were superb: 0.02 and 0.016 ℓ/㎤ for perlites and rice hulls.
Malodor adsorption efficiency of mixed material : The adsorption amounts of NH₃ per unit volume were: 0.123 ℓ/㎤ for the mixture of coconut peats, 70% and perlites, 30%; and 0.111 ℓ/㎤ for that of chaffs of pine, 70% and perlites, 30%. The adsorption amounts of H₂S per unit volume varied within a range of 0.014 to 0.020 ℓ/㎤. Chaffs of pine were chosen for major material, because those were available in domestic markets in low prices; perlites were chosen for minor one.
Particle sizes of materials and use of composted chaffs of pine : Effects of particle sizes of the mixed materials on performance of the biofiltration system were investigated. Variations of air velocity and static pressure drop were minimal in the system when the sizes of materials were: 9.5∼13.2 ㎜ for chaffs of pine, and 2.4∼5.0 ㎜ for perlites. Performance and adsorption efficiency of the system were improved when the major material substituted by the composted chaffs of pine instead of ordinary ones.
Efficiency of malodor removal : Average rates of removal were: 97.8% for NH₃ gas and 93.1% for H₂S gas by the lab-scale system, when the system was packed by composted chaffs of pine, 70% and perlites, 30%, and inoculated by mixtures (50% : 50%, v/v) of culture broth of the strains, Rhodococcus equi A3 and Alcaligenes sp. S5-5.2.
5. Development of biofiltration system
A pilot-scale system and a spot-experimental systems were designed and assembled, and tested for their operation parameters. Then a standard biofiltration system which can be applied to 330 ㎡ scale of sow house.
A. Pilot-scale biofiltration system
Design of a pilot-scale biofiltration system : According to the detailed specifications, the system was designed and assembled. The specifications of column, water supply device, manometer, ID FAN, sensor, and etc. were calculated for their volume, size, material, density, air velocity, and power requirements. General features of the column were: volume, 6 ㎥/min (tandem type 2 ea); size, Φ850 × 2200 ㎜; material, STS 304 or FRP; volume of filling material, 1 ㎥; density, 144 ㎏/㎥.
Efficiency of malodor removal : When the column was packed by chaffs of pine 70% and perlites 30% which inoculated by mixtures (50% : 50%, v/v) of culture broth of the strains, A3 and S5-5.2, average rates of removal were: 96.1% for NH₃ and 91.1% for H₂S. In no-pressure drop situation, the optimum air velocity, 0.09 ㎧, was attained when the frequency of power for ID FAN was approximately 40 Hz.
B. Spot-experimental biofiltration system
Design of a spot-experimental system : Features of the system were: column - volume 18,580 ㎤, size Φ260×350 ㎜; pressure drop gage, 0∼300 ㎜Aq; turbo blower - outlet volume 1.5 CMM, pressure 2,000 ㎜Aq, torque 1,500 ㎜Aq; control program. CVI 5.5; gravimetric system, 0∼90 ㎏f (1/9000 ㎏ f); sensor (Ganomax Model 6112), 0.1∼100.0℃ with 0.01∼50.0 ㎧.
Efficiency of malodor removal for the minimized pigsty : Average rates of removal were: 95.6% for NH₃ and 82.4% for H₂S by the pilot-scale system , when the system operated for the minimized pigsty.
Efficiency of malodor removal for the pigsty : When the system operated for the pigsty, the inlet concentrations of gases were 18∼28 ppm for NH₃ and 4∼9 ppm for H₂S, and the outlet concentrations were 1∼4 ppm for NH₃ and 1∼3 ppm for H₂S. Therefore the average rates of removal were calculated as 89.5% for NH₃ and 78.2% for H₂S.
C. A standard biofiltration system for the windowless sow house
A practically applicable biofiltration system was designed for a windowless sow house with 330 ㎡ scale. Because a sow house with 330 ㎡ scale can accomodate approximately 40 parturition pen or cage, the capacity of ventilation was calculated as 3.96 ㎥/s for summer season. As bases on the capacity of ventilation, the dimension of packing column was determined as W2×D18.3×H1 m with volume of 39.6 ㎥.
6. Economic analysis
The costs for installation and management of the windowless sow house which designed at the previous chapter were estimated, and then monthly expenses for operation of the biofiltration system were calculated, taking account of depreciation of the facilities.
Packing materials : ￦2,534,400 which include ￦1,108,800 for 27.72 ㎥ of the composted chaffs of pine and ￦1,425,600 for 11.88 ㎥ of perlites.
Structures of the biofiltration system (external and internal structure) : sum of ￦7,300,000 which include ￦2,000,000 for construction of wired concrete structure, ￦1,300,000 for water supply system, and ￦4,000,000 for bottom mash and wages.
Microbial inoculant : ￦2,400,000∼3,600,000 for 3,520 litres of culture broth which obtained by cultivation of the bacterial strains in a fermentor.
Electricity : ￦254,400 for a month (the 3rd grade for farm).
Maintenance : none, because it can be included to regular wage for animal care.
Depreciation : ￦730,000 for a year or ￦60,800 for a month, assuming that the biofilter structure is durable for 10 years.
Monthly expenses for operation of the biofiltration system : ￦776,400 for a month, assuming that the packing materials are durable for 12 months.
7. Suggestions for practical application of the biofiltration system
As far, the major concerns in the field of animal industry appear to be the problems related to waste treatments but not malodor removals. However, as the Air Pollution Control Act is gradually reinforced, there will be a growing need for the air-cleaning system in animal industries. So the public interests could be guaranteed such as reduced air pollution, improved public health, enhanced living conditions and working environments. It appears to be necessary to help people engaged in animal industry understand the reality of malodor problems and shift their thoughts. Accordingly, the opportunities for education and promotion should be increased, and financial aids should be made to the farmers for installation of such systems.

목차 Contents

• 제출문 ... 1
• 요약문 ... 2
• SUMMARY ... 13
• CONTENTS ... 23
• 목차 ... 28
• 제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 33
• 제1절 연구개발의 필요성 ... 33
• 1. 기술적 측면 ... 33
• 2. 경제.산업적 측면 ... 34
• 3. 사회.문화적 측면 ... 35
• 제2절 연구개발의 목표 및 범위 ... 35
• 1. 탈취용 미생물균주의 개발 ... 35
• 가. 축산악취 물질중 표적 성분의 선정 및 분석방법의 표준화 ... 35
• 나. 바이오필터 접종용 악취저감 미생물의 개발 ... 36
• 다. 선발균주의 대량 배양방법 구명 ... 36
• 라. 미생물 균체의 바이오필터 충전재에서의 정착성 확인 ... 36
• 2. 사양관리 및 바이오필터를 이용한 축산악취 제거 시스템의 개발 ... 37
• 가. 바이오필터 충전재 특성 분석 ... 37
• 나. 바이오필터 충전재의 선정 ... 37
• 다. 바이오필터 시스템의 최적 설계 및 제어 ... 37
• 라. 바이오필터 시스템의 시작기 제작 및 성능시험 ... 38
• 마. 바이오필터 시스템의 경제성 분석 ... 38
• 제3절 연구기간 ... 39
• 제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 40
• 제1절 국내 기술개발 현황 ... 40
• 제2절 국외 기술개발 현황 ... 40
• 제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 43
• 제1절 연구수행 방법 및 내용 ... 43
• 1. 미생물학적 방법 ... 43
• 가. 사용배지 ... 43
• 나. 집식배양에 의한 악취저감 미생물의 분리 ... 45
• 1) 분리원 ... 45
• 2) 집식배양 ... 45
• 3) 암모니아 산화균의 분리 ... 46
• 4) 황 산화균의 분리 및 선발 ... 46
• 다. 세균의 분류동정 ... 48
• 1) 지방산 조성의 분석 ... 48
• 2) 16S rDNA에 의한 분리균주의 계통분석 ... 50
• 라. 발효조의 운용 ... 52
• 마. 생육속도의 측정 ... 52
• 바. 전자현미경 검경 ... 52
• 2. 실험가축 및 사양 방법 ... 52
• 가. 실험가축 ... 53
• 1) 소 ... 53
• 2) 돼지 ... 53
• 3) 닭 ... 53
• 나. 가축의 사양관리 ... 54
• 3. 이화학적 방법 ... 54
• 가. 화학성분의 분석 ... 54
• 1) 일반성분 ... 54
• 2) 질소성분 ... 54
• 3) 황산이온 ... 55
• 나. 취기성분의 분석 ... 55
• 1) 축분시료의 처리 ... 55
• 2) 분석시료의 전처리 ... 55
• 3) 취기성분의 분석 ... 56
• 4) 전자코에 의한 축사악취의 식별 ... 58
• 다. 효소학적 방법 ... 58
• 1) 황화수소산화효소의 활성도 측정 ... 58
• 2) 효소의 정제 ... 59
• 4. 바이오필터 시스템의 설계.제작 및 운용 방법 ... 59
• 가. Lab-scale 바이오필터<모델 A> 및 충전재 ... 59
• 1) Lab-scale 바이오필터 시스템 설계 ... 59
• 2) 단일 충전재의 선발 ... 62
• 3) Lab-scale 바이오필터 시스템의 구성 및 운용 ... 66
• 4) 혼합재료의 악취제거특성 실험 ... 70
• 5) 충전재의 입자크기 ... 71
• 6) 부숙수피를 이용한 혼합충전재 ... 76
• 나. Pilot-scale 바이오필터<모델 B> ... 77
• 1) Pilot-scale 바이오필터 시스템 ... 77
• 2) 무부하 상태에서의 시스템<모델 B>의 성능시험 ... 83
• 3) 시스템<모델 B>를 이용한 혼합충전재의 성능시험 ... 84
• 다. 현장실험용 바이오필터<모델 C> ... 84
• 1) 현장실험용 바이오필터 시스템의 설계 ... 84
• 2) 현장실험용 시스템<모델 C>를 이용한 혼합충전재의 성능시험 ... 90
• 제2절 결과 및 고찰 ... 92
• 1. 축산악취의 화학성분 ... 92
• 가. 축분의 악취성분 ... 92
• 나. 축사의 악취성분 ... 97
• 다. 축종간 축분악취의 유사성 ... 97
• 2. 표적 악취성분의 선정 ... 99
• 3. 악취저감 미생물균주의 분리 및 우수균주의 선발 ... 101
• 가. 악취저감 미생물균주의 분리 ... 101
• 나. 암모니아 산화균 ... 102
• 다. 황화수소 산화균 ... 103
• 라. 분리균주의 동정 ... 103
• 1) 암모니아 산화균 ... 103
• 2) 황화수소 산화균 ... 107
• 4. 악취저감균의 생육특성 및 대량배양 ... 113
• 가. 암모니아 산화균 ... 113
• 나. 황화수소 산화균 ... 113
• 5. 악취저감균의 바이오필터 정착성 ... 119
• 가. 악취저감균의 상호 공존성 ... 119
• 나. 바이오필터에의 정착성 ... 120
• 1) Lab-scale 바이오필터 시스템 ... 120
• 2) Pilot-scale 및 현장실험용 바이오필터 시스템 ... 121
• 다. 악취제거 효율 ... 121
• 1) Lab-scale 바이오필터 시스템 ... 121
• 2) Pilot-scale 및 현장실험용 바이오필터 시스템 ... 122
• 6. Lab-scale 바이오필터 시스템<모델 A> 및 충전재 개발 ... 125
• 가. Lab-scale 바이오필터 시스템의 작동특성 ... 125
• 나. 단일충전재의 악취흡착 성능 ... 125
• 다. 혼합충전재의 악취 흡착성능 ... 128
• 라. 악취제거 미생물균주 정착특성 ... 130
• 마. 미생물 균주를 접종한 혼합충전재의 악취제거특성 ... 132
• 바. 혼합충전재의 입자크기 ... 132
• 사. 부숙수피를 이용한 혼합충전재 ... 134
• 7. Pilot-scale 바이오필터 시스템<모델 B> ... 139
• 가. Pliot-scale 바이오필터 시스템의 작동특성 ... 139
• 나. 무부하상태에서 pilot-scale 바이오필터 시스템의 성능 ... 139
• 다. 혼합충전재의 악취제거 성능 ... 140
• 8. 현장실험용 바이오필터 시스템<모델 C> ... 143
• 가. 현장실험용 바이오필터 시스템의 성능 ... 143
• 나. 모형돈사에서의 현장실험용 바이오필터 시스템을 이용한 혼합충전재의 악취가스 제거성능 ... 143
• 다. 실제돈사에서의 현장실험용 바이오필터 시스템을 이용한 혼합충전재의 악취가스 제거성능 ... 148
• 라. 경제성 분석 ... 155
• 1) 배경 및 기준 설정 ... 155
• 2) 월간 운용비용 산정 ... 157
• 제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 160
• 제1절 연구개발 목표의 달성도 ... 160
• 1. 표적 악취성분의 선정 ... 160
• 2. 악취저감 유용미생물 균주의 개발 ... 160
• 3. 악취저감균의 정착성 및 악취제거 효율 ... 160
• 4. 바이오필터 충전재의 개발 ... 161
• 5. 바이오필터 시스템의 개발 ... 161
• 6. 경제성 분석 ... 161
• 제2절 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 163
• 1. 악취성분의 분석기술 ... 163
• 2. 악취저감 유용미생물 ... 163
• 3. 바이오필터 충전재 및 바이오필터 시스템 ... 163
• 제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 164
• 1. 지적재산권의 확보 ... 164
• 2. 신기술 이전으로 벤쳐기업을 지원함으로서 산업화 또는 기업화에 기여 ... 164
• 3. 축산단지.조합 및 농가에 운전기술의 보급.교육 및 홍보 ... 164
• 제6장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학 기술정보 ... 165
• 1. 바이오필터의 형식 ... 165
• 가. 하향류 방식 ... 165
• 나. 상향류 방식 ... 165
• 다. 고형폐기물에서 발생하는 악취제거용 바이오필터 ... 165
• 2. 새로운 바이오필터용 미생물 균주 ... 166
• 3. 기타 폐수처리용 바이오필터 ... 166
• 제7장 참고문헌 ... 168
• 감사의 글 ... 174
• 부록 ... 175
• 끝페이지 ... 219