초록

○ 연구결과
옻의 유독성분인 urushiol의 제독화 및 불활성화 방안 및 생산공정을 체계화하고, urushiol이 제독화된 옻 발효추출물이 첨가된 사료로 비육돈을 사육할 경우 적정 급여기간의 설정, 경제성 및 비육돈의 내병성 및 면역성을 분석 검토하였다. 또, 옻 발효추출물이 함유된 사료를 급이한 비육돈의 혈 중 지질성분의 농도와 저장기간에 따른 육 중 이화학적 성분의 변화를 분석하였고, 이상의 결과에 기초하여 기능성 육제품을 개발․분석하였다.

Abstract ▼

Urushiol in lacquer Lree(Rhus Vernicifera) was deacLivated and detoxified in order to use as feed additive for pig. Urushiol was detoxified by its llydrolysis with Nuru enzyme and water purifying ceramics, and deactivated with raw materials of herbal medicine such as Lonicerae Flos, Mari Corflex Rad

Urushiol in lacquer Lree(Rhus Vernicifera) was deacLivated and detoxified in order to use as feed additive for pig. Urushiol was detoxified by its llydrolysis with Nuru enzyme and water purifying ceramics, and deactivated with raw materials of herbal medicine such as Lonicerae Flos, Mari Corflex Radicis, Cudrania Fricuspidata, Pericae, Semen and Taraxnci TTerba Feed additives of lacquer tree extract was developed by using the above mentioned treatment and produced in powder. liquid and their combined forms. Economic analysis showed gain of 9000 won per pig wvhen the feed additive was fed in 0.05% of diet for 20 days prior to slaughter.
To investigate the effects of lacquer tree extracts in the levels(C: 0%, T1: (0.05%, T2: 0.1%, T3:0.2%) from LYxD pigs, one hundred twenty pigs were allotted(10 pigs per pen) and were fed by lacquer tree extracts for 25, days. The other study was tD investigate the effects of propriety period(C:6 weeks before finishing, T1: 6 weeks before finishing, T2: 4 weeks before finishing, T3: 2 weeks before finishing) by adding 0.1 % lacquer tree extracts and 10 pigs alloted to each pen.
The first experiment was to investigate the effects of levels of lacquer tree extracts, ADG(kg/day) was high in lacquer tree extracts in group of TI, T2, and T3 than group of C but ratio of feed to gain(gain/feed, kg) was low but a significant difference was not seen In ADG and ratio of feed to gam. As for the carcass characteristics. carcass weight and dressing were not significantly different in groups of C, T 1, T2, and T3 but backfat thickness was significantly increased by increasing levels of lacquer tree extracts. Longissimus area was significantly higher in lacquer tree extracts feeding group and was the highest at T2 group. Ratio of carcass grade A were shown as 83.07%, 100%, 88.89%, and 95.01% in C, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. From the chemical analysis of swine exerement, moisture was significantly decreased In groups of TI, T2, and T3 than C group. Crude protein and crude fat were significantly decreased but crude fiber and crude ash were significant1y increased by lacquer tree extracts. Organic mater, total nitrogen, carbon and ammonical nitrogen were elevated but phosphoric acid was decreased when lacquer tree extracts Vlere fed. At the analysis of economy, weight gain was shown as 112.21 %. 110.41 %, and 111.78% in T1, T2, and T3, respectively when C was set to 100% and T2 was the lowest among the treatments.
As for the propriety period 1% lacquer tree extracts, ADG was significantly decreased in TI, T2, and T3 than C and ratio of feed to gain was not affected b:)r feeding period of lacquer tree extracts. The carcass weight and dressing were not affected by feed period of lacquer tree extracts. Backfat thickness and longissimus area were significantly decreased by short period of added lacquer tree extracts. Ratio of carcass grade A was shown as 50.00%, 71.43% 100.00% and 83.33% in C. TI, T2, and T3group, respectively and T2 group was the highest. As for the chemical analysis of swine excrement. moisture was not affected by period of added lacquer tree extracts. Crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber were significantly higher but crude ash was lov.rer by shortening the addition period of lacquer tree extracts. Organic matter, total nitrogen, carbon and ammonical nitrogen were significantly increased but phosphoric acid was decreased by shortining the period of added lacquer tree extracts.
In the analysis of economy, weight gain was shown as 110.79%. 105.59%, and 103.26% In TI, T2, and T3group, respectively when group C was set to 100% and T3 group was the lowest. In conclusion lacquer tree extracts of 0.1% level in diet and feeding period of 4 weeks(28 days) showed best results in this study.
Minimal inhibition concentration of fermented lacquer tree extract was tested for the etiological agent of principal swine disease. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella and Hacillus spp. were partially inhibited in the medium conLaining 4 fold dilution of lacquer tree extract. But, one of principle competitive organism, E, coli and Lactobacillus spp, were not inhibited, Fecal sample obtained from pig after feeding a fodder supplemented lacquer tree extract was tested for the inhibitory effect of the organisms, Isolates from pig fed a fodder supplemented for than 0,3% lacquer tree extracts, did not show the difference on inhibitory effect between control and tested group by statistical analysis.
For evaluation of immune-stimulation effects of lacquer tree extracts, major lymphocyte population were counted for the peripheral blood of pig fed a fodder supplemented lacquer tree extracts tested group by use of FITC conjugated MHC class II, CD4 and CD8 expressed T lymphocyte were increased in numbers more than 2% level after 1 week and reached maximum levels after 2 weeks In tested group. Surface IgM(sIgM) expressed B lymphocyte were increased 5% levels after I week and reach maximum levels after 2 weeks in tested group.
For observation of morphological changes on tlle epithelium of small intestine from pig fed a fodder supplemented 0.1 % lacquer tree extracts for 6 weeks(tested group), the section of small intestine were fixed with glutaraldegyde and coated with gold and then examined under scanning electron microscope. Tlle villi on mucus membrane of jejunum from tested pig were enlarged on the tip and cross linked. The villi of ileum also were cross linked and enlarged on the tip.
Nutritional characteristics of serum and loin were analyzed from pIgs of weight, 88±2~108±2kg, fed diet containing 0.5%, l.0%, and 2.0% of lacquer tree extract. As the amout of the extract in diet increased,
concentration of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, neutral fat and Ldℓ -cholesterol, and levels of GOT and GPT were increased. It was suspected that lacquer tree extract improved quality of serum lipid of pig. Quality of loin was investigated after storage at 4"C for 20 days.
While there was no significant difference III general nutritional components between the pIg fed with lacquer tree extract and control pIg without the extract in diet. Lipid content and cholesterol level of the extract-fed pIg were significantly lower than the control. In fatty acid composition, the extract-fed pIg showed higher level of unsaturated fatty acid in comparison with the control.
Nutritional characteristics of serum and loin were analyzed from pIgs fed a diet containing 1.0% (optimum amount determined previous result) of lacquer tree extract for 15, 20 , and 25 days, Levels of serum lipids such as total cholesterol, free cholesterol , cholesteryl ester, and neutral fat were significantly lower in the extract-fed pig than control pig, The decrease of serum lipids level was dependent on length of feeding period of the extract. During storage of loin at 4℃ for 20days, there was no difference of pH, water content and cooking loss between the extract-fed pig and control. However, share force and TBARS started to decrease and increase, respectively after 10 days of storage, TBARS indicating lipid oxidation level was significantly lower in the extract-fed pig than control.
Meat processing products like as sausage, ham, bacon, and smoke a pork hock were manufactured by using pork from control pig and the lacquer tree extract-fed pig (T1), Those were also made by addition of the lacquer tree extract of 2% (T2) , 4% (T3) , and 8% (T4) into control pork during manufacturing process. From organoleptic test, there was no significant difference among above meat processmg products although there was a slight more preference to Tl products, After storage of meat processing products at 4"C for 60days, TBARS and cholesterol level were analyzed, TBARS of Tl, T2, T3, and T4 were significantly lower than control, which represented that fatty acids were stable in presence of the lacquer tree extract. Cholesterol level was also lower in Tl , T2, T3, and T4 in comparison with the control and decreased during storage.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약문 ... 3
• SUMMARY ... 12
• CONTENTS ... 16
• 목차 ... 19
• 표차례 ... 24
• 그림차례 ... 28
• 제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 29
• 제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 31
• 제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 34
• 제1절 기능성·저비용 옻 추출물 제조 ... 34
• 1. 옻나무 재배현황 및 옻 재료의 생산성 ... 34
• 가. 옻나무의 생태 ... 34
• 나. 옻의 용도 ... 34
• 다. 우리나라 옻나무의 분포 ... 34
• 2. 옻 추출물 생산을 위한 발효공정 시스템 개발 ... 35
• 가. 옻 추출물의 제조공정 ... 35
• 1) 옻껍질 분말 제조 ... 35
• 2) 열탕 추출액 제조 ... 36
• 3) 열탕추출액을 분사한 분말 제조 ... 36
• 나. 고농축 옻 추출물의 생산시스템 개발 ... 36
• 다. Urushiol 독성의 제독화 및 불활성화 ... 37
• 3. 사료첨가용 옻 추출물의 경제성 분석 ... 39
• 제2절 : 돼지에 대한 옻 추출물의 사료화 ... 44
• 1. 서론 ... 44
• 2. 재료 및 방법 ... 45
• 가. 시험장소 및 기간 ... 45
• 나. 공시가축 및 사양시험설계 ... 45
• 다. 시험사료 ... 46
• 라. 사양관리 방법 ... 47
• 마. 조사항목 및 방법 ... 47
• 1) 사료 섭취량 ... 47
• 2) 사료효율 ... 47
• 3) 일당 증체량 ... 47
• 4) 등심 단면적 및 등지방 두께 ... 47
• 5) 분(糞)의 성분분석 ... 48
• 바. 도체분석 ... 49
• 1) 공시재료 ... 49
• 2) 도체등급판정 및 도체율 ... 49
• 사. 경제성 분석 ... 49
• 아. 통계분석 ... 49
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 50
• 가. 옻 추출물의 적정 첨가수준 개발 ... 50
• 1) 사양실험 ... 50
• 2) 도체분석 및 도체특성 ... 51
• 3) 돈분(豚糞)의 성분조성 ... 52
• 4) 경제성 분석 ... 54
• 나. 옻 추출물의 적정 첨가기간 개발 ... 56
• 1) 사양시험 ... 56
• 2) 도체분석 및 도체특성 ... 57
• 3) 돈분(豚糞)의 성분조성 ... 58
• 4) 경제성 분석 ... 60
• 제3절 : 옻 추출물의 급여가 내병성에 미치는 영향 ... 62
• 1. 서론 ... 62
• 2. 재료 및 방법 ... 63
• 가. 돼지 질병의 주요 원인균에 대한 옻 추출물의 최소발육억제 농도 ... 63
• 1) 최소 발육억제 농도 ... 63
• 2) 병원균과 유산균의 성장 ... 63
• 나. 옻 추출물의 투여에 따른 돼지 주요 세균총의 증감 ... 63
• 다. 옻 추출물의 투여에 따른 돼지의 임파구 분화 촉진 효과 ... 64
• 1) 시험돈의 사양 및 채혈 ... 64
• 2) 말초혈액으로부터 백혈구 분리 ... 64
• 3) 백혈구 검사용 단크론 항체 ... 64
• 4) 형광 세포 유출 장치 분석 ... 64
• 라. 옻 추출물의 투여에 따른 돼지 소장 점막의 형태 변화 ... 65
• 1) 시험돈의 사양 및 가금물 체취 ... 65
• 2) 주사현미경적 관찰 ... 65
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 66
• 가. 돼지 질병의 주요 원인균에 대한 옻 추출물의 급여가 내병성에 미치는 영향 ... 66
• 1) 최소 발육억제 농도 ... 66
• 2) 옻 추출물 첨가 배지에서 병원균과 유산균의 성장 ... 66
• 나. 옻 추출물의 투여에 따른 돼지 주요 세균총의 증감효과 ... 68
• 다. 옻 추출물의 투여에 따른 돼지의 임파구 분화 촉진 효과 ... 70
• 라. 옻 추출물의 투여에 따른 돼지 소장 점막의 형태변화 ... 72
• 제4절 : 돈육의 기능성 검증 및 기능성 고품질 돈육의 가공 개발 ... 74
• 1. 서 론 ... 74
• 2. 재료 및 방법 ... 74
• 가. 공시동물, 급여사료 및 사양관리 ... 74
• 나. 시료의 채취 ... 74
• 다. 육제품의 제조 ... 75
• 라. 혈청 중 지질 성분의 분석 ... 76
• 마. 이화학적 특성 분석 ... 77
• 1) 일반성분 ... 77
• 2) 가열감량 ... 77
• 3) 관능검사 ... 77
• 4) 육색 ... 77
• 5) 조직감 ... 78
• 6) TBARS(Tiobarbituric acid reactive substances) ... 78
• 7) 지방산의 분석 ... 78
• 8) 유리아미노산의 정량 ... 78
• 9) 구성아미노산의 정량 ... 79
• 10) 콜레스테롤 ... 79
• 11) 통계처리 ... 80
• 바. 옻 추출물의 항산화 활성 ... 80
• 1) DPPH에 대한 전자공여능 ... 80
• 2) SOD 유사활성 ... 81
• 3) Oil emulsion 제조 ... 81
• 4) 아질산염 소거작용의 측정 ... 81
• 5) 비햄 철(Nonheme iron) 측정 ... 81
• 6) TBARS(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) 분석 ... 81
• 3. 결과 및 고찰 ... 82
• 가. 옻 추출물의 적정 첨가수준에 따른 돼지의 혈액 성분조성 ... 82
• 나. 적정 첨가수준에 따른 돈육 등심의 물리적 특성 ... 85
• 1) 일반성분의 변화 ... 85
• 2) 가열감량의 변화 ... 88
• 3) 전단가의 변화 ... 88
• 4) 색도(L, a, b)의 변화 ... 90
• 5) TBARS의 변화 ... 92
• 6) 콜레스테롤의 함량변화 ... 93
• 7) 돈육 중 지방산의 함량 ... 94
• 8) 돈육 중 유리아미노산의 함량변화 ... 95
• 다. 적정 급여기간에 따른 돼지의 혈액조성 ... 97
• 라. 적정 급여기간에 따른 돼지 등심의 물리적 특성 ... 100
• 1) pH, 수분함량 및 가열감량의 변화 ... 100
• 2) 전단가의 변화 ... 102
• 3) 육색의 변화 ... 102
• 4) TBARS의 변화 ... 104
• 마. 옻 추출물을 첨가한 육가공품의 저장 중 이화학적 변화 ... 106
• 1) pH 변화 ... 106
• 2) 수분 ... 106
• 3) 조지방 ... 109
• 4) 관능검사 ... 109
• 5) TBARS ... 112
• 6) 표면색의 변화 ... 112
• 7) 조직감 ... 119
• 8) 지방산 ... 122
• 9) 콜레스테롤 ... 127
• 10) 무기질 ... 127
• 11) 구성아미노산 ... 133
• 바. 옻 추출물의 항산화 활성 ... 138
• 1) DPPH에 대한 전자공여능 ... 138
• 2) SOD 유사활성 ... 139
• 3) 아질산염 소거작용 ... 140
• 4) 비햄 철(Nonheme iron) ... 141
• 5) 옻 추출물의 TBARS에 대한 항산화 활성의 변화 ... 142
• 제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야의 기여도 ... 143
• 1. 제1 세부과제 : 기능성·저비용 옻 ... 143
• 2. 제2 세부과제 : 옻 추출물의 돼지 사료화 ... 144
• 3. 제3 세부과제 : 옻 추출물의 급여가 내병성에 미치는 영향 ... 145
• 4. 제4 세부과제 : 돈육의 기능성 검증 및 기능성·고품질 돈육의 생산 및 가공기술개발 ... 146
• 제5장 연구개발 결과의 활용계획 ... 147
• 제6장 연구개발 과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 149
• 제7장 참고문헌 ... 149
• 끝페이지 ... 154