초록

○ 연구결과
- 국내 재배용 파프리카 품종개발(4품종)
- 수출용 파프리카 품종개발(5종)
- 복합 내병성 중간모본 개발(2계통)
- 선도 농가 파프리카 수확량 네덜란드의 80%수준으로 향상
- 생산성 향상을 위한 환경(지상부, 근권부)제어 기술 개발
- 온실 복합환경 제어기 개발 보급
- 농약 안전사용 기준설립(173성분)
- 생물적 방제 프로그램 개발(천척17종)

Abstract ▼

IV. Results and conclusion of the research
1-1. Development of paprika cultivar for export and domestic supply.
1) Line selection using advanced generation of paprika
we carried out shorting of generation to make pure-line early.
In korea, we selected lines in leased glasshouse of Gyeong

IV. Results and conclusion of the research
1-1. Development of paprika cultivar for export and domestic supply.
1) Line selection using advanced generation of paprika
we carried out shorting of generation to make pure-line early.
In korea, we selected lines in leased glasshouse of Gyeongnam area, performing double cropping every year. In the winter, we also selected the lines taking on lease field of farmhouse in khonkaen, Thailand. So, we selected more than 100 lines through evaluation of horticultural characters and disease-enduring of the lines every generation and fixed characters of the lines. To secure materials of breeding, we carried out line separation with new varieties every year. So far, we obtained the 179 lines(F₃ ~ F₁₂ generation). Among the rest, the completely fixed lines were used for F₁ cross combination.
2) Line selection using molecular marker
On paprika, male sterile is required for economical efficiency of seed production. 고추와 육종 Co., Ltd. developed male sterile molecular marker in sub-project 1-3. This molecular marker was used as selecting male sterile lines. Seoul National University developed resistance molecular markers for CMV, TMV, Potivirus and PMMoV and utilized them for selecting disease-enduring lines.
3) Breeding of pure lines using anthur culture
Anthur culture, haploid method of breeding, can be used as breeding of pure-lines in a short period of time. To breed resistant variety for TSWV, CMV and Potivirus, cross between varieties with resistant character was carried out. After the lines was separated, the individuals with disease resistance were selected using molecular markers and performed for anthur culture. The individuals through anthur culture were evaluated in field. The lines with excellent characters were used as parent for variety breeding.
4) Test of F₁ combining ability and variety registration
We made F₁ cross combination using pure-lines, which were from line separation and anthur culture. We evaluated the cross combination, compared with check variety, for testing of the F₁ combining ability. We decided the excellent F₁ cross combination as preliminary variety registration. As these varieties were reinvestigated, the excellent F₁ cross combinations were registered. We registered 4 varieties for domestic nutrient solution culture and 3 varieties for exporting to China. The registered varieties are testing in the 11 farmhouse of the country. For the excellent varieties in farmhouse test, foundation seed of the varieties are being increased for sale.
1-2. Development of sweet pepper varieties for soil culture in Chinese and South Asian market
1) MRG/CPR combination(red color) showed high performance in local test, so this F1 was applied for PVP with "Hana-R No.1". This variety is expected to be launched to soil culture market in China with big sized fruit, good cold setting, and high fruit shape stability compared to control variety "Mandy".
2) VLTI/PRSDT(orange color) combination showed high performance in local test, so this F1 was applied for PVP with " Hana-O No.1". This variety is expected to be launched to soil culture market in China with big sized fruit, good cold setting, and high fruit shape stability
3) Shuttle breeding system was built through "line selection --> combination --> local test --> result feedback --> line selection". This system will contribute to make shorten breeding cycle and enhance breeding efficiency.
1-3. Development of F1 seed production technology in paprika using male sterility
In result of marker development, among five reproducible polymorphic primer combinations, an AFLP marker Egat/Mcgg was converted to a codominant cleavage amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker. This marker, named PmsM1-CAPS, is located about 2 to 3 cM from the ms locus. Although PmsM1-CAPS was not correlated with GMS in ‘MiniBell’ because it was a different GMS gene, the marker was found to be useful in screening for male sterility, as tested in F₂ progenies from ‘Helsinki’ and F₃ families derived from the F1 varieties used in this study.
The result of allelism tests demonstrated that the most of the GMS in paprika cultivars except for ‘Minibell’ were same allele. To identify which GMS gene(s) were used for paprika F₁ cultivars, top crosses between previously known GMS lines and the F1 cultivars were performed. As a result, we found that the msk and the msp genes were alleles for the GMS of ‘Minibell’ and for the other cultivars, respectively. We also confirmed that the GMS gene identification using GMSK-CAPS marker linked to the ms_k gene and the PmsM1-CAPS marker linked to the ms_p gene in F₂ progenies of ‘Minibell’ and ‘Fiesta’ and ‘Derby’ cultivars, respectively. In addition, we developed the PmsM2-CAPS marker for ‘Plenty’, ‘Fiero’, and ‘Boogie’ cultivars. We expect that these markers will be very useful for breeding new maternal (male sterile) line of paprika.
1-4. Development of multiple virus resistant paprika by molecular breeding
1) Establishment of molecular marker screening system
Molecular markers screening system of PMMoV, TSWV, Potyvirus, CMV, and bacterial spot resistance was established by development new markers or surveying developed markers. Agarose gel based markers were converted to real time based marker. Rather close molecular marker to target disease resistance gene were developed or surveyed every year.
2) Breeding CMV & Potyvirus resistant paprika lines
CMV resistance gene “Cmr1” was introduced from ZHC and Potyvirus resistance gene “pvr1²” was introduced from Dempsey. Two disease resistance genes were fixed in BC2F2 generation by using molecular markers. Generation had been advanced by shuttle breeding and four lines of which horticultural traits were superior were selected. Two lines among four were registered in variety protection
3) Molecular marker screening support for other research group
Breeding lines of other research group were analyzed by TSWV, PMMoV, and bacterial spot disease resistance markers. Screening results were sent to the other research group and were used for other research group’s lines .
1-5. Characteristics evaluation and disease resistance test of selection lines and new varieties
Qulities which were the fruit color, weight, length, width and locule of the commercial varieties ('Special', 'Cupra', 'Fiesta', 'Maserrati', 'President', 'Valentain'(Enza Zaden Co.), 'Plenty', 'Derby', 'Mirage'(De Ruiter Co.), 'Debla', 'Jirisan', 'Helsinky', 'Boogie'(Rijk Zwaan Co.), 'Fiero'(Singenta Co.), '9253'(Seminis Co.)) and growth of F3∼F5 generation were surveied to apply selection of a new line and variety. The PeMV resistance of 19 commercial vatieties were tested and Jirisan was selected by resistance variety. The resistance gene was confirmed by PVR3 and this will be use to breed new line of PeMV resistance.
2-1. Technology development to overcome the cause of the difference in productivity between Netherlands and Korea
1) Analysing the reason of the difference in productivity between Netherlands and Korea
○ Low light transmissivity of glasshouse and plastic greenhouse in Korea compare to the Netherlands and hence low growth rate of crop
○ 30 year annual light sum in Korea is 30% higher than The Netherlands, and potential production could be much higher than The Netherlands. due to the higher latitude the increment of light intensity in The Netherlands was lower than Korea. In Korea, increment of light intensity was 100W/m2/h whereas 50-60W/m2 in The netherlands and hence the greenhouse temperature was past increment in Korea.
○ A big variation of greenhouse climate factors (temperature and humidity) and no relation between radiation and CO2 concentration in Korea. The sweet pepper grower need more attention to find right greenhouse climate control strategy.
○ Often sweet pepper grower in Korea delayed a management of stem after planting in order to obtain the right leaf area index, and hence too vegetative crop in summer season. Too vegetative crop showed a easy abortion of flower and young fruit at low light condition.
○ In case of the Netherlands crop management was showed stable crop growth rate, wereass the domestic paprika grower showed varied crop growth due to delaying the harvest of the Maturity fruit and varied environment, sepcill daily temperature and increment of temperature during the morning.
○ Under a dynamical changing the environment in shoot by the crop and outside weather condition root zoon should be harmonized with right electronic conductivity and moisture content in slab. Paprika grower in the Netherlands managed supply EC with daily light integral wherease in Korea, controlling supply EC by crop stage. In Korea supply EC controlled with stage of setting the fruit with high EC and lowering water content in slab at the period of high light intensity. Therefore abortion of flower and young fruit occurred with water stressed plants.
○ With hight EC and lowering water content provided high dry matter content of fruit compared to the Netherlands one.
2) Validation of the dry mass production model using dry matter partitioning
○ Comparison of crop growth with destructive measurement under Lighting sources
- At the low light condition artificial lighting with 16hrs was improved fruit production by 100%. There was less difference in vegetative mass whereas higher frut mass with increased fruit sets. Specially dry matter partitioning to the fruit was remained with 78% under high pressure sodium lamps.
- Under LED (RB mixed) leaf area index was higher then control, wehreas dry mass production was lower by 12.5%. Under LED light condition dry matter paritioning to fruit was lower than control.
○ With same stem density, the plants were treat with one stem or two stem per plant. at beginning the leaf area index was double with single stem, and fruit set was early then two stems.
○ Validation of growth model for Paprika
- For model validation, standard and adjusted models were used as input of greenhouse temperature, [CO2], dry matter partitioning to leaf, stem, and fruit, leaf area index, initial dry mass of leaf, stem, fruit and root. Standard model showed under estimation of measurement dry mass. Due to the decreasing metabolic activity with dry mass relative growth rate was combined at maintenance respiration module, called adjusted model. The adjusted model showed well described the measured data of each organ dry mass.
○ Development of a module for fruit dry matter content for estimating fruit fresh weight
- At the same compartment dry matter content of fruit varied 8 to 10% at different rows. however the harvest fruit from the plants grown under the HPS no significant different dry matter content of fruit harvested under without HPS lighting.
- Periodically harvested fruit from the paprika growers, the fruit dry matter content was varied 8% to 10% with different season and between plastic and glass house.
- It was difficult making a moduel of dry matter content of the fruit some ignoring root environment SIN function was used for generating dry matter content of fruit as function of days of year.
○ Development of dry matter partitioning model and model validation with computed dry matter partitioning to each organ
- With periodically measurement data dry matter partitioning (DMP) rate was computed with growth rate of to leaf, stem or fruit devuided by total growth rate. DMP to leaf and stem was almost constant before first fruit set, thereafter drastically decreased with increasement of DMP to fruit. Gomperzt growth function could described the DMP to leaf and fruit, and DMP to stem computed one minus sum of DMP to leaf and fruit. With computed DMP to ogran as input data into simulation program, the estimated dry matter production was well fitted with measurement data.
3) Validation of the model for estimation of the potential production at different conditions
○ Changed diffused light transmissivity from 10 to 80% into greenhouse dry matter production and fruit production was compared. Dry matter prodcion and fruit production of Paprika was increased with incresment of diffused light transmissivity. Total dry matter production was increased 7.6% and fruit dry matter production increased by 7.6% with each 10%.
○ The factor of total dry matter production ranged from 0.715 to 1.294 with a changed CO₂ concentration from 200 to 950ppm. there was negative relationship was found with CO₂ concentration(total dry matter = 1.338(1-exp(-0.004x) and fruit =1.342(1-exp(-0.004x)).
○ At low global radiation artificail lighting is need for improving fruit production. When the grower decide the amount of light intensity, there many considerations such as number of lamp and light intensity is require. The condition of lamps turn on under 300 W/㎡ and turn off at 400W/㎡. Every 1000lux of HPS dry matter prodiction increased by 3% and fruit production increased by 4%. Number of lamps every 1000lux increment was needed 128 lamps with 600W HPS per 1 ha. Factor of number of lamps(600W) per ha was 0.1281 * lux.
4) Techniques of improving production in Korea
○ Controlling environments (transmissivity, dry matter content of fruit, water content in slab, [CO₂])
- Improving methode of supply CO₂ by radiation reduced CO₂ used by 10% and production cost without loss of production.
- Improving irrigation strategies with more frequence of irrigation per day and reduce quantity of irrigation per dripper water content in slab was more stable. Using data of irrigation from the Dutch grower, the gompertz function well fitted the drain percentage as function of daily radiation.
○ Controlling early night temperature by air condition system
- At low night temperature fruit production imprved by 26.5% during the summer.
- It was important result while the grower considered heat pump system for heating. The combination of cooling system in heat pump system could improved productivity of paprika.
2-2. Development of aboveground optimum environments for sweet pepper culture
1) Research and analysis of environmental management and productivity at fields growing sweet pepper.
Internal temperature and yield , at fields (greenhouses) growing sweet pepper, were affected by intensity of radiation. Under the same conditions (intensity of radiation), these were a grate difference between fields in yield.
Between different covering materials, light transmission ratio, increase and decrease of internal temperature before and after sundown, efficiency for sunlight utilization of sweet pepper, and its dry matter production were different. Especially, difference of yield between plasticfilm and glass greenhouses was caused by light transmission ratio and rate of respiration.
2) Development of optimum environmental management per covering materials for productivity improvement of sweet pepper
Hourly increased temperature for three hours after sunrise was lower in glass house than in plasticfilm house. Hourly decreased temperature for three hours before sundown was not different in two houses. Daily temperature, difference between daytime and nighttime temperature, daily humidity deficit, and those's standard deviation were lower in glass house than in plasticfilm house. Amount of applied CO₂ per square meter in glass house was half times more than in plasticfilm house. Amount of applied nutrient solution per square meter in glass house was 36 percentage higher than in plasticfilm house, but the uptaken percentage was not different in two houses. The pH and EC of rockwool substrates were higher in glass house, but the difference compared with those of the applied nutrient solution were lower than in plasticfilm house. Effect of external solar radiation on the uptaken percentage of applied nutrient solution in two houses was heaver in glass house, but effect of that on humidity deficit was lower. Daily temperature was heavily affected by daytime temperature and influenced night humidity deficit in all houses. Daily and daytime temperature influenced the uptaken percentage of applied nutrient solution as there were the positive and negative correlation in two houses, respectively.
The levels of weekly increased leaf area, fruit diameter, and yield per square meter in glass house were more than in plasticfilm house, and the levels of weekly increased leaf fresh weight, dry weight, and dry matter were not different in two houses. Respirating rate, maximum photosynthesis and light use efficient of leaf in glass house were higher than in plasticfilm house. Especially, the increasing levels of fruit diameter depending on leaf area in glass house was three times more than in plasticfilm house.
Leaf temperature depending on temperature factors, the increasing fruit diameter depending on nighttime humidity deficit increased in glass house more than in plasticfilm house. But leaf area depending on nighttime temperature decreased in two houses.
The accumulative levels of stem diameter depending on accumulative external solar radiation in glass house was fewer than in plasticfilm house, but the accumulative levels of fruit diameter and fruit yield depending on that were in plasticfilm house more than in glass house. Also, the accumulative levels of fruit yield depending on accumulative daytime temperature, daily humidity deficit, daytime humidity deficit, difference between daytime and nighttime humidity deficit, leaf temperature, leaf dry matter were in glass house more than in plasticfilm house. However, that depending on accumulative the uptaken percentage of applied nutrient solution was not different in two houses.
3) Change of internal environments by change of external environments in greenhouse
This research was conducted to investigate the effect of difference of internal temperature, humidity, and plant growth according to covering materials in sweet pepper's greenhouse. For growing period, daily mean internal temperature was not different between glass (GH) and plastic film house (PH), but the changed volume was more PH than GH. Internal humidity deficit was more PH than GH as that was 4.3 g․m^-2 and 5.6 g․m^-2, respectively. In change of internal temperature effected by different intensity of external light, that of PH was fasted twice that of GH, and that's tendency was effected by difference of internal temperature for several hours after sunrise. Leaf growth and photosynthetic product were more GH than PH, productivity of GH was better 80 percents than PH. As results, To improve productivity in PG compared with productivity in GH need to be the detailed managements of internal environmental factors in early period after sunrise.
4) Analysis of relationship between temperature and sweet pepper growth by different location in glasshouse
In terms of greenhouse production, the optimization of identical growth environments is a most important thing. Paprika is cultivated year-round in high-system greenhouses in Korea. However, the annual production yields of paprika in Korea are lower than that of the Netherlands, even though growth environmental control systems follow an identical way. Therefore, in this study it was investigated that the differences in inside growth temperature depending on internal location and the effect of differences in temperature on plant growth and physiology of paprika ʻCuplaʼ. Strikingly the average temperatures were different depending on location. The air temperature of north part area (NA) was 1.6℃ lower than central part area (CA) and the medium temperature of NA was 2.2℃ lower than CA. The vegetative growths such as plant height, internode numbers, and stem diameter were greater in plants grown for CA than that of NA. On 12th weeks after planting, plant height under CA was 153 cm whereas it under NA was 127.2 cm, thus the plant height of paprika grown under CA was greater than that of paprika under NA. Number of internodes and stem diameter under CA were 2 internodes and 1.5 mm grater that those of paprika under NA. Net photosynthesis in leaves of CA was significantly higher than that of NA. Increasingly, there was difference in the contents of glucose and sucrose in fruit, whereas there were not significantly difference in fructose, water content, and ascorbic acid. The total fruit yield was 20% higher in plants grown for CA than that of NA. In conclusion, It was observed that the differences in temperature depending on local parts. These different temperature influenced the plant growth and photosynthesis rate and induced the difference in fruit yields.
5) Sweet pepper growth by difference of internal temperature and humidity levels
In sweet pepper was treated with DIF -6, 0, 3, -6℃ after planting, early and late of plant growth (plant height, internode length) degree was low in DIF -6℃ compared with DIF 0, 3, -6℃. During experiment period, plant height, leaf area, dry matter, relative growth rate, crop growth rate were low in DIF -6℃ compared with DIF 0, 3, -6℃. Especially, results of regression analysis between DIF and leaf area appeared as leaf area per increase and decrease of DIF 1℃ from DIF 2℃ (standard) was increased and decreased two times of 20㎠/plant.
In sweet pepper was treated with RH 63%, 75%, 83% after planting, early of plant growth (leaf area, offshoot development) degree was low in RH 63% compared with RH 75% and 83%. DIF -6℃. After 13 weeks from planting date, fruit enlargement and coloring degree was low in RH 83%, No. of fruit setting was many in RH 75%. During experiment priod, leaf area, pattern of vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and production of dry matter and its partitioning ratio into fruits was high in RH 75%. Especially, results of regression analysis between humidity and leaf area appeared as leaf area per increase of RH 1% was increased 30㎠/plant, dry matter per increase and decrease of RH 1% (standard of 72%) was increased and decreased 0.3g/plant.
6) Change of internal environments by improvement (higher eaves) of greenhouse
The daily solar radiation was 1,400 J·cm^-2 in 4.0 m eaves glasshouse (4.0 m GH) and 1,340 J·cm^-2 in 5.5 m eaves venlo type glasshouse (5.5 m GH), the difference was small. Daily mean temperature and day temperature in 4.0 m GH and 5.5 m GH were similar as 23.1℃ and 25.0℃, 23.3℃ and 25.1℃, respectively. Most internal temperatures were not different in two glasshouse, but between night temperature and night design temperature in 4.0 m GH was higher than in 5.5 m GH.
In 4.0 m GH and 5.5 m GH daily humidity deficit was 3.4 g·m^-3 and 4.5 g·m^-3 in as 5.5 m GH's internal daily humidity deficit managed high. Day and night humidity deficit were 4.3 g·m^-3 and 5.2 g·m^-3, 2.5 g·m^-3 and 3.8 g·m^-3 in 4.0 m GH and 5.5 m GH, respectively as in 5.5 m GH was higher than in 4.0 m GH.
Increase of plant hieght per solar radiation sum 1 MJ·m^-2 in 4.0 m GH and 5.5 m GH were 0.403 cm and 0.553 cm 5.5 m GH was 1.37 times the 4.0 m GH but there was no difference by cumulative daily mean temperature.
Increase of sweet pepper yield per solar radiation sum 1 MJ·m^-2 in 4.0 m GH and 5.5 m GH were 0.031 kg·m^-2 and 0.04 kg·m^-2 5.5 m GH was 1.3 times the 4.0 m GH. Increase of sweet pepper yield per cumulative daily mean temperature 1℃ in 4.0 m GH and 5.5 m GH were 0.022 kg·m^-2 and 0.020 kg·m^-2 4.0 m GH was slightly higher.
2-3. Development of optimal climate control system and software program in korea
1) Controlling individual motors for ventilation of multi roof plastic greenhouse made precise control algorithm for rewind open and close vent system.
2) Development of control algorithm for shading and energy screen
: In order to optimizing use of screens in the greenhouse the algorithm consist of the opening and closing the screens, rage of open/close, timing, method of open/close based on outside temperature, light intensity, greenhouse temperature, humidity.
3) Development of control algorithm for set point ventilation temperature and heating temperature
: With monitoring radiation, radiation integral, greenhouse humidity set point of heating and ventilation temperature could change for optimizing greenhouse environment in order to growing crops
4) Development of algorithm for controlling CO₂
: In order to control supplied CO2 concentration the set point of the [CO₂] varied with radiation, wind speed, rate of vent open, wind direction. The main purpose was reduce the production cost.
5) Monitoring the sensor and rate of systems of vent/screen/3way valves position
: Data base for the integrated all sensing data from each compartments
6) Monitoring supplied EC and pH
: Combined the supplied nutrient, EC and pH with greenhouse environment control system.
7) Saving program of set point which changed by user
: By user set-point of the all module could change with different developmetal stage of crop or promoting fruit set by lowering temperature or anything could made. It can be easily forget the last set point or past set-point, and hence the development of the saving program for this set-point improved the use efficient of envirometal computer system
2-4. Development of moisture controller of growing media for optimizing root-zone environment of paprika.
Transpiration efficiency calculated from the relationship between accumulated radiation and transpiration was shown as a negative exponential regression. Reduction of transpiration efficiency was observed under higher light intensity. This result indicated that the compensation for the loss of transpiration efficiency is required for establishing an adequate irrigation strategy under higher light intensities considering growth stage. Also, when drainage rate increased in every irrigation event, basically substrate EC decreased. The increase in drainage rate showed sigmoid characteristic with the decrease in substrate EC. The results will provide useful data for EC management of growing medium by using drainage rate in the precise irrigation system. Irrigation could be controlled by irrigation control software with environmental and plant growth data. By adjusting the priority of control items, the root-zone environment factors were well controlled as defined. Water consumption by plants and the root-zone environment factors could be successively monitored and stored at defined intervals. Continuous estimation of transpiration and monitoring of root-zone environments were available by the developed system. This system will be applicabe to commercial forms and improve the yields and quality of the plants.
3-1. Establishment of guidelines for safe use of pesticides and reduction of residues on paprika through IPM
○ Initial deposit amount of pesticide residues and time course dissipation curve during pre-harvest days from more than 21 ingredients with 43 formulations predicted biological half-life and established pre-harvest residue limits.
○ Seasonal variations of pesticide residues using 2 ingredients of 3 items revealed the reason for the high frequency of residue claims during the winter season.
○ Residue analyses after spray in leaves and concurrent biological activity assay against pathogens such as B. cinerea, C. gleosporoides, Fusarium spp., P. capsici) on detached leaves provided more useful spray program to prevent over-dosage application and frequent spray schedule.
○ A new formulation using 1-2 g of granule in a capsule made of neo-nicotinoid insecticides embedded into next to a plug performed not only excellent control of pests such as aphids, thrips, B. tabaci, whiteflies for more than 60 days but safe to natural enemy. This new treatment provided prevention of early infestation of pests in green house resulting in unusual burst of pests during winter season and residue claims after insecticide spray and brought labor saving.
○ Various treatments, that are, foliar spray(W.P), capsule(G), drench delivery through nutrient solution(W.P), and granule(G) deposit on a cube were compared with their persistence of insecticides in leaves. The capsule treatment embedded into a plug performed far most persistence of insecticides upto 60 days but far below MRL levels of residues.
○ Improved formulation manufacturing cooking oil and yolk mixture to mitigate bad odor and stain problems was developed to control powdery mildew. Mixed formulation with 1000x dilution sulfur(W.P) provided better control for more than two weeks.
○ Distribution of Fact Sheet database developed helped farmers to identify the key pest diagnostic tools.
○ Education and workshops and publishing books and e-book disseminate safe use of pesticide and application of IPM.
○ Five natural enemies compatible with chemical pesticides were screened and recommended.
3-2. Development of biocontrol program on insect pest in paprika and selection of pesticides safe to biocontrol agents
○ Natural enemies according to the density of pests and time intervals in the greenhouse to manage whiteflies, thrips, aphids, were developed.
○ Toxicities of pesticides (acute toxicity and residual toxicity) on natural enemies to manage whiteflies, thrips, aphids were assayed and selection of safe pesticides compatible to the individual natural enemy was carried out.
○ Verification of safety through the selection of safe pesticide after leaf-disk experiments and foliar spray experiments

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 3
• 요약문 ... 7
• SUMMARY ... 53
• 목차 ... 79
• CONTENTS ... 81
• 제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 83
• 제1절 연구개발의 목적 ... 85
• 1. 최종목적 ... 85
• 2. 세부과제별 연구 목적 ... 85
• 제2절 연구개발의 배경 및 필요성 ... 90
• 1. 연구개발의 종합적 배경 및 필요성 ... 90
• 2. 세부과제별 연구개발의 배경 및 필요성 ... 95
• 제3절 파프리카연구사업단의 개요 ... 101
• 1. 연구사업단의 목표와 배경 ... 101
• 2. 연구사업단의 역할 및 향후 성과활용 계획 ... 104
• 3. 기대효과 및 전망 ... 106
• 4. 파프리카연구사업단 연구과제 목록 ... 107
• 제 2 장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 109
• 제1절 국내․외의 연구 현황 ... 111
• 1. 수출용 및 국내보급용 파프리카 품종개발(제1-1세부과제) ... 111
• 2. 중국 종자수출용 토경재배용 파프리카 품종 개발(제1-2세부과제) ... 112
• 3. 웅성불임을 이용한 파프리카 F1 종자 생산 체계 확립(제1-3세부과제) ... 112
• 4. 분자육종 기술을 이용한 복합 내병성 파프리카 계통 육성(제1-4세부과제) ... 113
• 5. 선발계통과 신품종의 특성평가 및 병 저항성 검정(1-5세부과제) ... 114
• 6. 네덜란드와 우리나라의 생산성 차이 원인 극복 기술 개발 (제2-1세부과제) ... 115
• 7. 파프리카 생육단계별 최적생육환경(지상부, 근권)조건개발 (제2-2세부과제) ... 117
• 8. 우리나라 환경에 적합한 온실 환경제어 시스템 및 프로그램 개발(제2-3세부과제) ... 118
• 9. 파프리카 근권 환경 최적화를 위한 함수율 조절 장치 개발(제2-4세부과제) ... 118
• 10. 파프리카 주요 병해충 방제 농약의 안전사용 및 잔류농약 클레임해소방안(제3-1세부과제) ... 119
• 11. 파프리카 작물의 천적 (생물적)방제 프로그램 개발 및 천적에 사용 가능한 선택적 농약선발 안전사용 설정 (제3-2세부과제) ... 119
• 제2절 연구결과가 국내․외 기술개발현황에서 차지하는 위치 ... 121
• 1. 수출용 및 국내보급용 파프리카 품종개발(제1-1세부과제) ... 121
• 2. 중국 종자수출용 토경재배용 파프리카 품종 개발(제1-2세부과제) ... 121
• 3. 웅성불임을 이용한 파프리카 F1 종자 생산 체계 확립(제1-3세부과제) ... 122
• 4. 분자육종 기술을 이용한 복합 내병성 파프리카 계통 육성(제1-4세부) ... 122
• 5. 선발계통과 신품종의 특성평가 및 병 저항성 검정(제1-5세부과제) ... 122
• 6. 네덜란드와 우리나라의 생산성 차이 원인 극복 기술 개발 (제2-1세부과제) ... 123
• 7. 파프리카 생육단계별 최적생육환경(지상부, 근권)조건개발(제2-2세부과제) ... 123
• 8. 우리나라 환경에 적합한 온실 환경제어 시스템 및 프로그램 개발(제2-3세부과제) ... 124
• 9. 파프리카 근권 환경 최적화를 위한 함수율 조절 장치 개발(제2-4세부과제) ... 126
• 10. 파프리카 주요 병해충 방제 농약의 안전사용 및 잔류농약 클레임해소방안(제3-1세부과제) ... 126
• 11. 파프리카 작물의 천적 (생물적)방제 프로그램 개발 및 천적에 사용 가능한 선택적 농약선발 안전사용 설정(제3-2세부과제) ... 126
• 제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 127
• 제1-1절 수출용 및 국내보급용 파프리카 품종개발 ... 129
• 1. 세대진전 및 계통선발 ... 129
• 2. 계통군별 선발계통의 과일 및 생육특성 ... 144
• 3. 약배양을 이용한 순계육성 ... 231
• 4. 분자마커를 활용한 계통육성 ... 243
• 5. F1 조합능력 검정 ... 257
• 6. 품종등록 ... 276
• 제1-2절 중국 종자수출용 토경재배용 파프리카 품종 개발 ... 281
• 1. 시험개요 ... 281
• 2. 연구개발 수행 결과 ... 283
• 제 1-3절. 웅성불임을 이용한 파프리카 F1 종자 생산 체계 확립 ... 383
• 제1-4절 분자육종 기술을 이용한 복합 내병성 파프리카 계통 육성 ... 399
• 1. 파프리카 병 저항성 분자표지 분석 기술 확립 ... 399
• 2. CMV & Potyvirus 저항성 계통 육성 ... 412
• 3. 분자표지를 이용한 타세부과제 계통 선발 지원 ... 429
• 제1-5절. 선발계통과 신품종의 특성평가 및 병 저항성 검정 ... 447
• 1. 우량계통 선발 ... 447
• 2. 시판 F1 품종의 PeMV 저항성 검토 ... 460
• 3. 시판 F1 품종의 PeMV 저항성 검토 ... 461
• 제2-1절.네덜란드와 우리나라의 생산성 차이 원인 극복 기술 개발 ... 465
• 1. 1차년도 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 ... 465
• 2. 2차년도 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 ... 474
• 3. 3차년도 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 ... 505
• 4. 4차년도 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 ... 519
• 5. 5차년도 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 ... 567
• 제2-2절 파프리카의 시설별 지상부 최적 생육환경 조건 개발 ... 589
• 1. 파프리카 재배 현장(농가)의 환경 관리 수준 및 생산성 조사 분석 ... 589
• 2. 파프리카 재배 온실의 피복재 종류에 따른 내부 환경 요인 차이와 수확량 차이 분석 ... 608
• 3. 파프리카 재배 온실의 피복재 종류에 따른 외부 환경 변화에 대한 내부환경 변화 ... 646
• 4. 온실 내 위치에 따른 환경 차이 및 파프리카 생산성 차이 구명 ... 651
• 5. 온실 내 온습도 관리 차이에 따른 파프리카 생육 변화 ... 668
• 6. 온실의 현대화(측고 개량, 4m→5.5m)에 따른 내부 환경 변화 ... 677
• 제2-3절 우리나라 환경에 적합한 온실 환경제어 시스템 및 프로그램개발 ... 691
• 1. 권취식 환기창 제어를 위한 환기창 모터 개별 제어 알고리즘 작성 및 시험연구 ... 691
• 2. 피복제(유리, 비닐)에 따른 온도 변화 패턴 모니터링 ... 696
• 3. 외부온도와 일사가 온실 내 온도 변화에 미치는 영향 분석 ... 700
• 4. 일출, 일몰시 온도와 습도변화에 따른 환경조절 프로그램 개발 ... 705
• 5. CO₂ 사용을 위한 제어 알고리즘 개발 ... 708
• 6. 난방수 PID 제어프로그램 개발 ... 712
• 7. 권취식 천창 환기 방법에 적합한 감우센서 개발 ... 716
• 8. 천창 개도값 확인 장치 및 피드백 제어 프로그램 개발 ... 721
• 9. 유동팬 프로그램 개발 ... 725
• 10. 보광등 프로그램 개발 ... 729
• 11. 온실복합환경제어시스템 보급에 따른 농가 경영 분석 ... 731
• 12. 온실환경 제어센서 계측값과 작동기기의 개도값 모니터링 ... 738
• 13. 공급양액의 EC, pH 변화 모니터링 ... 741
• 14. 설정값 저장 프로그램 개발 ... 743
• 15. “마그마” 온실 환경제어 기술과 네델란드 프리바 “맥시마이저” 온실 제어기와의 비교 ... 745
• 제2-4절. 파프리카 근권 환경 최적화를 위한 함수율 조절 장치 개발 ... 746
• 1. 실시간 배지 (슬라브) 함수율 변화 및 작물 증산량 측정 시스템 구축 ... 746
• 2. 광 및 온습도 변화에 따른 배지 함수율 및 작물의 증산량 분석 ... 749
• 3. 배지 함수율 처리에 따른 파프리카 작물의 생육 영향 분석 ... 751
• 4. 배지 함수율 조절개념 정립과 배지의 배액 특성 및 중량법과 TDR법의 수분함량 특성 분석 ... 753
• 5. 적산 일사량 제어시 환경조건 및 급배액 특성에 따른 생육단계별 증산량 추정 연구 ... 759
• 6. 파프리카 생육 정보 추정 및 생육 실험 ... 768
• 7. 생육환경 정보를 이용한 관수 시스템, 배지 함수율 및 증산량 추정 모듈 개발 ... 769
• 8. 관수 제어 모듈을 이용하여 중량 변화 측정을 통한 식물체의 증산량 추정 ... 776
• 9. 생육환경 변화와 생육단계에 따른 관수량 추정 ... 778
• 10. 환경요인, 관수정보, 배지특성에 따른 배지 함수율 측정 및 작물의 증산량 추정 ... 781
• 11. 배지 함수율, 배액율과 증산량을 고려한 관수제어 알고리즘 개발 ... 790
• 12. 환경정보, 배지특성, 생육단계를 고려한 관수, 배지함수율 조절기술 개발 및 모듈 제작 ... 793
• 제 3-1절. 파프리카 주요 병해충 방제 농약의 안전사용 및 잔류농약 클레임해소방안 ... 795
• 가. 생산단계 잔류시험을 통한 잔류특성 구명 ... 795
• 1. 생산단계 잔류시험을 통한 농약의 생물학적 반감기 산출 및 생산단계 잔류허용기준 설정 ... 795
• 2. 계절별 잔류시험을 통한 농약의 잔류특성 ... 806
• 3. 식물 부위별 잔튜특성 ... 807
• 4. 농약의 처리 방법별 잔류 특성 ... 808
• 5. neonicotinoid 살충제 입제 캡슐 처리 후 잎에서의 잔류 특성 ... 815
• 6. 농약의 반복처리 시 계절별 살포횟수별 잔류특성 ... 817
• 나. 병해충 방제를 위한 농약의 약효 연구 ... 819
• 1. 주요 병원균에 대한 살균제의 약효 지속기간 ... 819
• 2. 근부 캡슐처리를 통한 초기 해충방제 연구 ... 824
• 3. 흰가루병 방제를 위한 개선된 난황유 사용법 개발 ... 828
• 다. 천적에 안전한 농약 선발 ... 832
• 1. 농약과 병행 사용이 가능한 천적에 안전한 살충제 선발 ... 832
• 라. 농약안전사용 교육 및 홍보 ... 838
• 1. 농약안전사용 교육 및 책자 제작/보급을 통한 안전한 농약사용과 병해충 방제의 중요성 교육 ... 838
• 제 3-2절 파프리카 작물의 천적 (생물적)방제 프로그램 개발 및 천적에 사용 가능한 선택적 농약선발 안전사용 설정 ... 840
• 가. 생육단계별 천적 방사기기 규명 ... 840
• 1) 재료 및 방법 ... 840
• 2) 결과 ... 842
• 3) 시험 결과요약 ... 845
• 나. 선발된 가루이 농약의 가루이류 천적에 대한 포장안전 사용법 규명 ... 846
• 1) 재료 및 방법 ... 846
• 2) 결과 ... 847
• 3. 연구개발에 따른 기대성과 ... 848
• 다. 총채벌레류(꽃노랑총채벌레) 천적의 방사기기 규명 ... 849
• 1) 재료 및 방법 ... 849
• 2) 결과 ... 850
• 3) 시험 결과요약 ... 853
• 라. 선발된 총채벌레 농약의 총채벌레류 천적에 대한 포장안전 사용법 규명 ... 854
• 1) 재료 및 방법 ... 854
• 2) 결과 ... 855
• 마. 진딧물류(복숭아혹진딧물, 목화진딧물) 천적의 방사기기 규명 ... 857
• 1) 재료 및 방법 ... 857
• 2) 결과 ... 858
• 바. 선발된 진딧물 농약의 진딧물류 천적에 대한 포장안전 사용법 규명 ... 862
• 1) 재료 및 방법 ... 862
• 2) 결과 ... 863
• 제 4 장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 865
• 제1절 목표달성도 ... 867
• 1. 연차별 연구 목표 및 내용 ... 867
• 2. 평가의 착안점에 따른 목표달성도에 대한 평가 ... 885
• 제2절 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 910
• 1. 기술적 측면 ... 910
• 2. 경제적․산업적 측면 ... 914
• 제 5 장 연구개발 성과 및 성과활용 계획 ... 919
• 제1절 연구개발 성과 ... 921
• 1. 연도별 목표 ... 921
• 2. 연차별 연구성과 목표 및 달성 ... 925
• 3. 논문게재 성과 ... 926
• 4. 학술발표 ... 929
• 5. 특허 성과 ... 935
• 6. 품종등록 ... 937
• 7. 사업화 현황 ... 938
• 8. 인력활용/양성 성과 ... 939
• 9. 홍보 실적 ... 941
• 10. 책자 발간 ... 943
• 11. 컨설팅 및 교육 ... 944
• 제2절 성과활용계획 ... 945
• 제 6 장 참고문헌 ... 949
• 끝페이지 ... 968