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Kafe 바로가기주관연구기관 | 국립축산과학원 National Institute of Animal Science |
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보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 | 한국어 |
발행년월 | 2015-03 |
과제시작연도 | 2013 |
주관부처 | 농촌진흥청 Rural Development Administration(RDA) |
등록번호 | TRKO201500010782 |
과제고유번호 | 1395034712 |
사업명 | 국책기술개발 |
DB 구축일자 | 2015-07-11 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201500010782 |
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
혐기소화 기술은 원료의 유기물함량(또는 수분함량)에 따라 습식, 건식, 고상 혐기소화로 구분할 수 있으며, 혐기소화조 채택은 1차적으로 이용하고자 하는 원료의 성상특성에 따라 결정되는 사항이다. 따라서 발생특성상 깔짚우사에서 발생하는 우분뇨는 톱밥, 왕겨 등과 혼입된 건식(고상) 원료의 특성을 지니고 있어 이들 원료 바이오매스의 적정 혐기소화를 위해서는 건식 또는 고상 혐기소화와 연계하는 통합된 혐기소화 공정 체계를 구축할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해서는 혐기소화 원료의 특성에 구애를 적게 받는 형태의 건습식 통
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
혐기소화 기술은 원료의 유기물함량(또는 수분함량)에 따라 습식, 건식, 고상 혐기소화로 구분할 수 있으며, 혐기소화조 채택은 1차적으로 이용하고자 하는 원료의 성상특성에 따라 결정되는 사항이다. 따라서 발생특성상 깔짚우사에서 발생하는 우분뇨는 톱밥, 왕겨 등과 혼입된 건식(고상) 원료의 특성을 지니고 있어 이들 원료 바이오매스의 적정 혐기소화를 위해서는 건식 또는 고상 혐기소화와 연계하는 통합된 혐기소화 공정 체계를 구축할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해서는 혐기소화 원료의 특성에 구애를 적게 받는 형태의 건습식 통합 혐기소화 시스템의 개발과 운용기술 개발로 혐기소화기술 활용 저변을 확대할 필요가 있다. 그러나 우분뇨와 같이 고형물의 함량이 TS 15% 안팎인 가축분뇨를 처리할 마땅한 혐기성 소화조가 없는 실정이다.
따라서 TS 10% 이하의 습식 혐기성 소화조와 TS 20% 이상의 건식 혐기성 소화의 단점을 보완한 TS 15% 정도를 처리할 반건식 혐기성 소화공정의 개발이 필요하다. 반건식 혐기성 소화공정의 경우 시료의 주입은 간헐적으로, 교반은 연속적으로 실시하여 최대 바이오가스를 생산할 수 있는 혐기소화 시설의 조건설정을 위한 연구가 필요하다. 이러한 필요성을 해소하고자 본 연구를 수행함으로써 건습식 혐기소화조의 구조를 설정 및 이용방안, 건ㆍ습식 통합 혐기소화를 위한 고상물 가수분해 및 소화잔재물 퇴비화ㆍ이용기술, 최대 바이오가스 생산을 위한 젖소분뇨 반건식 SCFMR 혐기성 소화 공정개발, 건습식 통합 혐기소화를 위한 고율혐기소화-질산화액비 반응 단위공정 개발 등 건습식 혐기소화를 위한 기반기술 등에 관한 연구 결과를 도출하였다.
우분뇨 고상물 가용화(solubilisation) 특성 평가를 통하여 우분뇨의 유형별 가용화 특성을 평가하여 처리 온도에 따른 가용화 특성에 대한 평가결과를 도출하였다. 혐기소화 Leachate의 재순환 방법에 따른 가용화 특성을 평가하여 Leachate의 재순환 빈도 및 시간 그리고 Leachate의 pH 조절방법 등에 대한 연구결과를 도출하였다. Lab-scale 고상물 가수분해 반응조 및 고상 잔재물 퇴비화 반응조를 설계·제작하여 운영하였으며 고상 소화잔재물을 퇴비화하기 위한 장치를 설계·제작하여 운용하며 건식 혐기소화 잔재물의 처리효과 및 이화학적 특성 분석을 수행하였다.
젖소분뇨의 회분식 생분해도 측정을 통한 반건식 혐기성 소화조의 운전 및 운전효과 분석 시험을 수행하였다. 그 결과로서 젖소분뇨의 물리화학적 특성변화를 평가하였고 회분식 혐기성 반응조 운전을 통한 젖소분뇨의 생분해성 유기물 함량 측정 및 혐기성분해 특성을 평가하였다.
Lab Scale 규모의 반건식 혐기성 소화 공정(SCFMR)을 설계, 제작하여 운용하면서 젖소분뇨 주입 TS % 별 SCFMR 반건식 혐기성 소화공정 운전(중온 35℃)조건을 설정하였으며 반건식 SCFMR 혐기성 소화공정의 바이오가스 생산성 증대조건을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 젖소분뇨 주입조건 TS 15%, OLR 3kgVS/m3-d 의 수준에서 바이오가스 생산량이 0.8v/v-d 수준에까지 이르는 결과를 달성하였다. 시험장치의 운전결과를 종합하여서 반건식 SCFMR 혐기성 소화공정의 최적 운전조건을 도출하였다.
젖소분뇨 혐기소화와 관련하여 질산화액비 반응 단위공정 개발연구를 진행하였다. 건습식 통합 혐기소화의 시스템의 가수분해액에 대한 BMPtest를 통하여 메탄생산퍼텐셜을 분석하였다. 가수분해액의 미생물군총을 분석한 결과 qPCR를 위한 gDNA 추출에 쓰인 각각의 Sample에서는 Methanosarcinales, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcoles가 ml당 108.42, 108.71 107.57로 각각의 Blank 수치보다 대체적으로 낮게 나타났으며, Methanomicrobium이 ml당 109.76의 Blank 수치보다 대체적으로 높게 나타났다. 55-24, 35-24, 120-24 Sample을 비교할 때 55-24 Sample의 Methanococcoles, Methanomicrobium이 ml당 각각 106.32, 109.49로 가장 낮은 수치 나타났지만 Methanosarcinales, Methanobacteriales가 ml 당 각각 108.50, 108.79로 가장 높은 수치를 나타났다. 질산화 액비조를 이용하여 생산된 액비를 비료로 사용하기 위하여 유해물질 및 병원성 균을 분석한 결과 비료공정규격상의 “가축분뇨발효액”의 기준에 부합하는 것으로 평가되었으며, 살모넬라 및 대장균은 검출되지 않았다60).
본 연구 수행을 통한 정량적 연구결과로서는 산업재산권과 논문 그리고 영농활용 정책건의 등의 성과를 달성하였다.
Recently, the number of anaerobic digestion facility for livestock manure is on the rise thanks to growing interest in developing alternative energy. But most of the anaerobic digestion facility were using pig slurry as a substrate for anaerobic digestion. Because of high water content of pig slurry
Recently, the number of anaerobic digestion facility for livestock manure is on the rise thanks to growing interest in developing alternative energy. But most of the anaerobic digestion facility were using pig slurry as a substrate for anaerobic digestion. Because of high water content of pig slurry, methane production potentiality is reduced. This study was carried out to develop dry anaerobic digestion digestor for cow manure. To assess potential of biogas production from cow manure, anaerobic digestion experiment were carried out in this study. To investigate the possibility of anaerobic digestion of cow manure, the inoculum collected from commercial anaerobic digestor for pig manure slurry was added to cow manure. The mixing ratio of inoculum and livestock manure was 0.5 and 1.0 by weight basis. Methane content of biogas produced from cow manure was about 70%. The study to develope a new type anaerobic digestor for cow manure was carried. The agitation effect of substrate (cow manure) accomplished in the latitude type digestor was higher than the effect of the vertical type reactor. The highest agitation effect of substrate was observed in rotating latitude type digestor. The temperature of anaerobic digestor remained very stable at 35∼37℃.
The cattle manure is generally collected by using bedding materials such as sawdust and rice hull in Korea, thus composting is the most common treatment method of collected cattle manure and bedding material mixtures. Increased bedding material price led the farmers to use less bedding materials in their barn resulted in too high moisture content of cattle manure and bedding material mixtures for proper composting. In order to develop alternative cattle manure treatment system to conventional composting, solid state anaerobic digestion system has been developed and evaluated in this study. Among all the process factors of solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD), leachate recirculation frequency can improve biogas yield and digestion stability. Reactors were operated with three different leachate recirculation strategies (4 L/kg-TS·h, 2 L/kg-TS·h and no recirculation) under mesophilic (37℃) condition. Finally, leachate recirculating at 2L/kg-TS∙h and HRT 47 days are enough to enhance biogas yield of SS-AD system. The characteristics of solid residue after the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure were also evaluated. The lignin and ash contents of the solid digestate were much higher than those of other biomass. The application of the residue to the paper making as an alternative resource to the wood fiber was conducted. The addition of the solid digestate into the handsheet paper resulted in the higher bulk and the increase in their permeability but the strength properties were declined.
With the global energy crisis and rapid increase in domestic and foreign demand, renewable energies are the inevitable energy source now. In Korea, the renewable energy supply has reached 3.5%(9.9 MTOE) of the total primary energy supply in 2013. Among this renewable energy production, bioenergy contributes 1.5 MTOE. Among the renewable bioenergy supply, the biogas produced from anaerobic biological processes has been a promising alternative. Traditionally substrates utilized in anaerobic conversion technology included highly polluted agro-industrial organic residues which are generally characterized by a high moisture content of more than 80%. Most of these residues are limited in quantity to produce a massive production of biogas. Efforts have been extended to produce substantial quantities of methane through the anaerobic co-fermentation technology utilizing co-substrates, e.g. maize and dairy cow manure rather than a single substrate. Especially the dairy cow manure produced 19,000 tons per day in 2014. Physico- chemical characteristics of high strength dairy cow manure varied according to the quantity of flushing water utilized, which makes it difficult to select the proper treatment processes. Accordingly the objectives of this study was to define the optimum operational condition for the maximum methane production from anaerobic digestion of dairy cow manure using SCFMR. Anaerobic mesophilic batch tests of dairy cow manure, dairy cow manure/saw dust mixture and dairy cow manure/rice hull mixtures collected from bedded pack barn were carried out to evaluate their ultimate biodegradability and two distinctive decay rates(k1 and k2) with their corresponding degradable substrate fractions(S1 and S2).
Each 3 liter batch reactor was operated for more than 100days at substrate to inoculum ratio(S/I) of 1.0 as an initial total volatile solids(TVS) mass basis. Ultimate biodegradabilities of 37~46% for dairy cow manure, 32~40% for dairy manure/saw dust mixture and 31~38% for dairy cow manure/rice hull mixture were obtained respectively. The readily biodegradable fraction of 90% (S1) of dairy manure BVS(So) degraded with in the initial 29 days with arange of k1 of 0.074day-1, where as the rest slowly biodegradable fraction (S2) of BVS degraded for more than 100days with the long term batch reaction rates of 0.004day-1. For the dairy manure/saw dust mixture and dairy manure/rice hull mixture, their readily biodegradable portions (S1) appeared 71% and 76%, which degrades with k1 of 0.053day-1 and 0.047day-1 for an initial 30days and 38days, respectively. Their corresponding long term batch reaction rates were 0.03day-1. Efforts were made to identify the optimum operational condition of Semi-continuously Fed and Mixed Reactor(SCFMR) to treat the dairy cow manure and saw dust mixture. Step-wise increase in organic loading rates (OLRs) and decrease in hydraulic retention times (HRTs) were utilized until the biogas volume became significantly decreased in SCFMR at mesophilic temperature (35℃). The optimum operating condition of the SCFMR fed with TS 13% dairy cow manure and saw dust mixture was found to be at HRTs of 25days and its corresponding OLRs of 4.45kgVS/m3-day. The optimum ranges of biogas and methane production rates were 1.44 volume of biogas per volume of reactor per day(v/v-d) and 0.98v/v-d, respectively. When 1,000kg of dairy cow manure and saw dust mixture were added to SCFMR, then 75.1m3 of biogas would be produced. The Total Volatile Solids(TVS) removal efficiency based on the biogas production was 39% at the optimum HRTs. The optimum operating condition of the SCFMR fed with TS 15% dairy cow manure and saw dust mixture was found to be at HRTs of 30days and its corresponding OLRs of 4.27kgVS/m3-day. The optimum ranges of biogas and methane production rates were 1.47 volume of biogas per volume of reactor per day(v/v-d) and 1.14v/v-d, respectively. This result was due to the high alkalinity concentration of SCFMR fed with the original substrate, dairy cow manure and saw dust mixture whose alkalinity was more than 10,000mg/L as CaCO3. The parameters for the reactor stability, the ratios of volatile acids and alkalinity concentrations (V/A) and the ratio of propionic acid and acetic acid concentrations (P/A) appeared to be 0.07~0.09 and 0.38~0.43, respectively, that were greatly stable in operation. The Total Volatile Solids(TVS) removal efficiency based on the biogas production was 45.2% at the optimum HRTs. Free ammonia toxicity was not experienced at above 160mg/L due to the acclimation of high concentration of ammonia by the high reactor TS content above 9.0%. The optimum operating condition of the SCFMR fed with TS 17% dairy cow manure and saw dust mixture was found to be at HRTs of 30days and its corresponding OLRs of 4.79kgVS/m3-day. The optimum ranges of biogas and methane production rates were 1.55 volume of biogas per volume of reactor per day(v/v-d) and 1.18v/v-d, respectively. The Total Volatile Solids(TVS) removal efficiency based on the biogas production was 36% at the optimum HRTs. Free ammonia toxicity was not experienced at above 190mg/L due to the acclimation of high concentration of ammonia by the high reactor TS content above 9.0~12%. The effect of trace metal addition on the increase in quantity of biogas produced showed only 4~5% increase, compared to the control. Finally the maximum biogas production of 1.6v/v-d was achieved when the SCFMR was operated at the OLR of 5.0kgVS/m3-day(HRT 25~30 days). At this operational condition, the TVS removal efficiency was 32%. However the maximum TVS removal efficiency of 45% was obtained when the SCFMR was operated at the OLR of 3.5kg VS/m3-day(HRT 35 days).
The moisture contents in the cattle manure were significantly different through out the feeding management. The system is the composting and liquid fertilizer production method by through hydrolysis. Elemental compositions of dairy manure and cattle manure on the sawdust as bedding were C:40, H:5, O:33, N:3, IS:0.2% and C:40, H:5, O:33, N:3, S:0.3% respectively. Mean of theoretical methane potential (Bth) was 0.485 Nm3/kg-VSadded. Ultimate methane potentials (Bu) in the hydrolyzed solution were 0.515±0.012, 0.528±0.040, was and 0.240±0.008 Nm3/kg-VSadded at 35℃, 55℃, and 120℃ respectively. Salmonella and coliform bacteria in the solution hydrolyzed through the anaerobic digestion system was not detected.
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