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Kafe 바로가기주관연구기관 | 국립식량과학원 National Institute of Crop Science |
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보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 | 한국어 |
발행년월 | 2016-02 |
과제시작연도 | 2015 |
주관부처 | 농촌진흥청 Rural Development Administration(RDA) |
등록번호 | TRKO201600003076 |
과제고유번호 | 1395041021 |
사업명 | 작물시험연구 |
DB 구축일자 | 2016-06-25 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201600003076 |
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
1세부과제(옥수수 주요 해충 발생예찰 모형 및 예찰법 개발)에서는 조명나방, 왕담배나방, 멸강나방의 발생시기를 예찰하고 미성숙 발육태 및 성충의 온도의존 발육 자료 구비하고 이 해충들의 발육과 발생모델들을 작성하였다. 조명나방 월동유충의 성충 우화시기 최적 예측모델로 Logan 6 모델과 Weibull 발육완성 모델 매개변수를 구하였고, 월동 및 비월동태 발육모델을 이용하여 성충이 연중 3회 발생하는 것을 시뮬레이션하고 실제 예찰자료를 이용하여 검증한 결과 연중 3세대(월동세대 + 2세대)를 경과하는 것을 결
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
1세부과제(옥수수 주요 해충 발생예찰 모형 및 예찰법 개발)에서는 조명나방, 왕담배나방, 멸강나방의 발생시기를 예찰하고 미성숙 발육태 및 성충의 온도의존 발육 자료 구비하고 이 해충들의 발육과 발생모델들을 작성하였다. 조명나방 월동유충의 성충 우화시기 최적 예측모델로 Logan 6 모델과 Weibull 발육완성 모델 매개변수를 구하였고, 월동 및 비월동태 발육모델을 이용하여 성충이 연중 3회 발생하는 것을 시뮬레이션하고 실제 예찰자료를 이용하여 검증한 결과 연중 3세대(월동세대 + 2세대)를 경과하는 것을 결정하였다. 왕담배나방의 휴면 진입시기와 월동 번데기 우화시기를 구명하였고, 연중 4번 성충이 발생하는 시기를 구명하고 4세대(월동세대 + 3세대)를 경과하는 것을 증명하였다. 멸강나방의 성충 발생 양상과 온도의존 발육모델 검증을 통해 성충 발생 직접 원인이 비래 해충에 의한 것임을 추정하였고, 성충 비래시기로 부터 유충 피해시기를 예측하였다.
2세부과제(옥수수 주요 병 발생특성 구명 및 관리기술 개발)에서는 옥수수 포장에서 잎집무늬마름병, 깜부기병, 깨씨무늬병의 순서로 발병 차이가 나고, 잎집무늬마름병은 논재배 및 고습조건에서 발병량이 많았고, 깨씨무늬병균과 둥근무늬병균을 특이프라이머 조합으로 분자진단하는 기술을 개발하였고, 활물기생균인 깜부기병균 동포자를 PDA배지에서 배양하여 소생자를 형성시켰으며, 생성된 소포자를 옥수수 유묘에 접종하여 병반이 형성을 확인하였다. 돌산갓, 청갓, 적겨자, 곱슬겨자와 같은 Brassica속 식물이 옥수수 잎집무늬마름병 항균 활성에 효과 있음을 제시하였고, 이식 재배와 이랑 재배, 비닐피복 재배와 같은 경종적 방법으로 모잘록병과 잎집무늬마름병 발생을 줄일 수 있는 결과를 제시하였다.
3세부과제(옥수수 주요 해충의 천적 발생 생태 조사 및 활용법 개발)에서는 조명나방 기생천적으로 기생파리류(Lydella thompsoni 추정), 조명나방고치벌, Cotesia속 고치벌, 조명나방살이자루맵시벌를 동정하고, 이들의 발생시기와 기생률 조사하였다. 알기생벌을 분자동정하여 Trichogramma ostriniae, 송충알벌(T. dendrolimi ), T. confusum, T. bilingensis가 분포하는 것을 구명하였다. Trichogramma속 알기생벌을 옥수수 포장 내에 방사하거나 유인물질 처리를 통해 조명나방 알 기생에 미치는 효과를 검증하였으나 두드러진 기생효과는 관찰하지 못했다.
4세부과제(남부지역 옥수수 주요 나방류 발생생태 및 경제적 방제법 확립)에서는 남부지역 옥수수 해충 종으로 13종을 발견하였고 이들의 발생 생태를 조사하였다. 조명나방과 왕담배나방에 의한 옥수수 피해부위와 발생밀도를 조사하였고, 각 해충의 성충 발생시기를 예찰하였으며, 조명나방 방제 적기로 월동 후 성충 발생 최성기 2주 후를 선정하였다. 조명나방, 왕담배나방에 대한 친환경농자재를 선발하였다.
5세부과제(고랭지 옥수수 주요해충 친환경적 방제기술 개발)에서는 고랭지 지역의 옥수수 해충과 병, 천적 종류를 조사하였다. 주요 해충의 발생 시기를 조사하였고, 특히 왕담배나방에 대해서는 발생 특성과 피해 경로를 추적하여 옥수수 포장 내에서 월동하지 않을 가능성을 제시하고, 옥수수에 30∼60% 피해를 입히는 것을 조사하였다. 왕담배나방 방제 약제를 선발하고 방제 시기로 옥수수 정식 후 70일 후로 제시하였다.
This study was conducted to develop essential components for embodiment of integrated pest management techniques in maize fields in Korea. The project was performed for 4 years from 2012 to 2015, and consists of five sub-projects, in which the first one focused on development of temperature-dependen
This study was conducted to develop essential components for embodiment of integrated pest management techniques in maize fields in Korea. The project was performed for 4 years from 2012 to 2015, and consists of five sub-projects, in which the first one focused on development of temperature-dependent development models of three main lepidopteran insects, Ostrinia furnacalis, Helicoverpa armigera and Mythimna separata, and monitoring techniques for forecasting insect phenology, the second one focused on identification of disease species, elucidation of their occurrence properties, and development of control methods, the third one focused on identification of parasitic natural enemies against a main insect pest, O. furnacalis, elucidation of their occurrence properties, tests for egg parasitism enhancement through egg parasitoid augmentation and kairomone set-up, the fourth one focused on identification of insect pests in maize fields in southern areas, Korea, elucidation of their occurrence patterns, and development of control methods, and finally the fifth one focused on identification of insect pests in maize fields in northern areas, Korea, elucidation of their occurrence patterns, elucidation of a main pest, Helicoverpa armigera and development of control methods. Generalized contents for integrated pest management in maize fields including results selected from these studies were filed and published as a book, ‘Management manual for maize insects and diseases in Korea’. The study results of five sub-projects were summarized separately as followings.
(The first sub-project) Three lepidopteran insects, Ostrinia furnacalis, Helicoverpa armigera and Mythimna separata, are main pests against maize. O. furnacalis attacks most parts of maize, H. armigera gives damage to fruit, and M. separata is a leaf feeder. The life cycle and phenology of those insect species are unclear yet in Korea. In this study, in the purpose to design an integrated pest management program in maize fields, temperature-dependent development and development-completion models in the three species were developed. For over-wintering larvae of O. furnacalis, parameters of Logan 6 and Weibull models estimated from a sampling colony in a winter time were best fit for adult emergence pattern and timing with average 2-days deviation. Several models were made for immature and adult stages of non-overwintering populations of O. furnacalis. A simulation model started from overwintering larval stage showed a pattern of three times of adult occurrence within a year, and forecasted 50% emergence about 10 days earlier than the observed dates. In adult monitoring, three times of occurrence in a year were observed as the estimated model showed. The result indicated that O. furnacalis has 3 generations (one overwintering and two non-overwintering ones) in a year. However, the development data in outdoor conditions showed that a portion or all larvae of the first and second generations enter overwintering diapause. The results indicated that O. furnacalis could consist 1 to 3 generations in a year. Finally, it was expected that the first generation of larvae give damage to maize. For H. armigera, temperature-dependent development data for immature and adult stages were obtained. Because the range of pupal development period was wide in lower temperature range below 22℃, linear and Lactin 2 non-linear development models were made with median values. Neonate larvae that started development around late August could enter overwintering as pupal stage in the outdoor development experiments of H. armigera. Adult catch pattern in monitoring trap showed 4 times of occurrence in a year. The adult peaks of next generations estimated on the observed adult peaks from a linear development model indicated that H. armigera has the same adult occurrence pattern that the monitoring results showed, and 4 generations (one overwintering and three non-overwintering ones) in a year. From the results, it was expected that a portion or all pupae of the second and third generation enter overwintering. In addition, it was expected that the first and second generation of larvae attack maize fruits. For M. separata, linear and non-linear development models of immature and adults with the previously reported development data were made. In adult monitoring, several sharp peaks occupied the annual occurrence of the insect. However, next or previous generations of occurrence peaks estimated on observed peaks with development models were not observed in most cases. From the results, it was concluded that most adult occurrence peaks in M. separata monitoring resulted from adult migration. In the management of the insect in Korea, therefore, it is important to detect adult migration time exactly and to prepare next actions including larval scouting and spray schedule. In the case of 2015 year, when the adult migration time was detected in mid-June, the mean occurrence dates of the first and second instar larvae were estimated 5 and 8-9 days, respectively after the 2 main peak dates, June 16 and June 19.
(The second sub-project) This study was conducted to develop a technology for the environmentally friendly management and to clarify the incidence factors and occurrence patterns of major disease in corn. Southern leaf blight was occurred very few, but sheath blight and smut were consistently occurred in the range of 3.0-12.7%, 1.7-2.6%, respectively, regardless of cultivation type and cultivation years. Incidence of sheath blight was higher in paddy cultivation as 5.9~12.7% than that of field cultivation as 3.0-5.8%. The pathogen of sheath blight showed a strong pathogenicity in the conditions of 90% humidity and temperature 25 ~ 30℃. Simultaneously diagnostic method was developed for southern leaf blight and northern leaf spot. Most successful smut development on corn seedlings was obtained when seedling s were inoculaed with sporidial suspension of Ustilago maydis. Brassica species of dolsan-gat, cheong-gat, blue mustard showed a high antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani isolates of sheath blight pathogen, and flowers, leaves and seeds of cheong-gat showed a high antifungal activity. The suppressive effect for sheath blight was showed in soil treatment of Cheong-gat plant sliced. Incidence of damping off were significantly mitigate by the transplanting culture of corn seedling in paddy and field cultivation compare to direct seeding cultivation. Particularly, incidence of damping off was reduced as 8.0%, 12.0% by the transplanting culture with 15 days seedling in paddy and field compare to direct seeding cultivation,respectively. Sheath blight was reduced as 4.6%, 7.0% in high ridge(20㎝) and high ridge+vinyl mulching culture compare to level row culture.(The third sub-project) To develop biological control techniques with natural enemies in the integrated pest management for the Asian corn borer(ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis, which is the main insect pest against to maize, kinds and occurrence season of parasitoids of ACB were investigated, and effects of augmentation and conservation of parasitoids on ACB egg parasitism were tested. Thorough four Trichogramma species were provisionally identified in 6 areas in Korea, in which T. ostriniae, T. dendrolimi and T. confusum in Hongcheon, T. ostriniae and T. bilingensis(or T. confusum) in Gochang, and T. ostriniae in Suwon, Chilgok, Cheongwon and Iksan were found. In over-wintering ACB larvae for larval parasitoids, one tachinid fly species(provisionally Lydella thompsoni), two braconid wasp(Macrocentrus cingulum, Cotesia sp.), and one ichneumonid wasp, Eriborus terebrans, were found. Adults of Lydella sp. emerged from ACB larvae that were transferred to Suwon during winter season, and those insects occurred during the seasons of late Apr.-early May in Hongcheon population, early-mid May in Pyeongchang and Gimje populations, late May-late Jun. in Suwon population, and late Apr.-late Jun. in Goesan population. Adults of M. cingulum, Cotesia sp. and E. terebrans occurred during the seasons of late May-late Jun., early-mid May and late Apr., respectively. The parasitic rates and species to ACB were different among collected areas, in which M. cingulum was a dominant species (Lydella sp. and Cotesia sp. for minor) in Suwon, while Lydella sp. were a dominant species in both Goesan and Hongcheon (two braconid sp. and E. terebrans in Goesan, and two braconid sp. in Hongcheon for minors). As an augmentation technique, inoculative release effects of commercially-produced egg parasitoids(the brand names, ‘Jomyeongalbeol’ and ‘Ssaljomalbeol’ of Trichogrmma sp.) on ACB egg parasitism were tested. The egg parasitic rates to artificially-pasted egg masses on maize leaves didn’t increase within one and two days after release, and fluctuated between the release dates. When the release interval became short and the release amount became increased, the parasitic rates increased, especially in Jomyeongbeol. As a conservation technique,kairomonal activities of several materials(sex pheromones, moth scale extract, plant volatiles, saturated hydrocarbons, maize leaf extract) to natural egg parasitoids were tested. All tested materials didn’t show statistically-significant activities on parasitism, although moth scale extract and pentadecane showed some increase effect of parasitism. The rate of parasited egg in one egg-mass that was re-collected after inoculation was about 65%, and adults emerged from most of parasited eggs. Superparasitism was observed. T. ostriniae that have maintained its colony in laboratory could parasitize eggs of other lepidopteran species, Ostrinia scapulalis, Maruca vitrata, Helicoverpa armigera, Matsumuraeses phaseoli, M. falcana.
(The fourth sub-project) Occurrence of three troublesome lepidopterous pests, Ostrinia furnacalis, Helicoverpa armigera and Mythimna separata in corn cultivation of the reclaimed land were recorded using sex pheromone traps from 2012 to 2014. In case of O. furnacalis adult, two generations were observed in a year and its occurrence pattern was very regular. The 1st generation showed the highest occurrence in late May-early June and the 2nd generation was in late July-early August. On the other hand, H. armigera occurred at least three times a year but its occurrence was somewhat irregular. H. armigera adult showed the highest occurrence in mid May, late June, early August, respectively in 2012 but their occurrence patterns of the 2nd and 3rd generations were varied in 2013 and 2014. In case of P. separata, a few number of adult were captured during the survey period, indicating few number of P. separata migrated from China. Based on the control effect of O. furnacalis by Etofenprox and Carbofuranin 2012, June 26 treatment showed the highest control rate with 96.8% for Etofenprox, 85.8% for Carbofuran, respectively. Late treatment at June 19 and June 26 significantly decreased the control rate of O. furnacalis and June 26 treatment showed the lowest control rate of 1.9% for Etofenprox. 18.1% for Carbofuran, respectively.
(The fifth sub-project) Corn is one of the important cereal crop not only stock feed but also well-being food in Gangwon particularly Pyeongchang and Hongcheon area etc. Nowadays, some lepidopteran pests such as Helicoverpa armigera and Ostrinia furnacalis make yield loss as well as quality deterioration in sticky corn cultivation. However until now, there was no basic ecology data and control strategy in these lepidopteran pests. Hence here, we monitor the corn insect pests and also we surveyed population dynamics of five major lepidopteran pests using sex pheromone trap and basic ecological characteristics of H. armigera were identified in highland corn fields. The five lepidopteran pests [H. armigera (early Jul ~ late Sep), Ostrinia furnacalis (mid May ~ late Sep), Spodoptera litura (mid Jun ~ late Oct), S. exigua (early Jun ~ late Oct) and Mythimna separata (intermittently in May)] were collected during May to October and among these species, H. armigera was main pest (ca. 80 ~ 90% of total damage) in 30 ~ 60% total damage in an ear of corn. Based on harvest remnant and soil survey during Feb to Mar, H. armigera was not seems to overwinter in corn fields. We hypothesized that H.armigera only attacked during the earing season and move to other field during Sep. to Oct. To set the integrated pest management (IPM) program against H. armigera, we focused on two different strategies. First, collecting the natural enemies from the living larvae as well as corn fields. Second, selecting the effective insecticides and applied in corn fields. As results, we can not find any candidate parasitoid which apply to control among the field collected 30 parasitoids. And some effective insecticides were selected such as Indoxacarb against the H. armigera. Optimal control timing was estimated by field experiments that spray the suitable insecticide at around 70days after planting (earing season) in one time. Taken together, chemical control strategy was established via this project however, natural enemy based control program will be more discussed.
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