초록

○ 캄보디아는 낮은 토양 비옥도, 높은 토양 산도, 고가의 화학비료 및 퇴비, 관배수 시설의 미비 등으로 인해, 우리나라 및 주변국들에 비해 단위 면적당 벼 생산량이 절반 수준
○ 토질 및 비옥도 향상을 위한 현지 유기질/무기질 자재를 선정하고, 현지 포장 검증 시험
○ 화학비료 대체제 및 식물생장촉진제로서, 현지에 적합한 미생물비료의 선발 및 적용기술 개발
○ 캄보다아의 가용 탄소/질소원 및 기후에 적합한 퇴비화 공정 시스템의 현지 적용 및 보급
(출처: 보고서 요약서 3p)

Abstract ▼

The most important factors to limit Cambodian rice production are known as low soil fertility and quality, low input of chemical fertilizer (due to high cost), poor composting facility, and insufficient irrigation/drainage facility. This project aims to provide Cambodia the following important techn

The most important factors to limit Cambodian rice production are known as low soil fertility and quality, low input of chemical fertilizer (due to high cost), poor composting facility, and insufficient irrigation/drainage facility. This project aims to provide Cambodia the following important technologies on (1) utilization of organic and inorganic reusable resources, (2) application of microbial biofertilizers, (3) composting methods and facility, and (4) irrigation/drainage management.

[International Collaboration with the Cambodian Institute]
CARDI has already agreed on intimate collaboration in soil and water management, utilization of microbial bioferilizers, and an advanced composting system.

[Research and Technology Transfer Strategy]
A. Enhancement of soil quality and fertility: (1) Evaluation of soil quality target, (2) Utilization of organic/inorganic resources, and (3) Combined application of soil amendments and its verification.
B. Utilization of microbial biofertilizers: (1) Screening of bacterial strains, (2) Verification of the selected biofertilizers, and (3) Adoption and validation at the local.
C. Composting facility: (1) Design of an efficient aerobic compositing facility, (2) Construction of a pliot-scale composting system, and (3) Adoption and verification at the local.
D. Irrigation/Drainage management: (1) Investigation of current water management status, (2) Controlled irrigation and drainage, and (3) Evaluation of management options.

[Major Products]
A. Enhancement of soil quality and fertility:
The soil fertility status of local soils were investigated through direct field samplings in 2012 and 2013. Those chemical data were then used to evaluate soil improvement targets. Taking the poor local situations into account, the target OM, N, and P values were generally set to around 80% of the mean nutrient levels in Korean soils. The estimated expense of chemical fertilizers and commercial composts for achieving the soil quality targets was enormous (ca. over 10,000 USD per ha), suggesting that another cost-effective resolutions are necessary.
Locally available inorganic or organic resources were searched for replacing chemical fertilizers and commercial composts. The potential candidates were three animal-originated wastes (poultry, cattle, and pig manure) and five plant-originated wastes (mung bean husk, rice husk, rice straw, water hyacinth, and casaba-waste cake). Among them, rice husk and water hyacinth were considered to be most effective to improve soil fertility, owing to their common existence and easiness to handle. In addition, nitrogen and other nutrient amounts in those organic matter were relatively higher than others. Animal manure was generally high in nutrient contents but not enough in amount due to the small number of livestock. However, they could be the most effective raw materials for composting.
To verify fertilization efficiency of the selected natural resources to replace chemical fertilizers, field trials have been conducted in 201 to 2015 at CARDI experimental fields. The examined soil amendments had differential effects on soil chemical and nutritional properties (e.g., pH, EC, OM, N, and P), depending on the chemical characteristics of the amendment. However, it was clearly shown that water hyacinth and biochar from rice husk had distinctly positive effects on soil organic matter content, nitrogen level, canopy height, fresh/dry biomass, and production of rice. Furthermore, these positive effects were enhanced when the organic and inorganic materials were applied together. Generally, it was estimated that those organic/inorganic combination can replace around 50% of chemical fertilizers, in addition to their enhancement of organic matter levels in soil.

B. Utilization of microbial biofertilizers:
The application of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in the plant cultivation can improve the crop productivity and soil fertility in the aspect of eco-friendly and organic agricultural practices. The plant growth promoting (PGP) effects are well known such as controlling the adverse effect of plant diseases, improving plant tolerant to abiotic stress, biofertilization, enhancing root growth and rhizoremediation. The selection of PGPB strains is the promising step to ensure the potential PGP effect of bacteria chosen prior to application in field. The meta-analysis study is used to screen the potential of PGPB with highly PGP effect and find out the main soil factor influencing on the inoculants upon application in soil, particularly soil pH and organic matter. A part of meta-analysis, the mechanism of IAA production and 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) Deaminase is also tested among the PGPB strains in the laboratory condition.
The pouch experiment is conducted to investigate the PGP effect of selected on the plant growth of tomato, cucumber and cabbage. The shelf life of inoculation is also considered to ensure much more survivability of inoculants during storage and application of inoculants into soil. considered to ensure much more survivability of inoculants during storage and application of inoculants into soil. The application methods are tested to find out the effective methods for applying inoculants into the plant cultivation. In addition, the selection of culture media for mass production is the important step to increase the high number of inoculants with the short period of production. Yeast Malt Extract Peptone (YMEP) and ammonium mineral salt medium (AMS) are used to checked for the specific growth of inoculants in both shaking flask and 5 llab fermenter. The results showed that the promising PGPB strains from the laboratory have been selected according to high PGP mechanism including IAA, ACC deaminase production, P solubilization and nitrogen fixation. These PGPB strains comprise of Methylobacterium sp. 12, 15, 17, 20 and 27, Pseudomonas sp. CPBR6, CPBE31 and CBCEN9 and Bacillus sp. RFNB6, RS341 and RS654. The meta-analysis results revealed the variation of plant growth promoting effect of different Bacillus and Pseudomonas influencing by the soil pH and soil OM. The inoculation with five Methylobacterium sp. showed the increase in root development and total dry biomass of tomato, cucumber and cabbage. Moreover, the foliar and soil inoculation with Methylobacterium sp. 12 highly increased in total dry weight of red pepper over non-inoculated.
The shelf life of Methylobacterium sp. also enhanced within 20 days of storage and decreased to bacterial population of 3 (log CFU) in 90 days when inoculants was formulated in clay:bran ratio 1:1 pellet. For mass production, the population of Methylobacterium sp. 20 highly increased in YMEP medium in 7 days of inoculation over AMS medium. Likewise, the specific growth of Methlylobacterium sp. 20 also increased in YMEP within 72 h after inoculation in 5 l laboratory fermenter. From these results, the application of PGPG substrate is further conducted in the paddy field of CARDI, Cambodia with other soil amendment with organic and inorganic fertilizer on the rice growth, yield and soil fertility of Sen Pidor. Ten percent of PGPB substrate(20 ml) was directly applied into two steps: 20 days after seeding on the nursery and 30 days after transplanting combining with half recommendation fertilizer rate (1/2 RR-50:23:30). The field experiment is going on in CARDI and the experiment is expected to finish in the end of July.

C. Composting facility:
In order to improve the nutrition balance of soil in Cambodian agricultural site, which is almost barren, a new small scale of prototypical compost processing machine was developed and deployed considering the usage of local resources, i.e., wasted agricultural materials, cow manure and instability of electricity. Wasted agricultural materials could be provided from local site were investigated to be assessed as efficient raw material to composting machine. Also, based on the reference of former researches and patents, the basic design concept of a composting machine was constructed during the first period of research. A proper installation spot was determined by surveying the local site and the design of composting machine was constructed during the first period of research. A proper installation spot was determined by surveying the local site and the design of composting machine was modified by considering various local conditions, i.e., climate and instable electricity. A new prototypical composting machine was developed and its functionalities and performances were evaluated before shipment.
A composting facility was constructed at the local site and the developed composting machine was shipped. After deploying the prototype to the installation site, basic functionalities and performances were evaluated using raw materials provided from the local site during the last period of research.
As a result, the new prototypical composting machine designed in correspondence with the lack of raw wasted agricultural material and the instability of the electricity was installed at Combodian site. Field evaluations using produced compost are in progress. Assessments of the improvement of the nutrition balance by the proposed whole composting process are strongly required to achieve the prime purpose of ODA research activities.

The results of the present projects are expected to contribute to increasing rice production in Cambodia, reduction in poverty and hunger, and thus to stabilization of Cambodian economics and society. In addition, similar international contribution could be expected for other underdeveloped countries, based on the products and experiences of this project. This would also increase future investments of Korea on agriculture in other countries. Potentially, the many of the results of the present project can be utilized for enhancing agricultural developments in Korea.
(출처: Summary 8p)

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 보고서 요약서 ... 3
• 요약문 ... 4
• SUMMARY ... 8
• CONTENTS ... 12
• 목차 ... 14
• 제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 16
• 1절 연구개발의 목적, 필요성 및 범위 ... 16
• 1. 협력대상국 및 기관정보 ... 16
• 2. 연구 개발의 필요성 ... 19
• 3. 연구 개발의 목표 및 내용 ... 21
• 제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 ... 25
• 1절 캄보디아의 농업 기술 현황 ... 25
• 1. 캄보디아 재벼 벼 품종 ... 25
• 2. 캄보디아 벼 재배지 토양 및 시비관리 ... 28
• 3. 캄보디아 국립연구소 (CARDI) 의 농업기술지원 ... 29
• 2절 한국의 농업부분 기술지원 현황 ... 31
• 1. 한국국제협력단 KOICA (Korea International Cooperation Agency) ... 31
• 2. 해외농업기술개발센터 KOPIA (Korea Project on International Agriculture) ... 31
• 3절 국내외 퇴비화 기술 개발 ... 33
• 1. 퇴비화 공정 시스템의 선행 기술(논문) ... 33
• 2. 퇴비화 공정 시스템의 선행 기술(특허 조사) ... 34
• 제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 36
• 1절 토양 개량 및 비옥도 향상 ... 36
• 1. 현지 토양의 비옥도 현황 조사 및 토양개량 목표 산정 (1차년도) ... 36
• 2. 토양 산도 교정 및 토양 비옥도 개선을 위한 유/무기 자재의 선별 (2차년도) ... 53
• 3. 유/무기 소재의 토양 생산성 향상을 위한 현지 포장 시험 (2차년도) ... 58
• 4. 토양개량제/유기물 혼합시용 효과검증 및 포장처리기술 개발 (3차년도) ... 75
• 2절 미생물 비료 선발 및 적용 ... 103
• 1. 현지에 적합한 식물생장촉진 미생물비료 균주 선발 (1차년도) ... 103
• 2. 선발 미생물비료의 효능 검정 및 현지 적용처리 기술 개발 (2차년도) ... 116
• 3. 선발 미생물비료의 현지적용 포장시험 및 기술보급 (3차년도) ... 133
• 3절 퇴비화 공정시스템 개발 및 보급 ... 143
• 1. 현지 유기자원, 기후에 적합한 퇴비화 공정시스템 디자인 (1차년도) ... 143
• 2. 파일럿 퇴비화 공정시스템의 제작 및 운용효능 평가 (2차년도) ... 148
• 3. 개발 퇴비화 공정시스템 현지 적용 및 기술 보급 (3차년도) ... 177
• 4절 캄보디아 현지 협력기관과의 인적·물적 교류 사항 ... 216
• 1. 캄보디아 협력기관과의 MOU 체결 ... 216
• 2. CARDI 연구원의 국내 기술 훈련 ... 219
• 3. CARDI 전문가 초청 방문 ... 221
• 4. 최신 토양 관리 기술에 관한 농업 교육 현지 워크샵 개최 ... 225
• 5. 참여연구원 파견 및 현지 주재 활동 사항 ... 233
• 6. 현지 파일럿 규모 퇴비화 시설 설치 (물적 교류) ... 235
• 5절 연구 개발 성과의 현지 보급 및 확대 방안 ... 240
• 1. 현재 진행 중인 캄보디아 농업 지원 사업들과의 연계 ... 240
• 2. CARDI 해당 부서의 기술력 확대 방안 ... 242
• 제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 244
• 1절 연구개발목표의 달성도 ... 244
• 2절 연구개발목표의 최종 달성도 평가 ... 246
• 3절 관련분야의 기술발전 기여도 ... 247
• 1. 사업의 기대효과, 사업의 현지 지속가능성 ... 247
• 2. KOICA, EDCF 등이 수행하는 원조사업과의 연계·협력 및 개발결과의 활용 가능성 ... 247
• 제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 ... 249
• 1절 연구개발결과의 활용 방안 ... 249
• 2절 기대성과 ... 249
• 1. 기술적 ... 249
• 2. 경제·산업적 ... 249
• 제6장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 250
• 1절 캄보디아 사회 경제 환경 및 농업 생산성 변화 ... 250
• 2절 캄보디아 농업 유전 자원 ... 253
• 3절 캄보디아의 농경지 이용 현황 및 비옥도 분포 ... 255
• 4절 캄보디아에서 벼 재배에 사용하는 유/무기질 비료 ... 257
• 제7장 연구시설ㆍ장비 현황 ... 258
• 제8장 참고문헌 ... 259
• 끝페이지 ... 266