[보고서]피노믹스 활용 유전자 기능 검정 기법 개발

김경환

보고서 정보

주관연구기관

국립농업과학원
National Institute of Agricultural Sciences

연구책임자

김경환

참여연구자

권택윤 , 정미정 , 지현소 , 서은정 , 최인찬 , 김송림 , 이은경 , 이홍석 , 이왕희 , 이용훈 , 조병관 , 박은수 , 김도균 , 김하영 , 권경도 , 배형진 , 배지훈 , 변대현 , 서영욱 , 심준용 , 양승환 , 정재민 , Wakholi Collins , Jannat Yasmin , 나잰드란 , 디네쉬 , 카켐보 , 차재우 , 김상현 , 스와나리

보고서유형

최종보고서

발행국가

대한민국

언어

한국어

발행년월

2018-02

과제시작연도

2017

주관부처

농촌진흥청
Rural Development Administration(RDA)

등록번호

TRKO201800043445

과제고유번호

1395049687

사업명

차세대바이오그린21

DB 구축일자

2019-05-18

키워드

작물 표현형.영상처리.통계분석.비파괴 영상 분석.벼.Phenotyping.Image processing.Statistical analysis.Non-destructive image analysis.Rice.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201800043445

표 Physiological phenotype from genetic traits
표 OsPhyB 돌연변이체의 표현형
표 OsPhyB T-DNA 삽입 돌연변이체의 삽입 위치: TIGR DB와 SALK DB
표 건조 스트레스 조건과 IR 카메라 촬영에 대한 모식도
표 건조 스트레스 촬영 시 배경 조건 왼쪽, RGB image; 오른쪽, IR image
표 건조 스트레스 시 IR 이미지 촬영 세트 제작 왼쪽, WT; 오른쪽, OsPhyB mutant
표 IR 카메라 (FLIR P620)
표 동진(5일차)과 일미(4일차)의 건조 스트레스 촬영 이미지 왼쪽, RGB image; 오른쪽, IR image
표 OsPhyB의 diurnal rhythms, Lee et al., 2010, plant journal
표 OsPhyB 돌연변이체의 광합성률과 기공 전도
표 건조스트레스 시 온실의 온도, 습도, CO2량 조사, 오전 10시
표 OsPhyB mutants의 건조 시간에 따른 화분 내 수분 함량 조사
표 WT과 OsPhyB 돌연변이체의 drought stress시 RGB 이미지 사진왼쪽, WT; 오른쪽, OsPhyB mutant; RC, recovery
표 WT과 OsPhyB 돌연변이체의 drought stress시 IR 이미지 사진왼쪽, WT; 오른쪽, OsPhyB mutant
표 FLIR researchIR software를 이용한 엽온 측정
표 건조 스트레스 시 잎과 IR 촬영 장소 온도 측정
표 IR 카메라 운영 시 촬영지연시간에 따른 IR 이미지 영상 분석 사진왼쪽, WT; 오른쪽, OsPhyB mutant
표 OsPhyB 돌연변이체의 수분 사용량 측정
표 OsPhyB와 건조 스트레스 관련 기작의 가설
표 MGRIL유전집단의 생육기간에 따른 간장, 수장, 이삭수 분석
표 온실에서의 생육기간에 따른 MGRIL유전집단의 초장과 생체중 분석
표 표현형 분석을 위한 알고리즘 개발 모식도
표 옆면적의 실측치와 영상픽셀과의 상관관계 분석 그래프
표 가시관 영상을 이용한 MGRIL계통의 옆면적 측정값 분석그래프
표 밀양기호 교배조합의 생육조사 및 영상분석 방법
표 온실에서 교배집단의 생장 분포 A, B, C : 파종후 2주된 식물체의 생장분포, D, E, F :파종후 2주된 식물체의 생장분포
표 영상분석치에 따른 교배집단의 생장 분포 A, B : 파종후 2주된 식물체의 생장분포, D, E :파종후 2주된 식물체의 생장분포
표 밀양기호교배 집단의 실측과 영상분석 값 간의 상관관계
표 밀양기호 교배집단의 초기생장률 관련 QTL의 연관지도
표 음파처리 애기장대의 열영상 카메라 촬영
표 음파처리한 애기장대의 병저항성 관련 유전자 발현양상분석 (RNAseq.)
표 음파처리한 토마토 잎의 영상촬영 결과
표 음파처리후 마스킹 이미지 파일 추출
표 음파처리후 온도변화 관찰
표 음파처리후 온도변화 관찰
표 Principle of hyperspectral image acquisition
표 Structure of 3D hypercube
표 Hyperspectral visible / near-infrared imaging system schematic
표 Step moter (XNN10-0180-M02-21, VELMEX INC, USA)
표 Step moter controller (XNN10-0180-M02-21, VELMEX INC, USA)
표 Specification of the conveying unit of the hyperspectral imaging system
표 Halogen lamp wavelength range
표 Schematics of the power LED(a) and typical spectrum of the power LED of 365 nm(b) and 405 nm(c)
표 Shape of the fluorescent light source line and (a) the light source arrangement (b)
표 Measurement using hyperspectral fluorescence imagning system
표 Hyperspectral short wave infrared imaging system structure and imaging process
표 Specifications of the hyperspectral imaging system
표 Lighting sources with (a) and without (b) optic fibers
표 Measurement using hyperspectral short wave infrared imaging system
표 Reference image used for adjusting lens focus
표 Measurement of white reference
표 Measurement of dark reference
표 Thermal image measurement camera (a) and plant measurement system construction (b)
표 Specifications of the IR camera imaging system
표 (a) RGB image, (b) original thermal image, (c) image processing result
표 One-way ANOVA table
표 Data acquisition of plant leaves through MATLAB
표 Optimal wavelength selection of hyperspectral image through one-way ANOVA
표 RGB images (above) and hyperspectral optimal wavelength images (below) according to the intensity of bacterial infection of tomato. On the right side, normal, 102,104, 106, 108, 1010 concentration infected (3rd day)
표 Principal component analysis result of hyperspectral image
표 Weight of wavelengths applied to PC2 image
표 PC2 image (a) and 502 nm (b), 574 nm (c), 697 nm (d)
표 PC2 image (a) and 574 nm / 502 nm image (b)
표 Extraction method of hyperspectral image data of rice
표 One-Way Raitio ANOVA result (a) F value of ANOVA analysis result, (b) histogram of 712.5 nm / 742.7 nm value
표 Results of imaging the 712.5 nm / 742.7 nm wavelength region
표 PCA analysis method of hyperspectral fluorescence image
표 Results of PCA analysis of hypercpectral fluorescence images. (a) Selected PCA Beta curve (b) Hyperspectral fluorescence image with Beta curve
표 One-Way Raitio ANOVA result
표 Results of imaging 704.5 nm / 685.4 nm wavelength region
표 Results of PCA analysis of hyperspecrtral fluorescence images. (a) the selected PCA beta curve. (b) hyperspectral fluorescence image with Beta curve
표 Changes in the susceptible and resistant rice leaves inoculated with different races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
표 Selection of leaves for the hyperspectral image
표 Schematic diagram of hyperspectral Vis / NIR image analysis using PCA
표 Extraction of spectral information of infected and normal part of PCA-PC4 image
표 Hyperspectral Vis/NIR image of ANOVA results of infection progression and normal part of rice
표 Hyperspectral Vis/NIR imaging results of susceptible rice (K1). (a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Hyperspectral Vis/NIR imaging results of resistant rice (K1) (a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Hyperspectral Vis/NIR imaging results of susceptible rice (K2).(a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Hyperspectral Vis/NIR imaging results of resistant rice (K2) (a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Hyperspectral Vis/NIR imaging results of susceptible rice (K3). (a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Hyperspectral Vis/NIR imaging results of resistant rice (K3). (a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Schematic diagram of hyperspectral SWIR image analysis using PCA
표 Hyperspectral SWIR image of ANOVA results of infection progression and normal part of rice
표 Hyperspectral SWIR imaging results of susceptible rice (K1).(a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Hyperspectral SWIR imaging results of resistant rice (K1) (a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Hyperspectral SWIR imaging results of susceptible rice (K2). (a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Hyperspectral SWIR imaging results of resistant rice (K2) (a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Hyperspectral SWIR imaging results of susceptible rice (K3).(a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Hyperspectral SWIR imaging results of resistant rice (K3) (a) PCA image, (b) 726/707 nm image
표 Schematic diagram of hyperspectral fluorescence image analysis using PCA
표 Comparison of color images and hyperspectral fluorescence PC2 images
표 Thermal image results of susceptible rice after 5days of infection (K2). (a) color image, (b) Thermal image
표 Thermal image results of susceptible rice after 6days of infection (K2). (a) color image, (b) Thermal image
표 Thermal image results of susceptible rice after 7days of infection (K2). (a) color image, (b) Thermal image
표 Thermal image results of susceptible rice after 8days of infection (K2). (a) color image, (b) Thermal image
표 Temperature change of infected rice. (a) infection day 5, (b) infection day 6, (c) infection day 7
표 (a) Thermal image of rice after 5 days of infection (b) Thermal image of rice after 6 days of infection
표 (a) Thermal image of rice after 7 days of infection (b) Thermal image of rice after 8 days of infection
표 (a) Thermal image of rice after 9 days of infection (b) Thermal image of rice after 10 days of infection
표 Measurement of thermal image average value
표 (a) Average temperature graph of susceptibility and resistance (SD<0.05) (b) Graph of ′room temperature - average temperature value of rice′
표 유전자 발현을 조사하기 위한 qPCR 프라이머
표 Disease severity of tomato plants after inoculation of different cell concentration of Pseudomonas cichorii JBC1. Leaves of 3-4-week old tomato plants were treated with various cell concentrations (1×102, 104, 106, 108, and 5×108 cfu/ml) of P. cichorii, by dipping method, allowed to grow in high humidity for 12 h, and incubated in a growth chamber at 25℃ with 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod. The disease severities in infected leaves were measured by a direct estimation of percentage of disease area at 1, 2 and 3 dai. The data obtained are the means ± SD from three independent experiments in three replicates. Means with the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey′s Test (P≤0.05) run on SAS software
표 Development of symptoms in leaves of tomato plants by inoculation of different cell concentration of Pseudomonas cichorii JBC1. Leaves of 3-4-week old tomato plants were dipped in various cell concentrations (1×102, 104, 106, 108, and 5×108 cfu/ml) of P. cichorii, by dipping (A) and syringe infiltration (B) method, allowed to high humidity for 12 h, and incubated in a growth chamber at 25℃ with 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod. Control was inoculated with 10 mM MgCl2. Representative photographs, which were taken 1, 2, and 3 dai are shown at here
표 Assessment of in planta population growth of Pseudomonas cichorii JBC1. Leaves of 3-4-week old tomato plants were dipped in various cell concentrations (1×102, 104, 106,108, and 5×108 cfu/ml), and the infected leaves were collected and homogenized 1 and 3 dai. Serially diluted samples were plated onto LB agar plates containing vancomycin. After incubation at 25℃ for 24 h, number of colonies was counted and normalized to per cm2 of sampled leaves. Data represented with standard deviation of three independent biological samples and values denoted by the same letters are not significantly different at P<0.05 according to Tukey′s test
표 Time course changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters depending on inoculum densities. (A) Maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), (B) Effective PSII quantum yield (ΦPSII), (C) Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) are shown. Leaves of 3-4-week old tomato plants were dipped in various cell concentrations (1×102, 104, 106, 108, and 5×108 cfu/ml), allowed to high humidity for 12 h, and incubated in a growth chamber at 25℃ with 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod. The efficiency of excitation capture was recorded after the dark adapted state 1, 2, and 3 dai. The data obtained are the means±SD from three independent experiments in three replicates. Means with the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey′s test (P≤0.05)
표 Changes of chlorophyll content in the pathogen inoculated leaves. Leaves of 3-4-week old tomato plants were dipped in various cell concentrations (1×102, 104, 106, 108, and 5×108 cfu/ml), allowed to high humidity for 12 h, and incubated in a growth chamber at 25℃ with 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod. The chlorophyll content was measured by SPAD meter 1, 2, and 3 dai. The data obtained are the means ± SD from three independent experiments in three replicates. Means with the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey′s test (P≤0.05)
표 Expression of defense-related genes in tomato plants by qPCR analysis. The leaves of tomato seedlings inoculated with different densities of Pseudomonas cichorii cells were harvested 1 and 3 dai. The total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed, and qPCR analysis was performed with specific primers for each defense-related genes, PR1a (A), PAL (B), and Pin-2 (C). Actin was used as internal control. Using the CT values obtained from qPCR, fold differences were normalized to the expression of defense-related genes and calculated using the ΔΔCT method. The difference of each gene expression was compared with uninfected control. The graph presents the means ± SD from three independent experiments in triplicate
표 Visible and near infrared hyperspectral images of tomato leaves infected with Pseudomonas cichorii. Leaves of 3-4-week old tomato plants were infiltrated with various cell concentrations (1×102, 104, 106, 108, and 5×108 cfu/ml) of P. cichorii using needless syringe, allowed to high humidity for 12 h, and incubated in a growth chamber at 25℃ with 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod. The images were obtained 1 and 3 dai. Images of the fluorescence parameters were displayed with the help of a false color code ranging from 2.0 (black) to 8.0 (purple). Representative measurements are shown at here
표 Visible and near infrared hyperspectral images of tomato leaves infected with Pseudomonas cichorii. Leaves of 3-4-week old tomato plants were dipped in various cell concentrations (1×102, 104, 106, 108, and 5×108 cfu/ml) of P. cichorii, allowed to high humidity for 12 h, and incubated in a growth chamber at 25℃ with 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod. The images were obtained 1 and 3 dai. Images of the fluorescence parameters were displayed with the help of a false color code ranging from 2.0 (black) to 8.0 (purple). Representative measurements are shown at here
표 Chlorophyll fluorescence images of the tomato leaves inoculated with different densities of P. cichorii cells. Leaves of 3-4-week old tomato plants were infiltrated with various cell concentrations (1×102, 104, 106, 108, and 5×108 cfu/ml) of P. cichorii using needless syringe, allowed to high humidity for 12 h, and incubated in a growth chamber at 25℃ with 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod. The images were obtained 1 and 3 dai. Images of the fluorescence parameters were displayed with the help of a false color code ranging from 1.2 (black) to 1.9 (purple). Representative measurements are shown at here
표 Chlorophyll fluorescence images of the tomato leaves inoculated with different densities of Pseudomonas cichorii cells. Leaves of 3-4-week old tomato plants were dipped in various cell concentrations (1×102, 104, 106, 108,and 5×108cfu/ml) of P. cichorii, allowed to high humidity for 12 h, and incubated in a growth chamber at 25℃ with 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod. The infected leaves wee imaged 1 and 3 dai. Images of the fluorescence parameters were displayed with the help of a false color code ranging from 1.2 (black) to 1.9 (purple). Representative measurements are shown at here
표 SWIR hyperspectral images of the tomato leaves inoculated with different densities of Pseudomonas cichorii cells. Leaves of 3-4-week old tomato plants were dipped in various cell concentrations (1×102, 104, 106, 108, and 5×108 cfu/ml) of P. cichorii, allowed to high humidity for 12 h, and incubated in a growth chamber at 25℃ with 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod. The infected leaves wes imaged 1 and 3 dai. Images of the fluorescence parameters were displayed with the help of a false color code ranging from 1.2 (black) to 1.5 (purple). Representative measurements are shown at here
표 유전자 발현을 조사하기 위한 qPCR 프라이머
표 Disease severity after inoculation of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae on the leaf blades of resistant and susceptible rice genotypes. The leaves of 7- to 8-week old resistant (IRBB21) and susceptible (IR24) rice seedlings were clip inoculated with scissors dipped in the suspensions of K1, K2, and K3 race of Xoo. The inoculated plants were covered with a polythene hood for 24 h and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 h, 27℃). Disease scores of the genotypes to bacterial infection were determined based on a lesion length 2, 5, and 7 dai. Three separate experiments were conducted with five plants for each treatment. The data obtained are the means ± SD from three independent experiments in three replicates. Means with the same letter are not significantly different by Tukey′s test (P ≤ 0.05)
표 The phenotypes of resistant and susceptible genotypes after Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae inoculation on the leaf blades of rice. The leaves of 7- to 8-week old rice seedlings, IRBB21 and IR24, were clip inoculated with K1, K2, and K3 race of Xoo, covered with a polythene hood for 24 h, and grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8h, 27℃). The progress disease development was photographed 2, 5 and 7 dai
표 Internal growth of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae after inoculation on the leaf blades of resistant and susceptible rice genotypes. The leaves of 7- to 8-week old rice seedlings, resistant (IRBB21) and susceptible (IR24), were clip inoculated with suspensions of K1 and K3 races of Xoo, covered with a polythene hood for 24 h, and grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 h, 27℃). The bacterial growth in infected tissues was assessed by the number of bacterial colonies after 2 and 5 dai. The data obtained are the means ± SD from three independent experiments in three replicates
표 Comparison of time course changes of maximum PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm), effective PSII quantum yield (ΦPSII), non-photochemical quenching co-efficient (NPQ) in resistant and susceptible genotypes. The leaves of 7-8 week old resistant (IRBB21) and susceptible (IR24) rice seedlings were clip inoculated with scissors dipped in the suspensions of K1, K2, and K3 races of Xoo. The inoculated plants were covered with a polythene hood for 24 h and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). The chlorophyll fluorescence was recorded at 2 cm below from infection site 2, 5, and 7 dai. Three separate experiments were conducted with five plants for each treatment. The data obtained are the means ± SD from three independent experiments in three replicates. Asterisks denote values significantly different from the value of control plant on each variety at P<0.05 according to Tukey ‘s test
표 Changes of chlorophyll content in resistant and susceptible genotypes after inoculation with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae races. The leaves of 5-6 week old resistant (IRBB21) and susceptible (IR24) rice seedlings were clip inoculated with scissors dipped in the suspensions of K1, K2, and K3races of Xoo, covered with a polythene hood for 24 h, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). The values were recorded on 2, 5, and 7 dai. Three experiments were conducted with ten plants for each treatment. The data obtained are the means±SD from three independent experiments in three replicates. Asterisks denote values significantly different from the value of control plant on each variety at P<0.05 according to Tukey′s test
표 Relative expression of disease resistance related genes in rice leaves inoculated with different races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The leaves of 7-8 week old rice seedlings were clip inoculated with K1, K2, and K3 races of Xoo, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). RNA was isolated from the inoculated leaves, and expressions of the genes were investigated by qPCR. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean of three independent experiments
표 Relative expression of photosynthetic genes in rice leaves inoculated with different races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The leaves of 7-8 week old rice seedlings were clip inoculated with K1, K2, and K3 races of Xoo, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). RNA was isolated from the inoculated leaves, and expressions of the genes were investigated by qPCR
표 Principle component images obtained from visible and near infrared spectrum. The leaves of 7-8 week old IRBB21 seedlings were clip inoculated with scissors dipped in the suspensions of K1 race of Xoo, covered with a polythene hood for 24 h, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). The VIS/NIR hyperspectral images were obtained 7 dai
표 Principle component analysis (PCA) of visible and near infrared spectrum in IRBB21 inoculated with K1 race of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. (A) disease symptoms 7 dai, (B) loading plot of region of interest in the spectral range of 400–1000 nm, (C) selected peak values, (D) images obtained from principal component analysis. The leaves of 7-8 week old IRBB21 seedlings were clip inoculated with scissors dipped in the suspensions of K1 race of Xoo, covered with a polythene hood for 24 h, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). The VIS/NIR hyperspectral spectra were obtained 7 dai
표 Visible and near infrared hyperspectral images of the susceptible and resistant rice leaves inoculated with different races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The leaves of 7-8 week old rice seedlings were clip inoculated with scissors dipped in the suspensions of K3 races of Xoo, covered with a polythene hood for 24 h, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 h, 27℃). The VIS/NIR hyperspectral images were obtained 7 dai. Representative measurements are shown at here
표 Principle component images obtained from visible and near infrared spectrum. The leaves of 7-8 week old IRBB21 seedlings were clip inoculated with scissors dipped in the suspensions of K1 race of Xoo, covered with a polythene hood for 24 h, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). The VIS/NIR hyperspectral images were obtained 7 dai
표 Principle component analysis (PCA) of short wave infrared spectrum in IRBB21 inoculated with K1 race of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. (A) disease symptoms 7dai, (B) loading plot of region of interest in the spectral range of 400–1000 nm, (C) selected peak values, (D) images obtained from principal component analysis. The leaves of 7-8 week old IRBB21 seedlings were clip inoculated with scissors dipped in the suspensions of K1 race of Xoo, covered with a polythene hood for 24 h, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). The VIS/NIR hyperspectral spectra were obtained 7 dai
표 Short wave infrared hyperspectral images of the susceptible and resistant rice leaves inoculated with different races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The leaves of 7-8 week old rice seedlings were clip inoculated with scissors dipped in the suspensions of K3 races of Xoo, covered with a polythene hood for 24 h, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 h, 27℃). The VIS/NIR hyperspectral images were obtained 7 dai. Images of the fluorescence parameters were displayed with the help of a false color code ranging from 60.0 (blue) to 220.0 (purple). Representative measurements are shown at here
표 Principle component analysis (PCA) of visible and near infrared spectrum of tomato inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. (A) selected peak values, (B) disease symptoms 7 dai, and (C) VIS/NIR images obtained from PCA. The leaves of 3-4 week old tomato seedlings were wounded and inoculated with spores (1.0×108 conidia/ml) of B. cinerea, allowed to high humidity for 12 h in a polythene hood for 24 h, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). The VIS/NIR hyperspectral spectra were obtained 7 dai
표 Visible and near infrared hyperspectral images of tomato leaves inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. The leaves of 3-4 week old tomato seedlings were wounded and inoculated with spores (1.0×108 conidia/ml) of B. cinerea, allowed to high humidity for 12 h in a polythene hood for 24 h, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). The VIS/NIR hyperspectral spectra were obtained 7 dai
표 Principle component analysis (PCA) of visible and near infrared spectrum of tomato inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. (A) selected peak values, (B) disease symptoms 7 dai, and (C) images obtained from PCA. The leaves of 3-4 week old tomato seedlings were wounded and inoculated with spores (1.0×108 conidia/ml) of B. cinerea, allowed to high humidity for 12 h in a polythene hood for 24 h, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). The VIS/NIR hyperspectral spectra were obtained 7 dai
표 Short wave infrared hyperspectral images of tomato leaves inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. The leaves of 3-4 week old tomato seedlings were wounded and inoculated with spores (1.0×108 conidia/ml) of B. cinerea, allowed to high humidity for 12 h in a polythene hood for 24 h, and the seedlings were grown in plant growth room (light/dark, 16/8 hr, 27℃). The VIS/NIR hyperspectral spectra were obtained 7 dai. Representative measurements are shown at here
표 Visible and near infrared hyperspectral images of rice stem inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani. The R. solani isolate was grown on PDA and agar blocks (0.5 cm squares) obtained from the outer edge of the culture was placed on the beneath of the leaf sheath of rice plants. The inoculated sheath was covered immediately with aluminum foil for 3 days. The VIS/NIR hyperspectral spectra were obtained 7 dai. Representative measurements are shown at here
표 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of visible and near infrared spectrum in tomato fruit inoculated with Botrytis cinerea
표 Visible and near infrared hyperspectral images of tomato fruit inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. The tomato fruits were inoculated with spores obtained from PDA culture of B. cinerea, and stored on the plastic container at 25℃ and 90% RH. The VIS/NIR hyperspectral images were obtained as described in material and methods. Representative measurements are shown at here
표 Visible and near infrared spectra obtained from white rot (WR)-infected, bitter rot (BR)-infected, and sound regions of apple fruit. The apple fruits were inoculated with spores/mycelial fragments obtained from PDA culture of Glomerella cingulate (BR) and Botryosphaeria dothidea (WR), and stored on the plastic container at 25℃ and 90% RH. The VIS/NIR hyperspectral spectra were obtained 3-5 and 5-8 days after inoculation of G. cingulate and B. dothidea, respectively
표 Contour plot of F-value calculated by waveband ratio. The most effective wavelength was analyzed and contour plot was built using F-values for spectral wavelength pairs used to discriminate white rot and bitter rot from sound surface of apple fruit. Color bar in the right-side of the contour plot shows F-value whose value increases from the blue to the red
표 Frequency histogram for ratio values of white rot and bitter rot
표 Visible and near infrared hyperspectral images by two-band ratio at 942 nm and 908 nm wavelengths in apple fruits infected with white and bitter rot. The apple fruits were inoculated with spores/mycelial fragments obtained from PDA culture of Glomerella cingulate and Botryosphaeria dothidea, and stored on the plastic container at 25℃ and 90% RH. The VIS/NIR hyperspectral spectra were obtained 4-5 and 6-8 dai for G. cingulate and B. dothidea, respectively. Representative measurements are shown at here
표 Binary image displays bitter rot in apple fruits. Bitter rot region determined by applying the threshold value of (a) 0.7574 and (b) 0.730 to the 942 nm/908 nm image are shown
표 Representative images of RGB, two-band ratio, ad binary analysis. RGB images(a) were obtained 4-5 and 6-8 dai for G. cingulate and B. dothidea, respectively. The images were analyzed by two-band ratio at 942 nm and 908 nm wavelengths (b) and binary image at threshold value of 0.730 to the 942 nm/908 nm image (c)
표 Ultra violet spectra obtained from white rot-infected, bitter rot-infected, and sound regions of apple fruit. The apple fruits were inoculated with spores/mycelial fragments obtained from PDA culture of Glomerella cingulate and Botryosphaeria dothidea, and stored on the plastic container at 25℃ and 90% RH. The VIS/NIR hyperspectral spectra were obtained 4-5 and 6-8 dai for G. cingulate and B. dothidea, respectively
표 Contour plots of the correlation coefficient arising from the correlation between a spectral wavelength pair combination and the disease condition
표 Ultra violet hyperspectral images of apple fruits infected with white and bitter rot. The apple fruits were inoculated with spores/mycelial fragments obtained from PDA culture of Glomerella cingulate and Botryosphaeria dothidea, and stored on the plastic container at 25℃ and 90% RH. The VIS/NIR hyperspectral spectra were obtained 4-5 and 6-8 dai for G. cingulate and B. dothidea, respectively. Representative measurements are shown at here

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