초록 ▼

5. 결론 및 시사점
○ 임금수준이 낮은 집단을 주 표적으로 하는 최저임금의 인상은 여성임금에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤음. 최저임금이 저임금 근로자의 상대 임금을 높여 임금의 격차를 줄이는데 기여하고자 하는 목적이 있다면 지역별 최저임금의 도입은 이 효과를 제한하게 될 가능성이 있고 특히 여성근로자에게는 더 크게 제한적일 가능성이 있음.
- 우리 노동시장에서의 성별 산업분리를 고려한다면 현재의 근로자 구성에 따라 산업별 근로자 임금이나 고용에 미치는 영향도 다르게 나타날 수 있음. 제도의 변화가 특정 근로자 집단에게는 의도하지

5. 결론 및 시사점
○ 임금수준이 낮은 집단을 주 표적으로 하는 최저임금의 인상은 여성임금에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤음. 최저임금이 저임금 근로자의 상대 임금을 높여 임금의 격차를 줄이는데 기여하고자 하는 목적이 있다면 지역별 최저임금의 도입은 이 효과를 제한하게 될 가능성이 있고 특히 여성근로자에게는 더 크게 제한적일 가능성이 있음.
- 우리 노동시장에서의 성별 산업분리를 고려한다면 현재의 근로자 구성에 따라 산업별 근로자 임금이나 고용에 미치는 영향도 다르게 나타날 수 있음. 제도의 변화가 특정 근로자 집단에게는 의도하지 않은 결과를 가져올 수 있으며 그것이 오히려 노동시장에서의 격차를 더확대하거나 한계집단을 어려운 상태로 변화시킬 수 있음.
○ 최저임금 상승은 여성임금에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤지만 여성 임금 문제중 가장 심각한 성별 임금격차 해소는 그리 진전되지 않았음. 여전히 남성 중 3분위 임금수준은 여성 중 6분위 임금보다 높음.
- 다양한 원인이 있지만 성별 격차보다는 성내 격차가 더 많이 줄어들고 있다는 것이 그 원인 중 하나임. 분석결과 남성임금 내 격차는 확대되고 여성임금 내 격차는 줄어드는데 그 현상이 바람직한 결과를 가져오는 것은 아님. 이는, 기존에 여성임금의 분포가 남성임금에 비하여 조밀한데 이를 더 강화하게 되는 것으로 고위분위 임금 상승에 부정적 결과를 가져올 수 있음.
- 최저임금의 인상과 이로 인한 근로자들의 임금의 인상이 성별 임금격차 해소로 귀결되지는 않음(전기가스수도업, 금융보험업 등, 울산지역등). 현재 산업과 지역 근로자의 성별 분포에 따라 정책의 투입이 결과의 산출을 보장하지 않기 때문임.
○ 비록 현실화될 가능성이 높지는 않지만 최저임금의 급격한 인상은 지역 및 산업별 차등임금이라는 새로운 제도 변화 논의를 가져왔음. 정책의 변화는 표면적으로 합리적으로 보일 수 있지만 그 효과가 의도하지 않게나타날 수 있기 때문에 보다 신중하게 이루어질 필요가 있음.
- 최저임금의 인상은 최저임금 미만을 받는 근로자 확대로 인하여 해당 부문에 속한 근로자에게는 격차를 오히려 확대함. 동시에 최저임금의 영향이 최저수준이 아닌 더 넓은 범위의 근로자 집단까지 영향을 미쳐 임금 수준의 편차가 적은 집단, 특히 여성들의 고위분위 임금 상승을 저해할 수 있음. 이는 고용율의 증감과는 무관하며 노동시장에 남아있는 집단만으로 한정했을 경우이지만 일본의 사례에서 보았듯이 노동수요와공급의 재배치 가능성까지 고려하면 임금 분포에 미치는 영향은 더 커질 수 있음. 근로자 집단을 세분화하고 최저임금 제도가 표적화하는 집단을 중심으로 제도변화가 이루어질 필요가 있음.
○ 최저임금을 결정하는 과정에서 대상 집단에 미치는 영향을 면밀하게 검토해야 하는 것은 노동시장에 한정되지 않음. 최저임금은 정부가 지급하는 각종 급여의 근거가 되며, 사회보장제도의 기준이 되기도 하는 등 우리 사회에 가지는 의미가 적지 않음. 사회적 취약계층에 대한고려는 경제 및 사회 환경의 변화에 따라 유연하게 검토될 필요가 있음.
- 과거와 달리 변화하는 가구의 구성이나 생계부양 방식 등에 대한 검토가 필요한 것도 이와 관련되어 있음. 생계비 반영의 근거자료로비혼단신 외에 다양한 사회적 취약계층의 생계비를 고려하기 위한 노력이 필요함. 가장 우선적으로 미성년자녀를 양육하는 여성한부모가구의 생계비를 추가적으로 분석하고 참고하여 이들 집단에게 최저임금이 보장하고자 하는 사회적 보호의 의미를 반영해나갈 필요가 있음.

(출처 : 연구요약 25p)

Abstract ▼

Minimum wage policy is a vital means for low wage earners in the labor market and leaves a significant impact on ways of addressing wage inequality. As female employees take up a greater portion of low paying jobs than their male counterparts do, the wage policy is impactful to women workers. Recent

Minimum wage policy is a vital means for low wage earners in the labor market and leaves a significant impact on ways of addressing wage inequality. As female employees take up a greater portion of low paying jobs than their male counterparts do, the wage policy is impactful to women workers. Recent minimum wage increases have invited more discussions to implementationmethods, including subminimum by industries or regions. The wage scheme would bring either positive outcomes or negative depending on to which group an employee belongs. This is why thorough pre- and post-research are in need. This studyinvestigates what impact the minimum rate by regions andindustries would leave to male and female workers. It alsoexamines the need of living cost support to more vulnerable households, including of a single female parent, by shedding light on how the wage policy would offer impacts to living costscalculation and reflection, in order for the level of such costs tobe taken into account in policy-making process.

For those purposes, the study analyzes “Regional Employment Survey” collected by National Statistics Office of the recent six years. In addition, it examines the “Household Income and Expenditure Survey” of the Statistics Korea to conduct analysis on living costs by type of household, including unmarried single, one parent, and female breadwinner.

The findings of this study show as follows. First, the average hourly rate of 2018 has increased by about 24.5% compared with that of 2013. For the same period, while that average rate of male employees went up 22.0%, that of female ones climbed more to 31.3%. Yet, the hourly rate difference between genders in 2018 widened to KRW 5,089, compared with that of in 2013, KRW 4,862. Regarding wage distribution, women take up a greater portion than men do at the first through the fourth decile. Butfrom the fifth and above, the portion of men outnumbers that of women. Particularly, the gender gap at higher income deciles of the seventh decile through the 10th is whopping. As the first and the second decile go under the influence of minimum wage, such income rise can be understood as the outcome of the wage policy.
Wage differences between males and females at different deciles are evident. The rate of female workers’ wage to their counterparts at the first decile was only 78.0% in 2018. To speak on the absolute amount of wage itself, however, there was a dramatic gap between genders, as evidenced by the fact that the labor income of women employees at the sixth decile was smallerthan that of male one of the third decile in 2018.

Secondly, Ulsan provided the biggest average labor income,followed by Seoul, Daejeon, and Gyeonggi. Jeju was the region where employees earned the smallest. Though with high average income levels, Ulsan showed a big gender gap. In 2018, females in the region earned only 58% of incomes that males made. In the same year, among industries, the electricity/gas/steam and the water supply presented the biggest average incomes to theiremployees. They are followed by the financial and insurance, the extraterritorial organizations and bodies, and the professional scientific and technical, all of which handed out fatter paycheckto who they hired. On average, wage ratios have been improved.
It seems that wage difference between genders has a more direct influence to wages by industry than by region.

Thirdly, in 2018, the rate of those who were paid below minimum wage was around 19.3%, and the number has been on continuous rise as the wage floor went up. Gender-wise, the proportion is 12.4% for men and 28.0% for women. For the same year, approximately 24.8% of employees would be the target of the minimum wage policy; while men consist of 26.1%, women occupy an astounding 35.8%. Regarding policy influence, mostindustries saw gender gap widening. This is largely because higher portions of female employees tend to work at low-paying jobsthan males do.

Fourth, gender wage gap has narrowed down in a piecemeal manner, but the hourly rate difference still stands at 32.2%. The rate of minimum wage rise does not seem to have a consistent relevance with wage ratio. Yet, the recent dramatic hikes of minimum wage considerably reduced wage gap. The income disparity based on hourly rates has been being reduced, but the disparity calculated on monthly basis has worsened. This can be explained as a combined effect of working hours and their impact on employment, and others.

Then, the study analyzes the impact of minimum wage on the relative distribution of hourly wage. The regression analysis, built with the dependent variable that reflects quantile wage gaps incomparison with median wage, exhibits that the impact ofminimum rate policy application significantly mitigates thedifference in all quantile ranges except the fourth and the sixth.
While examining gender effect, the study uncovers that for males, if the application rate goes up, the relative wages at the first and the second decile recorded a significant increase. But at other deciles the two did not change significantly. For females, therelative wages at the second and the third decile significantlyincreased. Yet at the seventh through the ninth, the wages significantly decreased. Applying minimum hourly rates showedvarying impacts depending on gender distribution. When thoserates rise, they leave impacts on lower deciles for males. Yet, they give relatively even effects to all deciles as a whole; still biggerwage decreases at higher deciles. The application rates do not provide a same effect to genders because of the current wagedistribution.

The investigation on minimum wage differentiation which is under discussion among the seven industries is as follows. For the male employees group, the minimum wage application brought significant wage increases to the first and the second decile only.
The seven industries saw relative wages polarize, making wage improvement take place at lower and higher deciles. For the female employees group, unlike its counterpart, the application significantly impacted the second and the third decile, but also higher deciles. It can be said that the application relatively evenlyinfluenced women wage earners as a whole. Analysis on the sevenbusiness fields reveals that the minimum wage application produced a clear improvement to each of wage distributions ofthose businesses.

Examination on living costs can be summarized as below. For households led by single female breadwinners who nurture minors, they mostly spend their income on raising their children. The status of ‘married’ in the Korean labor market does not usually ensure diverse job offers. In addition, they commonly have to care their kids, which hinders them from landing a job. The exploration into unmarried single households and single female ones shows there was no meaningful difference in wage distribution when their incomes were averaged by the number of household members. But there was a difference in living costs expenditure between the groups. As there are more family members, single female households saw actual living costs incur at greater amounts, and such expenditures are more likely to be related to child rearing, compared with unmarried single households. Spending on grocery and education, among others,are identifiers that tell whether a household is unmarried singleones or not. What is problematic here is that such expenses are essential and incur regularly.

The findings of the study are as below. First, the minimum wage increase, planned for mostly lowly paid employees, leaves a positive impact on women. The minimum wage policy is conceived to elevate low-paid worker’s relative income to higher levels and thus to reduce wage income disparity. But if the policy system is selectively adopted by region and industries, its effect could be limited, particularly leaving more restrictions on female employees. Second, though the wage increases gave a positive impact to women’s wages, they did not effectively tackle incomedisparity by gender, one of the most serious problems faced by female employees. Recent minimum wage increases and consequential wage elevations among workers have not led to the elimination of wage difference by gender. This is largely because the policy introduction does not guarantee anticipated effects, depending on the industries in which an employee is involved and the regional gender distribution. Third, as minimum wage increases expand the scope of those who are paid below the legalwage guideline, the wage gap among those hired broadens. At thesame time, as the wage policy can impact other income groups than the lowest one, it can affect such wage earning groups withsmall deviations, particularly females, and can block incomes of females at higher quantiles from growing. Fourth, changing household compositions and ways of supporting family members are in need of consideration. In that regard, efforts of taking living costs of the socially vulnerable other than unmarried single households into account are needed as a way to secure evidence which deems necessary where living costs matter. For starters, single female households with minors should have priority in theprocess of further costs analysis, and, in doing so, the meaning ofthe social protection that the minimum wage policy provides should be properly materialized into those households.

(출처 : Abstract 216p)

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 발간사 ... 4
• 연구요약 ... 6
• 목차 ... 28
• 표목차 ... 31
• 그림목차 ... 33
• 부표목차 ... 35
• Ⅰ. 서 론 ... 36
• 1. 연구의 문제 ... 38
• 가. 최저임금 제도와 젠더 관련성 ... 38
• 나. 연구 문제 ... 40
• 2. 선행연구 ... 40
• 가. 업종 및 지역 차등 최저임금 ... 40
• 나. 생계비 반영 ... 43
• 3. 연구방법 ... 45
• 가. 활용할 자료 ... 45
• 나. 연구 방법 ... 46
• Ⅱ. 최저임금의 변화와 남녀 근로자의 임금수준 변화 ... 48
• 1. 최근 6년간 남녀 임금의 변화 ... 50
• 가. 분위별 임금 ... 50
• 나. 지역별 임금 ... 58
• 다. 산업별 임금 ... 67
• 2. 최저임금 수준과 남녀 임금의 변화 ... 80
• 가. 최저임금 수준 변화에 따라 영향을 받는 근로자의 성별 분포 ... 80
• 나. 최저임금 수준과 성별 격차의 변화 ... 96
• Ⅲ. 지역 및 업종별 임금분포와 최저임금 인상 효과 ... 100
• 1. 임금 분포와 최저임금 인상효과 ... 102
• 가. 분석의 방법 ... 102
• 나. 분석에 활용한 자료 ... 106
• 2. 지역별 임금 분포와 최저임금의 인상 효과 ... 109
• 가. 전체 지역의 임금격차 변화 ... 109
• 나. 지역 특성에 따른 임금분포와 그 효과 ... 114
• 3. 산업별 임금 분포와 최저임금의 인상 효과 ... 120
• 가. 전체 산업의 임금격차 변화 ... 120
• 나. 산업 특성별 임금격차 변화 ... 124
• 4. 최저임금의 지역별 차등화가 남녀 근로자 고용형태 및 임금에 미치는 영향: 일본의 사례를 중심으로 ... 128
• 가. 서론 ... 128
• 나. 문헌 정리 ... 129
• 다. 일본의 최저임금 제도 ... 130
• 라. 일본의 지역별 최저임금과 인구이동 및 고용과의 관계 ... 134
• 마. 한국과 일본의 노동시장 비교 ... 149
• Ⅳ. 가구 유형별 생계비: 여성 한부모 ... 154
• 1. 여성 한부모 가구의 특성 ... 156
• 가. 최저임금을 받는 여성 한부모 가구 ... 156
• 나. 최저임금을 받는 여성 한부모 집단 면접조사 결과 ... 158
• 2. 여성 한부모 가구의 생계비 현황 ... 165
• 가. 표본과 특성 ... 165
• 나. 생계비 분포 ... 169
• 3. 가구 유형과 생계비 ... 175
• 가. 미혼단신 근로자와 여성 한부모 근로자 가구의 특성 비교 ... 175
• 나. 여성 한부모 근로자와 비혼 단신 근로자의 생계비 비교 ... 179
• Ⅴ. 결론 및 시사점 ... 190
• 1. 주요 연구 결과 ... 192
• 가. 남녀 임금의 변화 ... 192
• 나. 최저임금 변화에 따른 남녀 임금의 변화 ... 194
• 다. 지역 및 업종별 임금분포 분석 ... 195
• 라. 한부모 여성의 생계비 분석 ... 196
• 2. 정책적 시사점 및 연구의 한계 ... 197
• 참고문헌 ... 200
• 부록 ... 206
• 부록. 최저임금을 받는 여성들을 대상으로 하는 지역 및 업종 구분 관련 집단 면접조사 결과 ... 208
• Abstract ... 216
• 끝페이지 ... 222