초록 ▼

○ 총 연구기간 동안 최종 목표를 100% 이상 초과 달성.
○ 총 연구기간 동안 총괄과제 진행을 통해 다수의 논문, 국내특허 및 해외특허출원 (SCI 논문 69건, 비SCI 논문 6건, 국내특허출원 16건, 국내특허등록 6건, 해외특허출원 5건:PCT/미국/유럽)

[제1세부과제]
○ Y-Filler를 고분자에 도입하여 다양한 종류의 전해질막을 제작하여 그 성능을 평가하여 고효율
연료전지 시스템 제작에 박차를 가함. (Macromol. Res. I.F 1.153) 이온전도도 > 0.35S/cm at 15

○ 총 연구기간 동안 최종 목표를 100% 이상 초과 달성.
○ 총 연구기간 동안 총괄과제 진행을 통해 다수의 논문, 국내특허 및 해외특허출원 (SCI 논문 69건, 비SCI 논문 6건, 국내특허출원 16건, 국내특허등록 6건, 해외특허출원 5건:PCT/미국/유럽)

[제1세부과제]
○ Y-Filler를 고분자에 도입하여 다양한 종류의 전해질막을 제작하여 그 성능을 평가하여 고효율
연료전지 시스템 제작에 박차를 가함. (Macromol. Res. I.F 1.153) 이온전도도 > 0.35S/cm at 150℃ (정량적 목표 : 0.30S/cm)
- 단일전지 성능평가 결과 150% 이상 성능이 향상됨.
- Y-Filler 도입에 관한 정량적인 레시피를 얻었으며 그 우수함을 인정받아 PCT 국제특허가 개별국 출원을 완료함 (미국 - 13/877,398 (관리번호: IP-2013-0084), 유럽 - 10 858 165.3 (관리번호: IP-2013-0085))
○ H.P.A, TiO₂를 도입하고 신규 전해질막을 제작하는 기술을 도입하여 전해질막의 성능을 향상시킴. (Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. I.F 3.729)
- 이온전도도 > 0.30S/cm at 150℃ (정량적 목표 0.30S/cm 초과달성)
○ DPS 와의 공동연구를 진행하여 MEA 제작 및 성능평가 진행. (MOU 체결, 세미나 개최)
○ 카본블랙 및 신규필러를 도입하여 고성능, 고내구성의 전해질막을 제작함. (PCT 국제 특허 출원 - PCT/KR2014/008940), 국내 특허 출원 - 10-2013-0075081)
- 500시간 장기 운전시 이온전도도 > 0.40S/cm at 150℃ (4차년도 목표 0.30S/cm 초과달성)
○ 총 연구기간 동안 다수의 논문, 국내특허 및 해외특허출원 (SCI 논문 22건, 비SCI 논문 5건, 국내특허출원 11건, 국내특허등록 3건, 해외특허출원 5건:PCT/미국/유럽)

[제2세부과제]
[형상제어 촉매]
○ 형상 제어를 통해 촉매의 반응성 및 내구성을 증가시키기 위한 연구를 수행.
(Electrochemistry Communications, IF 4.28)
○ 촉매 형상과 크기를 제어하는 기술 확보, 최종적으로 코어-쉘 형태의 촉매를 개발.
(CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS, IF 6.169), (Submitted: CHEMSUSCHEM, IF6.5)
○ 장기안정성 테스트 후 촉매 손실을 10% 수준까지 줄였으며, 고온형 연료전지 운전 조건에서 성능 및 내구성 증가.
(CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS, IF 6.378)
[질소도핑 카본]
○ 지지체에 질소를 도입하여 백금 입자의 분산 및 내구성 향상을 위한 기초연구를 수행.
(Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, IF 2.279), (Journal of applied electrochemistry, IF 1.836)
○ 백금 촉매 위에 질소를 도핑한 탄소를 보호층으로 씌워 성능과 내구성을 향상시킴.
[촉매 지지체 연구]
○ 고온운전조건에서 부식에 강하며 촉매 손실을 저감할 수 있는 지지체 개발 연구를 수행.
○ 탄소 지지체, 금속 산화물 지지체 연구를 통해 지지체 내구성 증가.
(Electrochimica Acta, IF 4.086)
[MEA 최적화 연구]
○ 막-전극 접합체 제조 시, 성능에 영향을 줄 수 있는 인자들을 파악하여 연구를 수행.
○ 전해질 막에 패턴 도입, 마이크로웨이브 처리 등을 통해 성능을 향상시킬 수 있음.
(Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2(23), IF 7.443), (CHEMPLUSCHEM, IF 3.026)
(Journal of Power Sources, IF 6.217), (대한민국 특허 출원 10-2013-0125880)
촉매손실(half cell test) 11%이하, MEA 출력밀도 0.47W/cm² at 0.6V, 내구성 500시간 (33.96%이하의 성능감소)로 최종 목표를 달성하였음.
○ 총 연구기간 동안 다수의 논문, 국내특허 및 해외특허출원 (SCI 논문 26건, 비SCI 논문 1건, 국내특허출원 2건, 국내특허등록 2건

[제3세부과제]
○ 결정성 탄소의 산처리 시간과 열처리 온도에 따른 전기화학적 부식 저항력과 연료전지 촉매의 성능을 분석하여 일체형 재생 연료전지(URFC)의 담지체 개발 방향에 대해 제시 (Int. J. Hydrogen Energy IF 3.313, J. Power Sources IF 6.217)
○ 수전해 촉매를 촉매 층에 첨가함으로써 촉매층의 탄소 부식 저항력을 증가시키는 방법을 개발하였고 URFC의 담지체 개발에 새로운 방향을 제시(Journal of the American Chemical Society IF 12.113)
○ 결정성 탄소의 산처리 방법의 단점인 전기화학적 부식 저항력 감소를 해결하고자 전도성 고분자와 PCA를 이용하는 비파괴 표면 코팅법을 개발하여 결정성 탄소의 URFC 적용 큰 역할 할 것으로 기대됨. (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy IF 3.313, Advanced Functional Materials. IF 11.805)
○ URFC의 촉매 성능 향상을 위해 Iridium을 shape control하여 수전해 성능을 개선하였고 탄소지지체의 물리적인 구조에 따른 Nitrogen 함유 산소 환원 촉매의 성능을 연구함. (Catalysis Communications. IF 3.699, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy IF 3.313)
○ PCA를 이용하는 비파괴 표면 코팅법을 개발하여 결정성 탄소의 URFC 적용 큰 역할 할 것으로 기대됨. (Advanced Functional Materials. IF 11.805)
○ 수전해 촉매를 촉매 층에 첨가함으로써 촉매층의 탄소 부식 저항력을 증가시키는 방법을 개발하였고 URFC의 담지체 개발에 새로운 방향을 제시함 (Int. J. Hydrogen Energy IF 3.313)
○ URFC의 고온 테스트 준비를 위해 고온에서의 탄소 부식 및 내구성 연구를 진행하였고 성능과 내구성 향상을 위해 인산 누출 방지법 개발함. (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy IF 3.313 , Journal of Materials Chemistry A. IF 7.443, 대한민국 특허 출원 10-2012-0099408)
○ URFC의 연료전지 성능을 높이기 위해 실리카 코팅 방법을 이용한 새로운 백금 합금 촉매를 개발하여 연료전지 촉매 성능을 크게 높임. (Journal of Materials Chemistry A. IF 7.443, Current Applied Physics IF 2.212)
○ URFC의 촉매 성능 향상을 위해 platinum을 shape control하여 연료전해 성능을 개선하였고 hydrothermal 방식을 이용하여 ED를 N-source로 하는 N-carbon 촉매를 개발함. (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy IF 3.313, Journal of The Electrochemical Society IF 3.266)
○ URFC의 탄소담지체의 내부식성을 증가시키고자 소수성 코팅(DTS 코팅)을 이용하여 탄소 담지체를 친수성에서 소수성으로 개질하고 이를 연료전지 담지체에 적용하여 연료전지 촉매의 내구성을 향상시킴. (Journal of Power Sources, IF 6.217)
○ URFC의 촉매 성능 향상을 위해 합금 촉매의 합금도를 높이는데 필수적인 과정인 열처리 과정에서의 입자 크기 성장을 억제하기 위해 전도성 고분자인 폴리피롤을 보호 코팅으로 사용한 새로운 합금 촉매 제조법을 개발함. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, IF 7.443)
○ URFC의 촉매 성능 향상을 위해 N함량이 높은 Ionic liquid를 N-source로 하는 N-carbon 촉매 제조 (Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, IF 7.435)
○ URFC용 비백금계 산소환원 촉매 제조를 위해서 높은 N 함량을 갖는 melamine을 polymerizaiton하여 carbon black에 코팅하여 비백금 촉매를 제조 (Journal of The Electrochemical Society, IF 3.266)
○ URFC 테스트를 통해 최종 목표 초과 달성함.
촉매 로딩량 1.5mg/cm² (최종 목표: 귀금속 사용량 1.5mg/cm², 달성함)
연료전지 모드 : 0.75V at 0.5A/cm² (최종 목표: 0.7V at 0.5A/cm², 초과달성)
물분해 모드 : 1.57V at 0.5A/cm² (최종 목표: 1.65V at 0.5A/cm², 초과달성)
연료전지 모드 : 14.8% 성능 감소 (최종 목표 초과달성함)
수전해 모드 : 12.3% 성능 감소 (최종 목표 초과달성함)
○ 총 연구기간 동안 다수의 논문, 국내특허 및 해외특허출원 (SCI 논문 21건, 국내특허출원 3건, 국내특허등록 1건)

(출처 : 보고서 요약서 3p)

Abstract ▼

Ⅳ. The development Results

The 1st subdivided subject

○ Introducing the modified Y-Filler to make various type of hybrid membranes
- The hybrid membrane showed 600% improved performance compared to normal PEM.
- PCT international patent entrance of individual coontries. (America

Ⅳ. The development Results

The 1st subdivided subject

○ Introducing the modified Y-Filler to make various type of hybrid membranes
- The hybrid membrane showed 600% improved performance compared to normal PEM.
- PCT international patent entrance of individual coontries. (America - 13/877,398, EU - 10 858 165.3)
- The proton conductivity of novel PEM was measured and the result with 400% enhanced performance was obtained
- Patent (10-2012-0877442), Macromolecular Research, 21(1), 35-41, 2013
○ Reinforcing the performance and property of PEM through H.P.A introduction
- Proton conductivity increased with contents of H.P.A. increasing since grotthuss mechanism was accelerated
- the doping level and proton conductivity was improved. Also, Proton conductivity was increased with increase of the doping level.
- International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 7(7), 6276-6288, 2012
○ Optimization of performance and property of PEM through cooperation with DPS
- Execution of performance test with hybrid technology using YD-membrane.
- Confirmation of possibility to show high performance and durability and definition of optimized MEA manufacture.
○ Securing the high performance and durability of hybrid PEM through introduction of carbon black
- The proton conductivity was high value (>0.35 S/cm) although the cell operated during 500hrs.
- The proton conductivity was improved twice times compared to that of nafion.
- The proton conductivity value was as same as that of PCT international patent but the durability was quite improved.
- International patent (PCT/KR2014/008614), Patent (10-2013-0129218)

○ Development of organic/inorganic hybrid filler
- Filler synthesized by metal grafting round-shaped silica backbone
- Increase in performance via higher acid doping level
- Clear indication of proportional relationship between filler amount and ionic conductivity
- Also confirmed increase in performance proportional to temperature due to membrane activation
- Tested its performance as a fuel cell via single cell test
- Clear increase of performance proportional to filler amount
(Macromolecular Researc Vol. 21, 35-41, 2013)

○ Evaluation of durability of membrane

- Membrane performance tested at 150℃ for 500 hours
- Ionic conductivity was 0.4S/cm for both before and after the test; less than 1% in performance decrease
- Confirmed acid leakage to be less than 1% while maintaining high conductivity

○ Development of new organic/inorganic hybrid filler

- New filler developed by using Al ions to replace silica backbone
- High doping level arising from porous structure
- Confirmation of equal distribution via SEM
- It exceeds our previously developed fillers
- Utilizing our various international patents, (File No: PCT/KR2010/006794, 13/877,398(US), 10 858 165.3(EU)) we were able to fabricate new filler. (Register No.: 10-1441411)

○ The performance parameter
- proton conductivity : >0.35 S/cm surplus-achieved
- thermal stability : >350℃ surplus-achieved
- leakage of phosphoric acid : less than 1%
(500hrs proton conductivity measurement - 0hr:0.40/cm -> 500hr: 0.0.40S/cm)
- Mechanical strength : >60MPa surplus-achieved
○ Achievement rates for the research were high(over 100%). Especially, the technically advantage position was secured with numerous patents and papers for source technology in this research

The 2^nd subdivided project

○ Catalyst shape control
○ Successfully developed dendrite shaped platinum nano particle to use as fuel cell reduction electrode catalyst. It showed higher catalytic activity and stablility. Especially it's activation area reduced 9% during half cell test. It was superior while comparing to our goal 20% reduction.
- About 18nm dendrite shaped platinum particle has highest performance.
- Mass activity of 18nm dendrite shaped platinum particle has improved performance than it of Pt/C.
(Electrochemistry Communications, 12, 1596-1599, (2010))

○ Synthesized Pt-Fe-Co (platinum-non platinum) nano particle and controlled its shape. Achieved our goal which is synthesizing platinum-non platinum nano particle. Pt-Fe-Co branched cube nanoparticle showed greatly enhanced catalytic activity.
(Topics in Catalysis, 53, 686-693 (2010))

○ Overgrowth platinum on shape controlled gold nano particle. Its catalytic activity was widely investigated. Catalytic activity was greatly increased comparing to platinum black. And created various shape of Pt-Au nanocrystal by selective etching of gold by cyanide ion.
(Chemical Communications, 47, 8079-8081, (2011))

○ To greatly reduce used amount of platinum, we used UPD method to deposit ultra-low amount of platinum on gold. And it enabled us to control surface crystalline structure of platinum in atomic range. Through this method, we can reduce the total usage of platinum.

○ MEA preparation and test using shape controlled platinum nano particle
- Platinum dendrite has proven its high activity by half cell test. We prepared MEA using platinum dendrite and conducted full cell test
- Platinum dendrite with 20nm particle size showed 0.57 W/cm² at 0.6V and exceeded 4th year object 0.3 W/cm².
- MEA fabrication and durability test by using minimal amount of Pt, Current density was first measured at constant voltage (0.6V) and remeasured after 100 cycles.
(FUEL CELLS 13, 2013, No. 5, 889-894)

○ Catalytic activity depending on shape of nanocrystal
- Shape of Cu2O nanoparticle was controlled and CeO2 was deposited. Catalytic activity depends on shape of Cu2O nanoparticle.
(International Journal of Nanotechnology, 10(8/9), 735-748, 2013)
- Overall evaluation and analysis of shape controlled nanoparticles has been dealt. Also catalyst reactivity according to shape was discussed.
(Catalysis Surveys from Asia, 16(1), 14-27, 2012)

○ In-situ cubic platinum nanoparticle without organic capping agent
- Cubic platinum nanoparticle was synthesized without surface capping organic agent which is usaully used.
-0.6V~1.0V, 5000cycle long-term stability test was conducted in half cell and catalyst loss was 0% exceeding 4th year target under 40% catalyst loss
(Chemical Communications, 48, 6396-6398, 2012)

○ 2nm sized Au cores with mono, bi, tri layer Pt-shells was successfully synthesized by using organic stabilizers. The particle size grew as the number of Pt shell layers increased. The performance was recorded in the decreasing order of monolayer, bilayer, trilayer while the bilayer withheld the best durability.
- The commercial Pt/C was used 0.4mg/cm2 according with the 2012 DOE target and while it possesses a current density of 1.0~1.5A/cm2 at 0.6V, the developed catalyst shows twice the intial performance using only a quarter of the Pt amount.
[(2nm Au) Pt monolayer:2.0A/cm2, bilayer:1.8A/cm2, trilayer:1.25A/cm2]
- For the potential sweep(0.6-1.0V) the Pt bilayer catalyst show high performance even after 10,000 cylces.
(Submitted : CHEMSUSCHEM, IF:6.5)

○ Nitrogen doping

○ Manufacturing N-doped various sized porous carbons for design of optimized carbon support.
- Manufacturing N-doped Carbon Nano Tube which can obtain optimal ORR results through changing composition and temperature.
- The condition of single cell performance is 75℃ 1cm2 Cell, anode stoic flow 1, cathode stoic flow 1.5 with H2/O2, and the result of performance is 0.75A/cm2 at 0.6V, 75℃ and 0.07A/cm2 at 0.6V, 75℃.
- Find out the Nitrogen species which is important factor of ORR results. And secure the foundations of Carbon support for further optimized MEA through Half cell test and Full cell test.
(Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 43(4), 387-397, 2013)

○ Manufacturing N-doped various sized porous carbons for design of optimized carbon support.
- Synthesizing N-doped various sized porous carbons which can leads optimized ORR results through silica template.
- The condition of single cell performance is 75℃ 1cm² Cell, anode stoic flow 1, cathode stoic flow 1.5 with H2/O2, and the result of performance is 0.75A/cm2 at 0.6V, 75℃ and 0.3A/cm² at 0.6V, 75℃.
- Secure the foundations of Carbon support for further optimized MEA through finding out the Nitrogen species, Specific surface area, and Porous size of carbon which is important factor of ORR results.
(Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 17, 10, 2567-2577(2013))

○ N-doped carbon protect layer
- Research was focused on developing a protective layer for reducing catalyst loss while maintaining performance and technic was acquired for carbon shell thickness control.
- The correlation between shell thickness, performance and durability was investigated, and observed that thinner shells secure both durability and activity.
- Sample was made by Pt/c annealing at 500C with a carbon shell thickness of 1nm. It showed 180% performance increase compared to the commercial product, and the decrease in active area after ALT was 16.93% which is a significant reduction from 65.43% of the commercial Pt/C.

○ MEA optimization
- Mircowave-treated MEA has hinger performance than pristine MEA
- This is due to surface modification of carbon support by microwave treatment, which resulted a change in pore shapes and surface area.
- By such methods, we can increase the Pt utilization.
(Journal of Power Sources, (2014) 263, 46)
(Patent 1020130125880)

○ Research for membranes that increase the electrochemical surface area.
- Membrane pattering was used in order to increase the electrochemical surface area which results higher performance by improving the catalyst layer structure. There are three type.
- Membranes were fabricated with different pattern shapes and sizes.
- When 0.4mg/cm2 of pt loaded on both side of MEA, the commercial 40% Pt/C catlayst exhibited a current density 1.25A/cm2 while the patterned membrane resulted 2.0A/cm2 which confirms the maximized catalyst activity.
- Impedance spectra also shows a significant decrease in membrane resistance.
(CHEMPLUSCHEM, 79: 1109-1115, 2014)
(Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2(23), 8652 - 8659, 2014)
(Scientific Reports under review (2015))

○ Catalyst support

○ Development of the highly durable carbon support material for HT-PEMFC
- The result of performance is 0.75A/cm² at 0.6V, 75℃ and 0.16A/cm² at 0.6V, 120℃. (Pt loading : 0.2mg/cm²)
- Performance curves of Dendrite Pt/900PPY/CNF/ACF MEA test H₂/O₂=100/150sccm, 75℃, 0.37W/cm² @ 0.6V.
- Evaluation of MEA using modified catalyst supports.
- Pt loading: 0.4mg/cm², at 0.6V, 120℃, the goal of MEA performance was achieved by using modified catalyst with developed carbon support. The performance is 0.33W/cm² at 0.6V.
(Electrochimica Acta, 134(1),49-54 (2014))

○ Development and evaluation of catalyst support for high temperature fuel cell
- Since degradation of catalyst support is accelerated under high temperature conditions, titania was chosen as the platinum support. Its properties such as corrosion resistance, high interaction with the catalyst has been utilized as a countermeasure for support degradation.
- CNT has been utilized in order to make up the poor conductivity.
- Pt particles has been uniformly dispersed on TiO₂. Half cell test results show similar performance with Pt/C yet the amount of catalyst loss is 19.02% which satisfies 6^th year mark of below 20% loss.
- The results for the performance test shows, 1.15W/cm² at 75℃ and RH 100%, 0.50W/cm² at 120℃ and RH 40%. These exceed the 0.4W/cm² mark for this year.
- Electrochemical surface area was 31.71m²/g at 75℃ RH 100%, 15.98m²/g at 120℃ RH 40%.
(To be submitted to Journa of power sources)

○ Final evaluation (final goal: 0.4W/cm² at 0.6V, 500hr less than 40% loss in performance.)
- Result of single cell test shows the power density 0.47W/cm², these exceed the 0.4W/cm² mark for this year.
- Result of single cell test, 33.96% loss in performance.
- Decrease of ECSA is 19.95%. (40wt% Pt/C loses 56% of ECSA).

The 3^rd subdivided project
○ Basic research on durability for URFC
- The chemical oxidation of CNFs is beneficial for catalyst loading anddistribution. On the other hand, however, it reduces the durability of the PEM fuel cells caused by the electrochemical carbon corrosion. (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35(2) 701-708 (2010))
- An increase in hydrophobicity, arising from a decreased ratio of surface-bound oxygen produced by the heat-treatment process, is considered to be responsible for the increase in corrosion resistance. (Journal of Power Sources, 195(9) 2623-2627 (2010))
- The IrO2 was shown to behave as a catalyst for water electrolysis, thereby removing water from the catalyst layer, which promoted electrochemical carbon corrosion (Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132(42) 14700-14701 (2010))
- PPy-coated CNTs are a promising catalyst support to improve both the performance and durability of PEM fuel cells. (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(18), 11564-11571 (2011))
- The functionalization of CNF with PCA improves the distribution and loading of Pt as well as reduces the sintering of Pt particles without damaging their surface structure.(Advanced Functional Materials, 21(20), 3954-3960 (2011))
- The functionalization of CNF with PCA, the noncovalent functionalization agent, improves the distribution and loading of Pt as well as reducing the sintering of Pt particles (Advanced functional materials, 21(20), 3954-3960, 2011)
- Noncovalent functionalization can be applied to the support of catalyst for URFC.
- The addition of Ir-based water electrolysis catalysts to the catalyst layer in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells was examined as a promising approach for preventing electrochemical carbon corrosion under severely corrosive conditions. (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(3), 2455-2461, 2012)
- Electrochemical carbon corrosion occurring in a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) operating under non-humidification conditions was investigated by measuring CO2 generation using on-line mass spectrometry and comparing the results with a low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (LT-PEMFC) operated under fully humidified conditions. (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(14), 10844-10849 2012 , Patent(KR) registration No.10-2012-0099408)
- The addition of a small amount of Al2O3 (6 wt%) to the catalyst layer of high temperature-polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) using phosphoric acid-doped membranes was proved to be an effective way to increase durability and performance. (Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 1 (7), 2578 - 2581, 2013)
- Achievements of stability and performance in HT-PEMFC can also be applied to URFC fuel cell mode
- We have developed layered electrode structure of IrO2/Pt/IrO2 to prevent GDL from contact with Pt, which causes corrosion of GDL, and we improved durability of URFC electrode. (Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 161 (6) F729-F733 ,2014)
- To increase corrosion resistivity of carbon support, hydrophobic coating(DTS coating) is employed to reform carbon support from hydrophilic to hydorophobic. The reformed carbon support is applied as support for fuel cell catalyst and it showed increased durability.
(Journal of Power Sources, 274, 1140-1146(2015)

○ Basic research on catalyst for URFC
- The highly branched structure of the Ir dendrites with a particle size of ~10 nm provides an increased active facet area resulting in enhanced activity toward OER. (Catalysis Communications, 12(6) 408-411 (2011))
- The P-CNF based catalyst with the highest edge plane exposure has the highest ORR activity despite having the smallest surface area (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(14), 8181-8186 (2011))
- The heat treatment of alloy nanoparticles to improve their catalytic properties generally results in severe sintering. In this study, we report a new synthetic process of silica encapsulation to inhibit the sintering of Pt3Co1 alloy particles during heat treatment at high temperature. (Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(30), 15215-15220 , Current Applied Physics,13(1), 130-136, 2013)
- When the Pt nanoparticles are shape-controlled in a dendritic form, the Pt nanoparticles exhibit a high mass activity that is nearly twice as high as the commercial Pt/C catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy ,38(17), 7126-7132, 2013)
- Nitrogen-doped carbons were synthesized using a hydrothermal reaction of aqueous glucose solution in the presence of ethylenediamine as a nitrogen source. (Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 43(5), 553-557, 2013)
- We have suggested novel synthetic route for fabrication of Pt-alloy catalyst which prohibits growth of particle size during heat treatment, which is necessary to increase degree of alloy, by applying polypyrrole as protective coating. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2(30), 11635-11641, 2014)
- By using hydrothermal method, we have produced N-carbon cataylsts which uses ethylene diamine(ED) as nitrogen source. (Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 43(5), 553-557, 2013)
- Making N-carbon catalyst using ionic liquid with high nitrogen content as precursor. (Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 158 355-360,2014)
- N-carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were synthesized using the pyrol ysis of melamine-based polymer with high N content coated carbon black in the presence of cobalt. (Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 162(7), F744-F749 (2015)
- Non-Pt catalyst can be applied to URFC catalyst to reduce the usage of precious metal.

○ Unit cell test of URFC
- Established URFC unit cell test system and tested
- Catalyst for oxygen electrode : fabricated sandwich shaped electrode with ratio of Pt black : IrO₂ = 5:5
- Catalyst loading : 1.5mg/cm² (Final goal : usage of precious metal 1.5mg/cm², acheived)
- Fuel Cell mode : 0.75V at 0.5A/cm² (Final goal : 0.75V at 0.5A/cm², achieved)
- Electrolysis mode : 1.57V at 0.5A/cm² (Final goal: 1.60V at 0.5A/cm², over achieved)

○ Stability test of URFC
- Stability test was carried out for 700hrs. (final target : less than 15% loss in performance)
- Fuel Cell mode : 14.8% loss (Final goal : over achieved)
- Electrolysis mode : 12.3% loss (Final goal : over achived)

(출처 : SUMMARY 37p)

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제 출 문 ... 2
• 보고서 요약서 ... 3
• 요 약 문 ... 6
• S U M M A R Y ... 33
• CONTENTS ... 60
• 목차 ... 61
• 제 1 장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 62
• 제 1 절 연구개발의 배경 및 필요성 ... 62
• 1. 연구개발의 배경 ... 62
• 2. 현 기술의 문제점 ... 66
• 3. 연구개발의 기술·경제·사회적 중요성 ... 68
• 제 2 절 연구개발의 목표 ... 73
• 제 2 장 국·내외 기술개발현황 ... 78
• 제 1 절 국·내외 개발현황 ... 78
• 1. 세계적 수준 ... 78
• 2. 국내 수준 ... 78
• 3. 국내·외 연구현황 ... 79
• 제 2 절 지금까지의 연구개발 실적 ... 81
• 제 3 절 연구결과의 앞으로의 전망 ... 87
• 제 3 장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 ... 89
• 제 1 절 이론적, 실험적 접근방법 ... 89
• 제 2 절 본 과제의 추진 체계 및 전략 ... 100
• 제 3 절 주요 연구 결과 ... 104
• 1. 제 1 세부과제 ... 104
• 2. 제 2 세부과제 ... 133
• 3. 제 3 세부과제 ... 168
• 제 4 장 목표 달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 ... 214
• 제 1 절 연구성과현황표 ... 214
• 제 2 절 연구개발목표의 달성도 ... 253
• 제 3 절 평가의 착안점에 따른 목표달성도에 대한 자체 평가 ... 259
• 제 4 절 관련분야의 기술발전에의 기여도 ... 261
• 1. 기술적 측면 ... 261
• 2. 경제·산업적 측면 ... 263
• 3. 사회·문화적 측면 ... 265
• 제 5 장 연구개발성과의 활용계획 ... 267
• 제 1 절 추가연구의 필요성 ... 267
• 제 2 절 연구개발결과의 활용방안 ... 268
• 제 3 절 기대성과 ... 269
• 1. 기술적 측면 ... 269
• 2. 경제적·산업적 측면 ... 269
• 제 6 장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 ... 270
• 제 1 절 고분자 전해질 막 연구개발 기술정보 ... 270
• 제 2 절 고온형 연료전지 촉매 연구개발 기술정보 ... 274
• 제 3 절 일체형 재생 연료전지 연구개발 기술정보 ... 279
• 제 7 장 연구시설‧장비 현황 ... 283
• 제 8 장 참고문헌 ... 285
• 끝페이지 ... 287