[보고서]GRIMs 지역기후모델을 이용한 SSP 시나리오 기반 동아시아 상세 기후변화 정보 산출

장은철

GRIMs 지역기후모델을 이용한 SSP 시나리오 기반 동아시아 상세 기후변화 정보 산출
Production of detailed climate change information over East Asia based on the SSP scenarios by utilizing the GRIMs regional climate model 원문보기

보고서 정보
주관연구기관	공주대학교 Kongju National University
연구책임자	장은철
보고서유형	최종보고서
발행국가	대한민국
언어	한국어
발행년월	2023-04
과제시작연도	2022
주관부처	기상청 Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA)
등록번호	TRKO202300003738
과제고유번호	1365003556
사업명	기후및기후변화감시∙예측정보응용기술개발
DB 구축일자	2023-07-19
키워드	기후변화에 관한 정부 간 패널 6차 평가보고서.SSP 시나리오.온대저기압.CPM 실험.지역 대기-해양 결합모델.IPCC 6th assessment report.SSP Scenario.Extra-tropical cyclone.Convection Permitting Model Experiment.Regional Atmos-ocean coupled model.

초록 ▼

연구개발 목표 및 내용
최종 목표
○ IPCC 6차 평가보고서 (AR6) 기반의 중간 단계 온실가스 경로에 대해 GRIMs 및 WRF를 이용한 상세 지역 기후 변화 정보 생산
○ 지역기후변화 정보를 활용한 동아시아 지역의 온대 저기압 활동성 분석
○ 대기-해양 결합 지역 기후 모델을 이용한 동아시아 상세 기후변화 생산 결과 개선 연구
전체 내용
○ UKESM을 경계조건으로 GRIMs-RMP 및 WRF 모형을 활용하여 CORDEX-EA 2단계 영역의 기후전망 자료 생산 및 평가
- CMIP6 기반의 중간 단계 온실가스 경로에 해당하는 SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 전구 시나리오를 GRIMs RMP에 적용하는 기술을 개발, 이를 적용하여 지역 상세 기후변화 정보 생산
- 동아시아 지역 상세 기후변화 전망 자료를 활용하여 온대 저기압 활동성 차이를 비교 분석
- WRF를 이용한 남한지역에 대한 Convection Permitting Model 실험 수행
○ GRIMs RMP 대기 모델과 Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) 해양 모델의 결합 시스템을 CORDEX-EA phase II 영역에 적용하고, 이를 단일 대기 모델 결과와 성능 비교

연구개발성과
○ CMIP6 기반의 SSP 미래 기후변화 시나리오의 상세 지역기후 변화 정보 산출
○ 고해상도 실험을 통한 한반도 지역 기후 모의수준 파악
○ 지역 대기-해양 결합모델을 이용한 동아시아 영역의 대기-해양 상호작용 효과 파악

연구개발성과 활용계획 및 기대 효과
○ CORDEX 지역기후 상세화 국제 프로젝트 참여 및 국제 기후연구 선도
○ 미래의 지역 기후 변화 상세화 자료를 생산하여 기후변화에 대응하기 위한 기반 마련
○ 기후변화와 연관된 온대 저기압에 대한 과학적 이해 증진 및 정보 전달
○ 적운모수화를 제거한 고해상도 실험을 통해 남한 극한강수 모의능력 향상 기대
○ 대기-해양 결합 모델을 이용한 역학적 상세화 시스템을 구축하여 지역 상세 미래기후 변화 시나리오 생산의 품질 향상에 기여

(출처 : 요약문 4p)

목차 Contents

표지 ... 1
제출문 ... 2
최종보고서 ... 3
요약문 ... 4
목차 ... 6
1. 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 8
2. 연구개발과제의 수행 과정 및 수행 내용 ... 9
제 1 절 CMIP6 강제 자료를 이용한 역학적 상세화 ... 9
1. GRIMs를 이용한 역학적 상세화 ... 9
2. WRF을 이용한 역학적 상세화 ... 45
제 2 절 CMIP6 강제 자료를 이용한 지역기후모델 앙상블 모의수준 평가 및 전망 ... 118
1. 강수 관련 극한 현상 앙상블 모의수준 평가 및 전망 ... 118
2. 기온 관련 극한 현상 앙상블 모의수준 평가 및 전망 ... 172
3. 온대 저기압 현상 앙상블 모의수준 평가 및 전망 ... 310
제 3 절 한반도 고해상도 역학적 상세화 ... 332
1. WRF를 이용한 고해상도 역학적 상세화 ... 332
제 4 절 대기-해양 상호작용이 동아시아 지역기후에 미치는 영향 연구 ... 373
1. GRIMs를 이용한 대기-해양 결합모델 연구 ... 373
3. 연구개발과제의 수행 결과 및 목표 달성 정도 ... 389
1) 연구수행 결과 ... 389
(1) 정성적 연구개발성과 ... 389
(2) 정량적 연구개발성과 ... 390
(3) 세부 정량적 연구개발성과 ... 391
(4) 계획하지 않은 성과 및 관련 분야 기여사항 ... 395
2) 목표 달성 수준 ... 396
4. 목표 미달 시 원인분석 ... 397
5. 연구개발성과의 관련 분야에 대한 기여 정도 ... 398
6. 연구개발성과의 관리 및 활용 계획 ... 398
끝페이지 ... 401

표/그림 (292)

표 CMIP6 및 CORDEX II East Asia 수행 영역
표 Overview of GRIMs structure
표 Model domain and terrain height (m)
표 Model configuration used in this project
표 Spatial distribution of mean surface temperature (℃) for the historical period (1979-2014) in (upper panel) summer (June-August; JJA) and (lower panel) winter (December-February; DJF) derived from (left) APHRODITE, (middle) UK-ESM, and (right) WRF
표 Spatial distribution of mean surface temperature (℃) from APHRODITE (left), mean surface temperature difference (℃) between UK-ESM and APHRODITE (middle), GRIMs and UKESM (right) for the historical period (1979-2014) in (upper panel) summer (June-August; JJA) and (lower panel) winter (December-February; DJF)
표 Spatial distribution of mean precipitation (mm/day) for the historical period (1979-2014) in (upper panel) summer (June-August; JJA) and (lower panel) winter (December-February; DJF) derived from (left) APHRODITE, (middle) UK-ESM, and (right) GRIMs
표 Spatial distribution of mean precipitation (mm/day) from GPCP (left), mean precipitaiton difference between UK-ESM and GPCP (middle), GRIMs and UKESM (right) for the historical period (1979-2014) in (upper panel) summer (June-August; JJA) and (lower panel) winter (December-February; DJF)
표 Timeseries of annual mean 2m temperature (℃) as simulated by GRIMs forced by UKESM under the Historical (1979-2014), SSP2-4.5 and SSP3-7.0 (2015-2100) scenarios over South Korea
표 Same as Figure 1.1.7 except for annual mean precipitation (mm/day)
표 Spatial distribution of 2m temperature (℃) (first column indicates JJA, second column indicates DJF) in the historical (1981-2005) and late 21st century (2076-2100) according to the SSP2-4.5 and SSP3-7.0
표 Spatial distribution of precipitation (mm/day) (first column indicates JJA, second column indicates DJF) in the historical (1981-2005) and late 21st century (2076-2100) according to the SSP2-4.5 and SSP3-7.0
표 Spatial distribution of precipitation in JJA (mm/day) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of precipitable water in JJA (mm) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of vertically integrated water vapor transport (shaded) and horizontal wind (vector) in JJA (kg m-1s-1) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of mean sea level pressure in JJA (Pa) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of surface potential evaporation rate in JJA (W m-2) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of latent heat flux in JJA (W m-2) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of vertical velocity at 700 hPa in JJA (Pa s-1) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of synoptic vertical velocity at 700 hPa in JJA (Pa s-1) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of vertical velocity from Quasi-geostrophic omega equation at 700 hPa in JJA (Pa s-1) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of differential vorticity advection at 500 hPa in JJA (s-2) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of temperature advection at 850 hPa in JJA (K s-1) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of temperature at 850 hPa(shaded) and wind (vector) in JJA (K s-1) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of diabatic heating at 850 hPa in JJA (K s-1) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of vertical velocity from differential absolute vorticity advection at 500 hPa in JJA (Pa s-1) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of vertical velocity from temperature advection at 850 hPa in JJA (Pa s-1) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 Spatial distribution of vertical velocity from diabatic heating at 850 hPa in JJA (Pa s-1) compared to the historical (1979-2014) climate according to SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. First line is first half of the 21st (2015-2040) century, second line is mid 21st (2041-2070) century and third line is late 21st (2071-2100) century
표 WRF-ARW system components (from Skamarock et al., 2021)
표 Topography (m) of CORDEX-East Asia Phase 2 domain
표 Configuration of WRF model used in this study
표 Timeseries of annual mean temperature (℃) difference in regards to historical average (1990-2014) as simulated by WRF forced by UKESM under the Historical (1981-2014), SSP245 and SSP370 (2015-2100) scenarios over each region
표 Same as Figure 1.2.3, but for annual mean precipitation (mm/day)
표 Spatial distribution of mean surface temperature (℃) for the historical period (1979-2014) in (upper panel) summer (June-August; JJA) and (lower panel) winter (December-February; DJF) derived from (left) APHRODITE, (middle) UK-ESM, and (right) WRF
표 Spatial distribution of mean surface temperature difference (℃) between (left) UK-ESM and APHRODITE, (middle) WRF and APHRODITE, and (right) WRF and UKESM for the historical period (1979-2014) in (upper panel) summer (June-August; JJA) and (lower panel) winter (December-February; DJF)
표 Spatial distribution of mean precipitation (mm/day) for the historical period (1979-2014) in (upper panel) summer (June-August; JJA) and (lower panel) winter (December-February; DJF) derived from (left) GPCP, (middle) UK-ESM, and (right) WRF
표 Spatial distribution of mean precipitation difference (mm/day) between (left) UK-ESM and GPCP, (middle) WRF and GPCP, and (right) WRF and UKESM for the historical period (1979-2014) in (upper panel) summer (June-August; JJA) and (lower panel) winter (December-February; DJF)
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of annual mean temperature (℃) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical period (1990-2014, upper), SSP245 simulated by UKESM for the near future (2026-2050, center) and SSP245 simulated by WRF forced by UKESM for the near future (2026-2050, lower). (Right panel) The differences of near future simulation by UKESM and WRF against historical period
표 Spatial distribution of seasonal (MAM on top, JJA in 2nd row, SON in 3rd row and DJF on bottom) mean temperature (℃) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical (1990-2014, left), SSP245 simulation for the near future (2026-2050, middle) and their differences (right)
표 Differences of temperature (℃) over East Asia and local regions simulated by WRF forced by UKESM between SSP245 simulation for the near future (2026-2050) and historical simulation (1990-2014)
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of annual mean temperature (℃) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical period (1990-2014, upper), SSP370 simulated by UKESM for the near future (2026-2050, center) and SSP370 simulated by WRF forced by UKESM for the near future (2026-2050, lower). (Right panel) The differences of near future simulation by UKESM and WRF against historical period
표 Spatial distribution of seasonal (MAM on top, JJA in 2nd row, SON in 3rd
표 Differences of temperature (℃) over East Asia and local regions simulated by WRF forced by UKESM between SSP370 simulation for the near future (2026-2050) and historical simulation (1990-2014
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of annual mean precipitation (mm/day) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical period (1990-2014, upper), SSP245 simulated by UKESM for the near future (2026-2050, center) and SSP245 simulated by WRF forced by UKESM for the near future (2026-2050, lower). (Right panel) The differences of near future simulation by UKESM and WRF against historical period
표 Spatial distribution of seasonal (MAM on top, JJA in 2nd row, SON in 3rd row and DJF on bottom) mean precipitation (mm/day) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical (1990-2014, left), SSP245 simulation for the near future (2026-2050, middle) and their differences (right)
표 Differences of precipitation (mm/day) over East Asia and local regions simulated by WRF forced by UKESM between SSP245 simulation for the near future (2026-2050) and historical simulation (1990-2014)
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of annual mean precipitation (mm/day) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical period (1990-2014, upper), SSP370 simulated by UKESM for the near future (2026-2050, center) and SSP370 simulated by WRF forced by UKESM for the near future (2026-2050, lower). (Right panel) The differences of near future simulation by UKESM and WRF against historical period
표 Spatial distribution of seasonal (MAM on top, JJA in 2nd row, SON in 3rd row and DJF on bottom) mean precipitation (mm/day) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical (1990-2014, left), SSP370 simulation for the near future (2026-2050, middle) and their differences (right)
표 Differences of precipitation (mm/day) over East Asia and local regions simulated by WRF forced by UKESM between SSP370 simulation for the near future (2026-2050) and historical simulation (1990-2014)
표 Monthly variation of mean temperature (℃; line graph) derived from WRF forced by UKESM based on historical (1990-2014), SSP245 and SSP370 scenarios for the near future (2026-2050) and its changes (bar graph) between near future based on SSP245 (left bar graph), SSP370 (right bar graph) scenarios and historical period over (a) East Asia, (b) South Korea, (c) Japan, (d) North China, (e) South China, (f) Mongolia, (g) Indochina and (h) India
표 Same as Figure 1.2.17, but for precipitation (mm/day)
표 Occurrence frequency of daily rainfall for historical period (1990~2014), and future period (2026~2050) based on SSP245 and SSP370 scenarios derived from WRF
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of annual mean temperature (℃) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical period (1990-2014, upper), SSP245 simulated by UKESM for the far future (2076-2100, center) and SSP245 simulated by WRF forced by UKESM for the far future (2076-2100, lower). (Right panel) The differences of near future simulation by UKESM and WRF against historical period
표 Spatial distribution of seasonal (MAM on top, JJA in 2nd row, SON in 3rd row and DJF on bottom) mean temperature (℃) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical (1990-2014, left), SSP245 simulation for the far future (2076-2100, middle) and their differences (right)
표 Differences of temperature (℃) over East Asia and local regions simulated by WRF forced by UKESM between SSP245 simulation for the far future (2076-2100) and historical simulation (1990-2014)
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of annual mean temperature (℃) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical period (1990-2014, upper), SSP370 simulated by UKESM for the far future (2076-2100, center) and SSP370 simulated by WRF forced by UKESM for the far future (2076-2100, lower). (Right panel) The differences of near future simulation by UKESM and WRF against historical period
표 Spatial distribution of seasonal (MAM on top, JJA in 2nd row, SON in 3rd row and DJF on bottom) mean temperature (℃) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical (1990-2014, left), SSP370 simulation for the far future (2076-2100, middle) and their differences (right)
표 Differences of temperature (℃) over East Asia and local regions simulated by WRF forced by UKESM between SSP370 simulation for the far future (2076-2100) and historical simulation (1990-2014)
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of annual mean precipitation (mm/day) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical period (1990-2014, upper), SSP245 simulated by UKESM for the far future (2076-2100, center) and SSP245 simulated by WRF forced by UKESM for the far future (2076-2100, lower). (Right panel) The differences of far future simulation by UKESM and WRF against historical period
표 Spatial distribution of seasonal (MAM on top, JJA in 2nd row, SON in 3rd row and DJF on bottom) mean precipitation (mm/day) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical (1990-2014, left), SSP245 simulation for the far future (2076-2100, middle) and their differences (right)
표 Differences of precipitation (mm/day) over East Asia and local regions simulated by WRF forced by UKESM between SSP245 simulation for the far future (2076-2100) and historical simulation (1990-2014)
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of annual mean precipitation (mm/day) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical period (1990-2014, upper), SSP370 simulated by UKESM for the far future (2076-2100, center) and SSP370 simulated by WRF forced by UKESM for the far future (2076-2100, lower). (Right panel) The differences of far future simulation by UKESM and WRF against historical period
표 Spatial distribution of seasonal (MAM on top, JJA in 2nd row, SON in 3rd row and DJF on bottom) mean precipitation (mm/day) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical (1990-2014, left), SSP370 simulation for the far future (2076-2100, middle) and their differences (right)
표 Differences of precipitation (mm/day) over East Asia and local regions simulated by WRF forced by UKESM between SSP370 simulation for the far future (2076-2100) and historical simulation (1990-2014)
표 Monthly variation of mean temperature (℃; line graph) derived from WRF forced by UKESM based on historical (1990-2014), SSP245 and SSP370 scenarios for the far future (2076-2100) and its changes (bar graph) between near future based on SSP245 (left bar graph), SSP370 (right bar graph) scenarios and historical period over (a) East Asia, (b) South Korea, (c) Japan, (d) North China, (e) South China, (f) Mongolia, (g) Indochina and (h) India
표 Same as Figure 1.2.28, but for precipitation (mm/day)
표 Occurrence frequency of daily rainfall for historical period (1990~2014), and future period (2076~2100) based on SSP245 and SSP370 scenarios derived from WRF
표 Definition of extreme precipitation indices
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of CWD (days) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical period (1990-2014, upper), SSP245 scenario for the near future (2026-2050, center) and SSP370 scenario for the near future (2026-2050, lower). (Right panel) The differences of near future simulation by WRF against historical period
표 Same as Figure 1.2.31, but for CDD (days)
표 Same as Figure 1.2.31, but for R90p (mm/day)
표 Same as Figure 1.2.31, but for SDII (mm/day)
표 (Left panel) Boxplot of extreme precipitation index for near future (2026~2050) based on SSP245 and SSP370 scenarios and (Right panel) its differences between future climate and historical (1990~2014) for each region derived from WRF model
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of CWD (days) of WRF forced by UKESM for the historical period (1990-2014, upper), SSP245 scenario for the far future (2076-2100, center) and SSP370 scenario for the far future (2076-2100, lower). (Right panel) The differences of near future simulation by WRF against historical period
표 Same as Figure 1.2.36, but for CDD (days)
표 Same as Figure 1.2.36, but for R90p (mm/day)
표 Same as Figure 1.2.36, but for SDII (mm/day)
표 (Left panel) Boxplot of extreme precipitation index for far future (2076~2100) based on SSP245 and SSP370 scenarios and (Right panel) its differences between future climate and historical (1990~2014) for each region derived from WRF model
표 Definition of extreme precipitation indices
표 Definition of the SPI Classes
표 Spatial distribution of the CWD (days) for (Left panel) historical period and their differences between (Center panel) near future (2026-2050) under SSP245 scenario and historical, and (Right panel) near future (2026-2050) under SSP370 scenario and historical derived from RCMs forced by UKESM and their ensemble
표 CWD (days) and its difference from historical over East Asia and local regions simulated by RCMs forced by UKESM for near future (2026-2050) under SSP245 scenario
표 Same as Table 2.1.3, but for SSP370 scenario
표 Same as Figure 2.1.1, but for CDD (days)
표 CDD (days) and its difference from historical over East Asia and local regions simulated by RCMs forced by UKESM for near future (2026-2050) under SSP245 scenario
표 Same as Table 2.1.5, but for SSP370 scenario
표 Same as Figure 2.1.1, but for R90p (mm/day)
표 R90p (mm/day) and its difference from historical over East Asia and local regions simulated by RCMs forced by UKESM for near future (2026-2050) under SSP245 scenario
표 Same as Table 2.1.7, but for SSP370 scenario
표 Same as Figure 2.1.1, but for SDII (mm/day)
표 SDII (mm/day) and its difference from historical over East Asia and local regions simulated by RCMs forced by UKESM for near future (2026-2050) under SSP245 scenario
표 Same as Table 2.1.9, but for SSP370 scenario
표 (Left panel) Boxplot of extreme precipitation index for near future (2026~2050) based on SSP245 and SSP370 scenarios and (Right panel) its differences between near future and historical (1990~2014) for each region derived from RCMs ensemble
표 Number of occurrences of (Left) severe and (Right) extreme drought (SPI3) in spring (MAM) for historical period (1990-2014) derived from RCMs forced by UKESM and their ensemble. Severe drought is defined as a monthly SPI3 of -2.0 to -1.5, and extreme drought is defined as -2.0 or less
표 Number of occurrences differences between near future (2026-2050) under SSP245 scenario and historical for (Left) severe and (Right) extreme drought (SPI3) in spring (MAM) historical period (1990-2014) derived from RCMs forced by UKESM and their ensemble. Severe drought is defined as a monthly SPI3 of -2.0 to -1.5, and extreme drought is defined as -2.0 or less
표 Same as Figure 2.1.7, but for SSP370 scenario
표 Number of occurrences for severe and extreme drought (SPI3) simulated by RCMs forced by UKESM for near future (2026-2050) under SSP245 scenario, and their changes from historical over East Asia and local regions
표 Same as Table 2.1.11, but for SSP370 scenario
표 Hovmöller diagram of May to September precipitation (mm/day) zonally averaged over Korean peninsula (115~135˚E) for observation(APHRODITE), historical, and SSP245 and SSP370 for near future (2026-2050). Figures are derived from RCMs ensemble forced by UKESM
표 Occurrence frequency of daily rainfall for historical period (1990~2014), and future period (2026~2050) based on SSP245 and SSP370 scenarios derived from RCMs ensemble
표 Spatial distribution of the CWD (days) for (Left panel) historical period and their differences between (Center panel) far future (2076-2100) under SSP245 scenario and historical, and (Right panel) far future (2076-2100) under SSP370 scenario and historical derived from RCMs forced by UKESM and their ensemble
표 CWD (days) and its difference from historical over East Asia and local regions simulated by RCMs forced by UKESM for far future (2076-2100) under SSP245 scenario
표 Same as Table 2.1.13, but for SSP370 scenario
표 Same as Figure 2.1.11, but for CDD (days)
표 CDD (days) and its difference from historical over East Asia and local regions simulated by RCMs forced by UKESM for far future (2076-2100) under SSP245 scenario
표 Same as Table 2.1.15, but for SSP370 scenario
표 Same as Figure 2.1.11, but for R90p (mm/day)
표 R90p (mm/day) and its difference from historical over East Asia and local regions simulated by RCMs forced by UKESM for far future (2076-2100) under SSP245 scenario
표 Same as Table 2.1.17, but for SSP370 scenario
표 Same as Figure 2.1.11, but for SDII (mm/day)
표 SDII (mm/day) and its difference from historical over East Asia and local regions simulated by RCMs forced by UKESM for far future (2076-2100) under SSP245 scenario
표 Same as Table 2.1.19, but for SSP370 scenario
표 (Left panel) Boxplot of extreme precipitation index for near future (2026~2050) based on SSP245 and SSP370 scenarios and (Right panel) its differences between far future and historical (1990~2014) for each region derived from RCMs ensemble
표 Number of occurrences differences between far future (2076-2100) under SSP245 scenario and historical for (Left) severe and (Right) extreme drought (SPI3) in spring (MAM) historical period (1990-2014) derived from RCMs forced by UKESM and their ensemble. Severe drought is defined as a monthly SPI3 of -2.0 to -1.5, and extreme drought is defined as -2.0 or less
표 Same as Figure 2.1.16, but for SSP370 scenario
표 Number of occurrences for severe and extreme drought (SPI3) simulated by RCMs forced by UKESM for far future (2076-2100) under SSP245 scenario, and their changes from historical over East Asia and local regions
표 Same as Table 2.1.21, but for SSP370 scenario
표 Hovmöller diagram of May to September precipitation (mm/day) zonally averaged over Korean peninsula (115~135˚E) for observation(APHRODITE), historical, and SSP245 and SSP370 for far future (2076-2100). Figures are derived from RCMs ensemble forced by UKESM
표 Occurrence frequency of daily rainfall for historical period (1990~2014), and future period (2076~2100) based on SSP245 and SSP370 scenarios derived from RCMs ensemble
표 Spatial distribution of 25-year (1981-2005) averaged values of extreme temperature indice HD based on absolute threshold over South Korea. The RCM’s simulations were performed by using the four GCM’s forcing. ASOS and Ensemble indicate the observation and simple ensemble of 4 RCMs, respectively
표 Same as Figure 2.2.1 except for TD
표 Same as Figure 2.2.1 except for FD
표 Same as Figure 2.2.1 except for ID
표 Same as Figure 2.2.1 except for TX95P
표 Same as Figure 2.2.1 except for TN95P
표 Same as Figure 2.2.1 except for TX05P
표 Same as Figure 2.2.1 except for TN05P
표 Seasonal variation of 25-year (1981-2005) averaged monthly mean of daily maximum temperature (℃), daily minimum temperature (℃) and diurnal temperature range (℃) over South Korea, respectively. ASOS and Ensemble indicate the observation and simple ensemble of 4 RCMs, respectively
표 Inter-annual variations of four extreme temperature indices based on the absolute threshold over South Korea for 25 (1981-2005) years. ASOS and Ensemble indicate the observation and simple ensemble of 4 RCMs, recpectively
표 Same as Figure 2.2.10 except for extreme temperature indices based on the percentile threshold
표 Summary of 25-year (1981-2005) averaged values of daily maximum temperature (℃), daily minimum temperature(℃), diurnal temperature range(℃) over South Korea. ASOS and Ensemble indicate the observation and simple ensemble of 4 RCMs, respectively
표 Same as Table 1 except for HD, TD, FD, ID
표 Same as Table 1 except for TX95P, TN95P, TX05P, TN05P
표 Spatial distribution of HD by 4 RCMs in the mid 21st century (2025-2049) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.12 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.12 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.12 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of TD by 4 RCMs in the mid 21st century (2025-2049) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.16 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.16 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.16 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of FD by 4 RCMs in the mid 21st century (2025-2049) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.20 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.20 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 20 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of ID by 4 RCMs in the mid 21st century (2025-2049) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.24 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.24 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.24 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of TX95P by 4 RCMs in the mid 21st century (2025-2049) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.28 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.28 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.28 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of TN95P by 4 RCMs in the mid 21st century (2025-2049) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.32 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.32 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.32 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of TX05P by 4 RCMs in the mid 21st century (2025-2049) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.36 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.36 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.36 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of TN05P by 4 RCMs in the mid 21st century (2025-2049) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.40 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.40 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.40 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Seasonal variation of monthly mean of daily maximun temperature (℃), daily minimum temperature (℃) and and diurnal temperature range (℃) by 4 RCMs over South Korea in the mid 21st century (2025-2049) according to the SSP1-2.6. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.44 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.44 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.44 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Inter-annual variations of four extreme temperature indices based on the absolute threshold over South Korea in the mid 21st century (2025-2049) according to the SSP1-2.6. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.48 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.48 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.48 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Inter-annual variations of four extreme temperature indices based on the percentile threshold over South Korea in the mid 21st century (2025-2049) according to the SSP1-2.6. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.52 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.52 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.52 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Summary of differences between the mid 21st century (2025-2049) and present period (1981-2005) for daily maximum temperature (℃) averaged over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Table 2.3.4 except for daily minimum temperature (℃)
표 Same as Table 2.3.4 except for diurnal temperature range
표 Same as Table 2.3.4 except for HD
표 Same as Table 2.3.4 except for TD
표 Same as Table 2.3.4 except for FD
표 Same as Table 2.3.4 except for ID
표 Same as Table 2.3.4 except for TX95P
표 Same as Table except for TN95P
표 Same as Table 2.3.4 except for TX05P
표 Same as Table 2.3.4 except for TN05P
표 Spatial distribution of HD by 4 RCMs in the late 21st century (2075-2099) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.56 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.56 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.56 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of TD by 4 RCMs in the late 21st century (2075-2099) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indiates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.60 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.60 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.60 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of FD by 4 RCMs in the late 21st century (2075-2099) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.64 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.64 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.64 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of ID by 4 RCMs in the late 21st century (2075-2099) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.68 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.68 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.68 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of TX95P by 4 RCMs in the late 21st century (2075-2099) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.72 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.72 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.72 exceept for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of TN95P by 4 RCMs in the late 21st century (2075-2099) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.76 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.76 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.76 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of TX05P by 4 RCMs in the late 21st century (2075-2099) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.80 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.80 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.80 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Spatial distribution of TN05P by 4 RCMs in the late 21st century (2075-2099) according to the SSP1-2.6 over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.84 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.84 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.84 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Seasonal variation of monthly mean of daily maximum temperature (℃), daily minimun temperature (℃) and diurmal temperature range (℃) by 4 RCMs over South Korea in the late 21st century (2075-2099) according to the SSP1-2.6. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.88 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.88 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.88 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Inter-annual variations of four extreme temperature indices based on the absolute threshold over South Korea in the late 21st century (2075-2099) according to the SSP1-2.6. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.92 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.92 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.92 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Inter-annual variations of four extreme temperature indices based on the percentile threshold over South Korea in the late 21st century (2075-2099) according to the SSP1-2.6. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Figure 2.2.96 except for SSP2-4.5
표 Same as Figure 2.2.96 except for SSP3-7.0
표 Same as Figure 2.2.96 except for SSP5-8.5
표 Summary of differences between the late 21st century (2075-2099) and present period (1981-2005) for daily maximum temperature (℃) averaged over South Korea. Ensemble indicates the simple ensemble of 4 RCMs
표 Same as Table 2.3.15 except for daily minimum temperature (℃)
표 Same as Table 2.3.15 except for diurnal temperature range
표 Same as Table 2.3.15 except for HD
표 Same as Table 2.3.15 except for TD
표 Same as Table 2.3.15 except for FD
표 Same as Table 2.3.15 except for daily ID
표 Same as Table 2.3.15 except for TX95P
표 Same as Table 2.3.15 except for TN95P
표 Same as Table 2.3.15 except for TX05P
표 Same as Table 2.3.15 except for TN05P
표 Schematic diagram of bandpass filtering methods
표 Averaged fields for DJF from 1982 to 2005 for the bandpass standard deviations of sea level pressure from the (a) ERA5 analysis, (b) MPI-ESM-LR, (c) UKESM, (d) WRF forced MPI, and (e) WRF forced UKESM (unit: hPa)
표 Same as Figure 2.3.2 but for the meridional wind at 850 hPa (unit: m s-1)
표 Same as Figure 2.3.2 but for the meridional eddy heat flux at 850 hPa (unit: K ms-1)
표 Averaged fields for DJF from 1982 to 2005 for the bandpass standard deviations of sea level pressure from the (a) UKESM, (b) ERA5 analysis, (c) GRIMs-RMP, (d) WRF, (e) RegCM, and (f) CCLM. All RCMs use UKESM data as forcing (unit: hPa)
표 Averaged fields for DJF from 2021 to 2040 among the SSP126 scenario for the bandpass standard deviations of sea level pressure from the (a) UKESM, (b) GRIMs-RMP, (c) WRF, (d) RegCM, and (e) CCLM. All RCMs use UKESM data as forcing (unit: hPa)
표 Same as Figure 2.3.6 but from 2081 to 2100
표 Same as Figure 2.3.6 but among SSP585 scenario
표 Same as Figure 2.3.8 but from 2081 to 2100
표 Time series of bandpass standard deviations of sea level pressure which averaged over inland region (100~120°E, 40~55°N) from the UKESM, GRIMs-RMP, WRF, RegCM, and CCLM during the (a) historical period and climate change scenarios; (b) SSP126, (c) SSP245, (d) SSP370, and (e) SSP585
표 Same as Figure 2.3.10 but averaged over marine region (140~160°E, 35~50°N)
표 Temporal trend of bandpass standard deviations of sea level pressure from the UKESM for (a) SSP126, (b) SSP245, (c) SSP370, and (d) SSP585. The inland region is marked as red box and marine region is marked as blue box
표 Time series of (a) difference between SST and 850 hPa temperature, and (b) sensible heat flux over marine region (140~160°E, 35~50°N)
표 (a) WRF domain of CPM experiment and (b) Topography (m) of Domain 2 and 55 ASOS stations (pink dot)
표 Configuration of WRF model for each CPM experiment
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of spring (MAM) surface temperature (℃) of (upper) observation, and (middle) CORDEX East Asia phase 2 experiment and (lower) CPM experiment forced by ERA-Interim and (Right panel) its differences against observation
표 Same as Figure 3.1.2, but for summer (JJA) surface temperature (℃)
표 Same as Figure 3.1.2, but for autumn (SON) surface temperature (℃)
표 Same as Figure 3.1.2, but for winter (DJF) surface temperature (℃)
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of spring (MAM) precipitaion (mm/day) of (upper) observation, and (middle) CORDEX East Asia phase 2 experiment and (lower) CPM experiment forced by ERA-Interim and (Right panel) its differences against observation
표 Same as Figure 3.1.6, but for summer (JJA) precipitation (mm/day)
표 Same as Figure 3.1.6, but for autumn (SON) precipitation (mm/day)
표 Same as Figure 3.1.6, but for winter (DJF) precipitation (mm/day)
표 Hovmöller diagram of 3 days running mean precipitation derived from observation, CORDEX-East Asia phase 2 experiment, and CPM experiment forced by ERA-Interim for 2001-2005
표 Occurrence frequency of summer (left) daily rainfall and (right) hourly rainfall derived from the observation, CORDEX-East Asia phase 2 experiment, and CPM experiment forced by ERA-Interim for 2001-2005
표 Scatter plot of given precipitation duration (hours) and intensity (mm/hour) derived from the observation (ASOS), CORDEX-East Asia phase 2 experiment, and CPM experiment forced by ERA-Interim for 2001-2005
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of spring (MAM) surface temperature (℃) of (1st row) observation, (2nd row) CORDEX East Asia phase 2 experiment forced by UKESM historical scenario, (3rd row) CPM experiment forced by UKESM historical scenario (4th row) CPM experiment forced by UKESM SSP585 scenario. (Right panel) Their differences against (2nd and 3rd row) observation and (4th row) CPM historical experiment
표 Same as Figure 3.1.13, but for summer (JJA) surface temperature (℃)
표 Same as Figure 3.1.13, but for autumn (SON) surface temperature (℃)
표 Same as Figure 3.1.13, but for winter (DJF) surface temperature (℃)
표 (Left panel) Spatial distribution of spring (MAM) precipitation (mm/day) of (1st row) observation, (2nd row) CORDEX East Asia phase 2 experiment forced by UKESM historical scenario, (3rd row) CPM experiment forced by UKESM historical scenario (4th row) CPM experiment forced by UKESM SSP585 scenario. (Right panel) Their differences against (2nd and 3rd row) observation and (4th row) CPM historical experiment
표 Same as Figure 3.1.17, but for summer (JJA) precipitation (mm/day)
표 Same as Figure 3.1.17, but for autumn (SON) precipitation (mm/day)
표 Same as Figure 3.1.17, but for winter (DJF) precipitation (mm/day)
표 Hovmöller diagram of 3 days running mean precipitation derived from observation, CORDEX-East Asia phase 2 experiment and CPM experiment forced by UKESM historical scenario for 2001-2005, and CPM experiment forced by UKESM SSP585 scenario for 2091-2095
표 Occurrence frequency of summer (left panel) daily rainfall and (right panel) hourly rainfall derived from (upper panel) the observation, CORDEX-East Asia phase 2 experiment, and CPM experiment forced by UKESM historical scenario (2001-2005) and (lower panel) CPM experiments forced by UKESM historical (2001-2005) and SSP585 (2091-2095) scenarios
표 Scatter plot of given precipitation duration (hours) and intensity (mm/hour) derived from (upper) the observation (ASOS) and CORDEX-East Asia phase 2 experiment forced by UKESM historical scenario (2001-2005), (middle) observation (ASOS) and CPM experiment forced by UKESM historical scenario (2001-2005) and (lower) CPM experiments forced by UKESM historical (2001-2005) and SSP585 (2091-2095) scenarios
표 Schematic diagram of positive (red) and negative (blue) feedback mechanisms between atmosphere and ocean
표 Simultaneous relation between sea surface temperature and precipitation for (a) uncoupled model, (b) coupled model, and (c) observation (Guo and Yoshimura)
표 Domain configuration
표 Model configuration
표 Averaged sea surface temperature during JJA from 1999 to 2003 for (a) OISST and sea surface temperature difference between (b) UKESM and OISST, (c) GRIMs-RMP and OISST, and (d) GRIMs-ROP and GRIMs-RMP
표 Annual averaged seasonal accumulated precipitation during JJA from 1999 to 2003 for (a) GPCP and accumulated precipitation difference between (b) UKESM and GPCP, (c) GRIMs-RMP and GPCP, and (d) GRIMs-ROP and GRIMs-RMP
표 Simultaneous relation between sea surface temperature and precipitation for (a) GPCP and OISST, (b) UKESM, (c) GRIMs-RMP, and (d) GRIMs-ROP
표 Averaged sea surface temperature during DJF from 1982 to 1991 for (a) UKESM , (b) OISST, (c) GRIMs-RMP, and (d) GRIMs-ROP, and sea surface temperature difference between (e) RMP and OISST, and (f) GRIMs-ROP and GRIMs-RMP
표 Annual averaged seasonal accumulated precipitation during DJF from 1982 to 1991 for (a) UKESM, (b) GPCP, (c) GRIMs-RMP, and (d) GRIMs-ROP, and accumulated precipitation difference between (e) RMP and GPCP, and (f) GRIMs-ROP and GRIMs-RMP
표 Averaged fields for DJF from 1982 to 1991 for the bandpass standard deviations of sea level pressure from the (a) UKESM, (b) ERA5 analysis, (c) GRIMs-RMP, and (d) GRIMs-ROP, and band pass standard deviation difference between (e) GRIMs-RMP and ERA5, and (f) GRIMs-ROP and GRIMs-RMP
표 Temporal trend corrected standard deviation of sea surface temperature for (a) GRIMs-RMP, and (b) GRIMs-ROP. Kuroshio Extension (KE) index area (140~165°E, 31~36°N) is marked as blue boxes, and averaged score over KE area is written in boxes
표 Time series of areal averaged over KE from figure 4.1.9 during DJF for (a) standard deviation of sea surface temperature, (b) bandpass standard deviation of sea level pressure, and (c) accumulated precipitation

과제명(ProjectTitle) :	-
연구책임자(Manager) :	-
과제기간(DetailSeriesProject) :	-
총연구비 (DetailSeriesProject) :	-
키워드(keyword) :	-
과제수행기간(LeadAgency) :	-
연구목표(Goal) :	-
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저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증

GRIMs 지역기후모델을 이용한 SSP 시나리오 기반 동아시아 상세 기후변화 정보 산출
Production of detailed climate change information over East Asia based on the SSP scenarios by utilizing the GRIMs regional climate model 원문보기

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연합인증

GRIMs 지역기후모델을 이용한 SSP 시나리오 기반 동아시아 상세 기후변화 정보 산출 Production of detailed climate change information over East Asia based on the SSP scenarios by utilizing the GRIMs regional climate model 원문보기

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GRIMs 지역기후모델을 이용한 SSP 시나리오 기반 동아시아 상세 기후변화 정보 산출
Production of detailed climate change information over East Asia based on the SSP scenarios by utilizing the GRIMs regional climate model 원문보기

표/그림 (292)

표/그림 (292)