[보고서]CCLM 지역기후모델을 이용한 SSP 시나리오 기반 동아시아 상세 기후변화 정보 산출

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보고서 정보

주관연구기관

포항공과대학교
Pohang University of Science and Technology

연구책임자

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발행국가

대한민국

언어

한국어

발행년월

2023-04

과제시작연도

2022

주관부처

기상청
Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA)

등록번호

TRKO202300003725

과제고유번호

1365003606

사업명

기후및기후변화감시∙예측정보응용기술개발

DB 구축일자

2023-07-19

키워드

CORDEX-동아시아 2단계.지역기후모델.CMIP6 RCP/SSP 시나리오.CPM 평가실험.CPM RCP 전망실험.CORDEX-East Asia Phase II.RCM(CCLM).CMIP6 RCP/SSP Scenarios.CPM evaluation.CPM RCP Projection.

표 Countries and the number of their institutions partaking in CLM
표 Various model components can be coupled with CCLM. This figure is
표 East Asia simulation domain and their topography (m)
표 CCLM5.0.9 physical settings
표 Model integration period according to the CMIP6 UKESM SSP future
표 CCLM settings in KMA supercomputer (URI4)
표 Precipitation of observation data (GPCP), UK-ESM, and CCLM4 over East
표 Same as Figure 2.1.1.5 except for near-surface air temperature (°C) of
표 Annual mean near surface air temperature anomlaies over East Asia land
표 Correlation coefficient in near surface air temperature over East Asia region
표 surface air temperature (Celcius) of observation (OBS, APHRODITE) and
표 surface air temperature (Celcius) of observation (OBS, APHRODITE) and CCLM simulations (MME: multi-model ensemble mean and HG2: HadGEM2-AO, MPI: MPI-ESM-LR, and UKE: UKESM1-0-LL) in annual and seasonal average of 25 years (1981-2005). We present the absolute values for OBS and CCLM (MME), and relative bias to OBS for each of CCLM simulations (HG2, MPI and UKE), respectively. East Asia are shown in gry-solid box, and their averaged values are shown together (upper right corner)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.14, except for the precipitation (mm/d)
표 2m surface air temperature (°C) climate in current climate (1981-2005) and
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.16, except for the precipitation (mm/d)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.16, except for the convective precipitation (mm/d).
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.16 except for the 2m surface air specific humidity (g/kg)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.16 except for the 2m surface air relative humidity (%)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.16, except for the surface evaporation (mm/d)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.16, except for the 10m suface air wind speed (m/s)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.16, except for the snow cover (%)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.16, except for the snow depth (cm)
표 2m surface air temperature (°C) climate in current climate (1981-2005) and its changes in future climate of 21st late century (2076-2100). The five different temporal scale of climate are exmained: annual mean (ANN), and four seasonal mean in boreal regions (MAM: March-to-May, JJA: June-to-August, SON: September-to-November, and DJF: December-to-February, respectively)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.25, except for the precipitation (mm/d)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.25, except for the convective precipitation (mm/d)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.25 except for the 2m surface air specific humidity (g/kg)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.25 except for the 2m surface air relative humidity (%)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.25 except for the 2m surface air evaporation (mm/d)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.25 except for the 10m surface air wind speed (mm/s)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.25 except for the snow cover (%)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.25 except for the snow cover (%)
표 Grid point information representing the capital of China, Korea and Japan
표 Decadal trends in annual or seasonal averaged 2m surface air temperature
표 2m surface air temperature at the grid point at Beijing. Four different scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) and five different climate (annual and four seasons) are examined. The dots (lines) represent the every year (regressed line). Decadal trends are shown together in parenthesis
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.34, except for the grid point at Seoul
표 2.1.1.6 Same as table 2.1.1.5, except for the city of Seoul
표 2.1.1.7 Same as table 2.1.1.5, except for the city of Tokyo
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.34, except for the grid point at Tokyo
표 Decadal trends in annual or seasonal averaged precipitation (%/10years) at the city of Beijing from CCLM-UKESM SSP future projections
표 precipitation change (%) at the grid point at Beijing. Four different scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) and five different climate (annual and four seasons) are examined. The dots (lines) represent the every year (regressed line). Decadal trends are shown together in parenthesis
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.37 except for the grid point at Seoul
표 Same as table 2.1.1.8, except for the city of Seoul
표 Same as table 2.1.1.8, except for the city of Tokyo
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.37 except for the grid point at Tokyo
표 Definition for extreme climate indices of temperature and precipitation
표 Annual (ANN), winter (DJF), spring (MAM), summer (JJA) and fall (SON) extreme temperature indices (TXx and T95) for daily maximum temperature from CCLM UKE historical simulations (1981-2005). Grey box and number below indicates the EAS region and area averaged indices over EAS
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.40, except for the daily minimum temperature extreme indices (TNn and T05)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.40, except for the daily precipitation extreme indices (RX1and R99)
표 Changes in early 21st Century 25 years (2025-2049) of averaged (top) annual or (the other rows) seasonal maximum daily maximum temperature (TXx) under four SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) relative to the historical period (1981-2025)
표 Changes in early 21st Century 25 years (2025-2049) in 95th percentile of (top) annual or (the other rows) seasonal daily maximum temperature (T95) under four SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) relative to the historical period (1981-2025)
표 Changes in early 21st Century 25 years (2025-2049) of averaged (top) annual or (the other rows) seasonal minimum daily minimum temperature (TNn) under four SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) relative to the historical period (1981-2025)
표 Changes in early 21st Century 25 years (2025-2049) in 5th percentile of (top) annual or (the other rows) seasonal daily minimum temperature (T05) under four SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) relative to the historical period (1981-2025)
표 Changes in early 21st Century 25 years (2025-2049) of averaged (top) annual or (the other rows) seasonal maximum daily precipitation (Rx1) under four SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) relative to the historical period (1981-2025)
표 Changes in early 21st Century 25 years (2025-2049) in 99th percentile of (top) annual or (the other rows) seasonal maximum precipitation (R99) under four SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) relative to the historical period (1981-2025)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.43 (TXx), except for the middle of 21st Century (2050-2074)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.44 (T95), except for the middle of 21st Century (2050-2074)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.45 (TNn), except for the middle of 21st Century (2050-2074)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.46 (T05), except for the middle of 21st Century (2050-2074)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.47 (Rx1), except for the middle of 21st Century (2050-2074)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.49 (R99), except for the middle of 21st Century (2050-2074)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.50 (TXx), except for the late 21st Century (2075-2099)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.50 (T95), except for the late 21st Century (2075-2099)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.51 (TNn), except for the late 21st Century (2075-2099)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.52 (T05), except for the late 21st Century (2075-2099)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.53 (Rx1), except for the late 21st Century (2075-2099)
표 Same as figure 2.1.1.54 (Rx1), except for the late 21st Century (2075-2099)
표 List of CORDEX East Asia Phase II RCM simulations used in this study. Different driving GCMs are applied in simulations. Different scenarios are shown with parenthesis and model calendar types are shown individually. Calendar types of RCM simulations are presented. Some RCMs (HG3RA_UKE and WRF_UKE) have more days in downscaled results by changing the calendar types
표 Physics and dynamics settings for the six RCMs partaking in CORDEX-EAS Phase II experiments. The abbreviation of the full model name is shown together with an asterisk. Please note that CCLM run uses 396 x 251 grids but the NetCDF output only has 376 x 231 grids because we exclude the lateral damping (buffer) zones in the domain (10 grids, ~250km, for each direction)
표 Single grid point (Beijing: 39.90°N, 116.41°E, Seoul: 37.57°N, 126.98°E, and Tokyo: 35.68°N, 139.65°E) climatological precipitation anomalies after filtering out sub-monthly frequencies. Observation (OBS), driving GCM (GCM), and downscaled RCM (RCM) are shown together with different colors. Duration in OBS is shown in parenthesis. Shadings with color illustrate ±σ range among the simulations
표 fifteen RCM-MME results for duration and area from the different level of minimum threshold of monsoon rainy season from a day (1) to 10 days (10), respectively. All values are shown in percentage unit (%), relative to the results of five days (5) which is the default threshold applied for all our results
표 (a-c) Spatial distribution of boreal summer (June-July-August) mean precipitation (P, mm·d-1) from Observation (OBS), multi-model mean biases of driving GCMs (GCM_MME), and that of downscaled RCMs (RCM_MME) in historical periods (1981-2005). (d-f) Same as (a-c), except for the duration (DUR, days) in the monsoon rainy season area (at least 5 days). Please note that MME only shows the grids at least 50% of simulations have monsoon characteristics. Five sub-regions in EAS are displayed. (g-i) Inter-simulation scatter plots between P and DUR (P & DUR), P and rainy season area (P & AREA), and the monsoon characteristics (DUR & AREA) over EAS. Each alphabet represents the regional climate model type. Different colors indicate the type of driving GCMs. The results of OBS (black circle) and those of GCM (colored circles) are shown for comparison. Check details in the legend. The correlation coefficient among RCM simulations and p-values are presented
표 Domain averaged results of (a-f) boreal summer mean precipitation (P,mm·d-1), (g-l) monsoon rainy season duration (DUR, days), and (m-r) area (AREA, 105km2) over East Asia (EAS), Southern China (SCN), Eastern China (ECN), Northern China (NCN), Korean Peninsula (KOR), and Japan islands (JPN). Different colors are applied for observation (OBS, black), GCM (purple), and RCM (cyan), respectively. For model simulations, inter-simulation spread (range bar) are shown together, indicating the one standard deviation (±1σ)
표 Inter-model relationship in monsoon variables (left: duration, right: area) over five different regions. From top to bottom, SCN, ECN, NCN, KOR and JPN, respectively. Different dots represent fifteen ensemble members and observed results are shown by black cross for comparison
표 Same as figure 2.2.1.3 (d-f) except for the DUR results of each RCM. The missing part of GCM x RCM (9 out of 24 cases) left in a blank, respectively
표 (Response) Simulation means of variables (M: grand mean, G1-G4: averaged by groups GCM1 to GCM4, R1-R6: averaged by group RCM1 to RCM6) from the matrix samples (4x6 RAW and 4x6_FULL) of monsoon rainy season characteristics in the historical period (1981-2005): duration and area. (Uncertainty) The relative size of uncertainties (sum of squares) in percentage (%) relative to SST. Two approaches are applied: revised ANOVA and two-way ANOVA. Check details in data and methods
표 (a, b, d, e, g, h) Spatial distribution of changes in (a-b) boreal summer (June-July-August) mean precipitation (P, mm·d-1), (d-e) monsoon rainy season duration (DUR, days), and (g-h) percentage of simulations agreeing on monsoon expansion in grid area (AREA, %) from multi-model means of downscaled RCMs (RCM_MME) in late 21st Century (2075-2099) under low emission (LE: RCP2.6 or SSP1-2.6), and the highest emission (HE: RCP8.5 or SSP5-8.5) scenarios. For drawing the MME patterns in duration, firstly, we exclude the grids where RCMs less agree than half in the monsoon rainy season area for each period and then calculate the difference between the duplicate grids of two periods (historical, projection). (c, f, i) East Asia (EAS) averaged changes in (c) P (mm·d-1), (f) DUR (days), and aggregated changes in (i) AREA (105km2) in three different periods (2025-2049, 2050-2074, and 2075-2099). Different colors in the bar represent MME values of LE (green) and HE (red), respectively. The spread of multi-RCM simulations is shown by a range (±1σ)
표 Same as figure 2.2.1.6 but for changes in duration in the late 21st Century (2075-2099) under high emission scenarios (RCP8.5 or SSP5-8.5) relative to the historical periods (1981-2005). Grids are only shown in the duplicate area where monsoon at least have 5 days in each period
표 Same as figure 2.2.1.9, except for changes in the monsoon area. Green (yellow) grids indicate the expansion (shrinkage) area. Please note that we only consider grids for at least five days of the monsoon rainy season in both periods (HE: 2075-2099, History: 1981-2005)
표 Same as figure 2.2.1.6, except for changes in monsoon duration and area. Those results are separated by scenario groups: one for LE (4x6 RAW LE, and 4x6 FULL LE) with high brightness colors and the other for HE (4x6 RAW HE, and 4x6 FULL HE) with low brigthness colors, respectively
표 (a, d) Changes in monsoon characteristics: duration and area over five sub-regions over East Asia: Southern China (SCN), Eastern China (ECN), Northern China (NCN), Korean peninsula (KOR), and Japan islands (JPN). Bar and ranges indicate the MME values of fifteen ensembles under LE and HE, and the ±1 standard deviation of them, respectively. (b, e) Projection uncertainty sizes in five sub-regions. The Total Sum of Squares (TSS) and aggregate values of the Sum of Squares (SS) of two variable components of samples (GCM_VAR + RCM_VAR) are shown by bar and asterisk, respectively. (c, f) The relative contribution (%) in uncertainty from GCM and RCM are shown after excluding the interaction between them (details in 2.3). Different colors represent the results of scenarios under LE (green) and HE (red), respectively
표 Scatter plots for the changes in (a) boreal summer (June-July-August) mean precipitation (P, mm·d-1), (b) monsoon rainy season duration (DUR, days), and (c) its area (AREA, 105km2). The results of driving GCM and downscaled RCM are illustrated by abscissa and ordinate, respectively. The correlation coefficient between GCM and RCM and their p-value are shown together. Filled triangles and unfilled-inverted triangles show the scenarios: HE, and LE, respectively, and colors represent the type of GCMs: MPI (yellow), GFD (red), HG2 (green), and UKE (blue), respectively
표 Current climate onset, withdraw, duration and area from observation data
표 Current climate onset, withdraw, duration and area from GCM-MME data
표 Current climate onset, withdraw, duration and area from RCM-MME data
표 Changes in onset, withdraw, duration and area from RCM-MME data in early 21st Century under LE (RCP26 or SSP1-2.6) scenarios
표 Same as table 2.2.1.6 except for the HE (RCP85 or SSP5-8.5) scenarios
표 Changes in onset, withdraw, duration and area from RCM-MME data in middle 21st Century under LE (RCP26 or SSP1-2.6) scenarios
표 Same as table 2.2.1.8 except for the HE (RCP85 or SSP5-8.5) scenarios
표 Changes in onset, withdraw, duration and area from RCM-MME data in late 21st Century under LE (RCP26 or SSP1-2.6) scenarios
표 Same as table 2.2.1.10 except for the HE (RCP85 or SSP5-8.5) scenarios
표 Fully filled matrix for the summer monsoon rainy season duration (unit: days) over East Asia. Red numbers indicated the reconstructed values following Christensen and Kjellström (2020, 2022) approaches
표 (수식)Same as Table 2.2.1.12, except for the monsoon area (unit: 10 ㎢)
표 Fully filled matrix for the summer monsoon rainy season duration change (unit: days) over East Asia 21st period (2075-2099) under LE scenarios relative to historcial period. Red numbers indicated the reconstructed values following Christensen and Kjellström (2020, 2022) approaches
표 (수식)Same as Table 2.2.1.14, except for the monsoon area change (unit: 10 k㎢)
표 Fully filled matrix for the summer monsoon rainy season duration change (unit: days) over East Asia 21st period (2075-2099) under HE scenarios relative to historcial period. Red numbers indicated the reconstructed values following Christensen and Kjellström (2020, 2022) approaches
표 (수식)Same as Table 2.2.1.16, except for the monsoon area change (unit: 10 k㎢)
표 (a) 25-yeasrs moving averaged changes in global mean surface air temperature (GMST) and precipitation (PR) under HE relative to historical period (1981-2025). Multiplication and diamond represents the last period 25-years averaged results from HE and LE for comparisons. (b) 25-years period when global warming levels reach at the 2.6K where the common minimum warming levels among four different GCMs which are used for CORDEX-EAS downscaling. (c) Same as (b), except for the common minimum precipitation increase (0.3mm/d) among four GCMs
표 Changes in monsoon characteristics in different climate samples from 21st Century late 25 years under two scenarios (2075-2099, HE and LE, respectively), and middle of 21st century when global warming level reach at 2.6K (IW: Identical Warming) or precipitation increase 0.3mm/d (IP: Identical Precipitation), relative to the 25 years of historical simulations. Erorr bars and boxes represent 10-90th and 25-75th percentile of 15 RCM simulations
표 Changes in summer mean precipitation (blue), monsoon rainy season duration (oragne) and its area (purple) over East Asia. Pleaes note that to quantify the linear slope in limited sample numbers, we also include the all avaialbe simulations used for each RCM groups (UKE SSP2-4.5 & UKE SSP3-7.0). Regression slope are shown in numbers with different colors
표 Schematic flow of convection permitting regional climate model runs under the double nesting(GCM-RCM, RCM-CPM) approach. Simulation domain and land topography information of GCM, RCM, and CPM are shown with grey and various colors
표 Summer mean (top) and maximum (middle) daily precipitation (mm/day) over Korea region and summer precipitation histogram (bottom) aggregated over Korea regions from CCLM 25km and CPM 2.5km with various configurations (table 6.2.2). Note that APHRODITE 10 years (1996-2005) used for observation (OBS)
표 Summer precipitation histogram (bottom) aggregated over Korea regions in summer seasons from CCLM 25km and CPM 2.5km with various configurations. Different colors represent two OBS (APRHDOTIE: black, ASOS: grey), GCM (MPI-ESM-LR: green), RCM (CCLM-MPI-ESM-LR, blue), two CPM results (CPM shallow convection on: red, CPM shallow convection off: orange), respectively
표 Domain and topography of CCLM simulations for (a) CORDEX East Asia Phase II (RCM, CCLM25) and (b) South Korea (CPRCM, CCLM2.5). Red circles in (b) indicate 65 stations
표 Fraction of grid boxes (or stations) which have more than 50 wet hourly events in each Td bin from (a-b) observations and CPRCM (CCLM2.5) and RCM (CCLM25) historical simulations and (c-d) CPRCM (CCLM2.5) and RCM (CCLM25) future simulations. Note that CPRCM and RCM simulations are forced by MPI and UKE GCM boundary conditions. Horizontal grey lines indicate 80% thresholds (implying at least 52 stations × 50 events = 2600 samples for each Td bin), and vertical dotted lines indicate the observational Td ranges (8-23°C) exceeding the 80% thresholds
표 Configuration details for RCM (CCLM25) and CPRCM (CCLM2.5)
$H-CAPE intensity and the fraction of H-CAPE out of 99th total wet samples of Observation (ASOS station + ERA5) with various definitions for daily maximum CAPE (CAPE Max) thresholds from 100 to 500 J/kg$ 표 H-CAPE intensity and the fraction of H-CAPE out of 99th total wet samples of Observation (ASOS station + ERA5) with various definitions for daily maximum CAPE (CAPE Max) thresholds from 100 to 500 J/kg
표 Composite distributions of (a-b) daily maximum CAPE, and (c-d) daily maximum CIN, for Td during EP events from CPRCM (CCLM2.5) and RCM (CCLM25) historical simulations forced by MPI and UKE boundary conditions. Grey and black dotted lines indicate reference scaling rates of C-C and 2×C-C, respectively. All of the computations of CPRCM use interpolated values to the 25km RCM resolution to check the size of grid effects on the analyzed results
표 Extreme precipitation (EP) intensity (99th percentile of hourly precipitation) distributions for daily mean surface dew point temperature (Td) in CCLM simulations forced by (a) MPI-ESM-LR (MPI) and (b) UKESM1-0-LL (UKE) boundary conditions. For each, CPRCM (CCLM2.5, red) and RCM (CCLM25, blue) results are compared with those from observations (OBS, black). Dotted grey and black lines represent C-C and 2×C-C scaling rates, respectively. Shaded ranges indicate 90% uncertainty diagnosed by bootstrapping methods. Note that the ordinate is scaled logarithmically
$EP intensity distributions for Td from (a) observations, (b-c) CCLM simulations (CPRCM: CCLM2.5, and RCM: CCLM25) forced by MPI and UKE, respectively, computed using convective (H-CAPE, solid) and non-convective (L-CAPE, dashed) events. Logarithmical scale is applied to the ordinate. (d-f) observed and simulated distribution of the fraction of H-CAPE events to all EP events for Td. To exclude uncertain EP with small numbers of H-CAPE or L-CAPE events, we only present the EP intensity in (a-c) having number of H-CAPE or L-CAPE events larger than 3 for each Td, which is equivalent to about 5% fraction of all EP events (grey dashed lines in e and f)$ 표 EP intensity distributions for Td from (a) observations, (b-c) CCLM simulations (CPRCM: CCLM2.5, and RCM: CCLM25) forced by MPI and UKE, respectively, computed using convective (H-CAPE, solid) and non-convective (L-CAPE, dashed) events. Logarithmical scale is applied to the ordinate. (d-f) observed and simulated distribution of the fraction of H-CAPE events to all EP events for Td. To exclude uncertain EP with small numbers of H-CAPE or L-CAPE events, we only present the EP intensity in (a-c) having number of H-CAPE or L-CAPE events larger than 3 for each Td, which is equivalent to about 5% fraction of all EP events (grey dashed lines in e and f)
표 Composite distributions of (a-b) daily maximum CAPE, (c-d) daily maximum CIN, (ef) vertical wind speed, and (g-h) specific humidity for Td during EP events from CPRCM (CCLM2.5) and RCM (CCLM25) historical simulations forced by MPI and UKE boundary conditions. Grey and black dotted lines indicate reference scaling rates of C-C and 2×C-C, respectively
$Distribution of (a,b) EP intensity, (c, d) EP intensity in H-CAPE and L-CAPE events, and (e,f) fraction of H-CAPE to total EP events for Td from CPRCM (CCLM2.5) future simulations (FUT) forced by MPI (upper) and UKE (lower) boundary conditions. Results from corresponding historical simulations are shown together for comparison$ 표 Distribution of (a,b) EP intensity, (c, d) EP intensity in H-CAPE and L-CAPE events, and (e,f) fraction of H-CAPE to total EP events for Td from CPRCM (CCLM2.5) future simulations (FUT) forced by MPI (upper) and UKE (lower) boundary conditions. Results from corresponding historical simulations are shown together for comparison
표 Same as Figure 2.3.1.10 but for CPRCM (CCLM2.5) future simulations (solid lines) forced by MPI and UKE boundary conditions. Colored dashed lines indicate corresponding results from historical simulations
표 Future changes in EP event frequency for each month (April to October) infuture CPRCM simulations (CCLM2.5) forced by (a) MPI and (b) UKE boundary conditions. Only EP events for the extended Td ranges are considered (24-26°C for MPI and 25-29°C for UKE, respectively). EP thresholds (mm/h) for each Td are provided in parentheses
표 Extreme precipitation (EP) intensity (99th percentile of hourly precipitation) distributions for daily mean surface dew point temperature (Td) in ASOS observation results from Park and Min (2017) study (black) and our study (grey). Dotted yellow lines represent C-C and 2×C-C scaling rates. Note that the ordinate is scaled logarithmically
표 Extreme precipitation (EP) intensity (99th, 90th, and 75th percentile of hourly precipitation) distributions for daily mean surface temperature (Tempo) in observatioon (OBS), CPRCM and RCM downscaled from ERA-Interim (CPM and RCM, respectively). Dotted yellow and green lines represent C-C and 2×C-C scaling rates, respectively. Note that the ordinate is scaled logarithmically. Different pooled data in seasons (AMJ: April-May-June, MJJ: May-June-July, JJA: June-July-August, JAS: July-August-September, and ASO: August-September-October, respectively)
표 Histogram for regression coefficeint values between (a-c) specific humidity hourly precipitation) distributions for daily mean surface temperature (Tempo) in observatioon (OBS), CPRCM and RCM downscaled from ERA-Interim (CPM and RCM, respectively). Dotted yellow and green lines represent C-C and 2×C-C scaling rates, respectively. Note that the ordinate is scaled logarithmically. Different pooled data in seasons (AMJ: April-May-June, MJJ: May-June-July, JJA: June-July-August, JAS: July-August-September, and ASO: August-September-October, respectively)
표 Extreme precipitation (EP) duration equal to or less than six hours (1-6hr), equal to 7 or larger than seven hours but less than 18 hours (7-18hr), and their expected rainy hours (99th, and 90th percentile of hourly precipitation) distributions for daily mean surface temperature (Temp) in observatioon (OBS, black), CPRCM (Red) and RCM (blue) downscaled from MPI historical (light colors) and MPI future (dark colors)
표 Maximum hourly precipitation in whole temperature bins, its dewpooint temperature when precipitation peaks, and scaling ratio from low temperature to peak temperature in various percentile values (30th to 99.9th) are shown and ordered by ERA(OBS: black, CPRCM_ERA: red, and RCM_ERA: blue), MPI(OBS: black, CPRCM_HIS: red, CPRCM_FUT: purple, RCM_HIS: blue, and RCM_FUT: cyan), and UKE(same as MPI), respectively
$Composite mean of surface relative humidity, CAPE, and cloud fraction in area grouped by each temperature bins. Different colors reprsent CPRCM (red), and RCM (blue) forced by MPI. Solid and dahsed lines represent the historical and future projection$ 표 Composite mean of surface relative humidity, CAPE, and cloud fraction in area grouped by each temperature bins. Different colors reprsent CPRCM (red), and RCM (blue) forced by MPI. Solid and dahsed lines represent the historical and future projection
$Extreme preciptation fraction defined by rain event duration no more than 3, 6, 7, and 8 hours respectively$ 표 Extreme preciptation fraction defined by rain event duration no more than 3, 6, 7, and 8 hours respectively
표 Composite mean of atmospheric temperature in different hPa levels grouped 6, 7, and 8 hours respectively
표 Same as figure 2.3.1.20, except for the specfiic humidity
표 Same as figure 2.3.1.20, except for the vertical wind speed (m/s)
표 Same as figure 2.3.1.20, except for the relative humidity
표 Daily precipitation depending on the daily mean dew point temperature at the surface. Different colors are applied to the results of ASOS stations (OBS) and the CCLM simulations of (a) CPM (2.5km, convection expressed explicitly) and (b) RCM (25km, convection parametrized) under different boundary conditions (ERA: ERA-Interim, MPI: MPI-ESM-LR, UKE: UKESM1-0-LL, respectively). Please note that the ordinate is scaled logarithmically. Dotted lines indicate the C-C (grey) and the 2xC-C (black) scaling, respectively. Shaded ranges indicate 90% uncertainty diagnosed by bootstrapping methods
표 Intermodal relationship between CINmax and (a) LFC, (b) W250, 850,(c) RH250, 850, and (e) precipitation which are computed from the composite mean values of H-CAPE rainfall events within 21-26°C dewpoint temperature ranges from CPMs. Different colors are applied for CPM_EVAL (lime), CPM_UKE_HIS (turquoise), CPM_UKE_FUT (purple), CPM_MPI_HIS (dodgerblue) and CPM_MPI_FUT (tomato). Correlation coefficients are shown at a multi-ensemble mean location. For vertical variables (W, RELHUM), filled and empty circles indicate 850hPa and 250hPa, respectively. The critical values of Pearson correlation are 0.805 and 0.878 for 0.1 and 0.05 significance levels, respectively
표 Annual cycle in 65 stations averaged in historical (dashed) and future (solid) five years (2001-2005 and 2091-2095, respectively)
표 for 21-26°C H-CAPE extreme events composite mean values in CPM_UKE and CPM_MPI. Relative values are shown in the parenthesis. Numbers with red color represent the higher values

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CCLM 지역기후모델을 이용한 SSP 시나리오 기반 동아시아 상세 기후변화 정보 산출
Production of detailed climate change information over East Asia based on the SSP scenarios by utilizing the CCLM regional climate model 원문보기

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