In 1589, which was the twenty-second year of the reign of King Sonjo in the Chosun Dynasty, a revolution was attempted by a person named "Chong Yo-Rip." Being in the highest class of the period, the aristocracy, and also a well-educated intellectual, Chong had served in an important post of the gove...
In 1589, which was the twenty-second year of the reign of King Sonjo in the Chosun Dynasty, a revolution was attempted by a person named "Chong Yo-Rip." Being in the highest class of the period, the aristocracy, and also a well-educated intellectual, Chong had served in an important post of the government. Yet, he had set an ideal to create an equal society in which everyone could enjoy the same economic and political status. However, hls plan was discovered beforehand and he was killed along with those who joined him. The social situation of his times in the Chosun kingdom was providing enough conditions far a revolution to break out. Since the early period of King Songo, the ruling class had been divided into "the East Party" and "the West Party," wasting time in confrontations and disputes. Continued misadministration and natural disasters impoverished commoners' life. In addition, the Yojin people in Manchuria kept aggressing over the northern border, while the Japanese were working on the scheme to invade Chosen. The arlstocrats' split into the two parties stemmed from minor clashes over who will take major government posts. However, the conflict was aggravated over time and finally reached to the point where bilateral reconciliation became almost impossible. After "Samyoun incident" and "Gyemisamchan incident," such inter-party strife seemed somewhat subdued thanks to the endeavor of Yulgok Yi Yi. Yet, after rus death, extreme confrontation was resumed as could be seen in "Kwak Sa-Wan's lawsult" or "degrading of Song Ik-Pil family down to the lowly class(Ahn Yoon's lawsuit)." In other words, the ruling class of the country was in the excessive division when they had to unite and overcome varying rational difficulties. The economic basis of Chosun was land, and the crops produced from land were playing a key role of the national economy. However, a series of policies concerning land became very inconsistent. Injustice and corruption were rampant and the public suffered. Their suffering was also worsened by the military policies riddled with irregularities. As a result, many commoners who could not endure these hardships gave up their class status or ran away. Moreover, King So did not have the leadership to solve the pending problems. Even though the nation was in crisis, he doubted his subordinates, adhered to old practices, and turned a deaf ear to reffrmlsts such as Yulgok Yi Yi. The king was incapable of coping with the new demand of the era when the people's suffering reached a limit and the intemational situation was rapidly changing. Thus, the populace was blaming the king and the intellectuals believed that the king did not have the ability to deal with national matters. On the other hand, the Yojin people living north of Chosun kept crossing the border tens of times between 1583 and the Chong Yo-Rip incident. Both the nation and the people were exhausted. To make matters worse, the Japanese who used to be slighted as "Whae-gu(small people)" announced that they would conquer Chosun and Ming after their unification. However, for Confucianism developed into a dogma in Chosun, most intellectuals just repeated discussion based on the idea that China was the center of the world and Chosen was "small China," instead of getting ready to prepare the country for a future war. In sum, around the time when Chong Yo-Rip incident took place, Chosun was facing major troubles at home and abroad. Besides, natural disasters such as drought continued, while false accusations and unounded rumors were prevailing. The attempt of revolution by Chong Yo-Rip was disclosed even before it was carried out. In October, 1589, the governor of Hwanghae Province made a confidential report to the king informing the attempt, and the suppression began on Chong and his followers. Chong committed suicide at Jinan, Cholla Province and others were all arrested and sentenced to death. For about three years after this incident, over a thousand people were incarcerated. As "the West Party," which had been in an inferior position, made use of the incident to hold hegemony and oust "the East Party" members from the government, a considerable number of them were falsely charged. In particular, as Chong was from Honan region of Cholla province, the region's people befriended with or following Chong were sacnficed masslvely. For over one hundred years afterwards, the Chong Yo-Rip incident provided the cause for political conflicts. It also deteriorated the alienatfon of Honam region and its people, which had been continued since its annihilation into the ancient Shilla kingdom. Although such practices remained In Chong Yo-Rip's times, they had been quite lessened since the reign of King Songjong when the government had come to be filled fast with an increasing number of Honam people under the "polittcs by Sarim." However, the Chong Yo-Rip incident resulted in the shrink of their active moves and advances Into the politics. Such circumstances, combined with the resumed alienation, gradually pushed the Honam people away from the center of the national power. With the Chong Yo-Rip Incident as a turning point, a distinctive transition can be discovered from analysis on those who passed the government examination and constituted the center of the ruling class and the most influential poltical power. Among them, the ratio of the Honam people drastically reduced after the incident, meaning the increased alienation of the Honam region. Despite their greater contributions during the war against Japan and to the national wealth than any others, the Honam people had to experience alienation. Thus, it was natural that they resisted It. As a result, their criticism of the king was stronger than in other regions and they often showed drastic moves. In conclusion, the Chong Yo-Rip incident provided a decisive cause for the recurrence of the vicious circle up to the modem Korean political history in which the alienation of Honan People has triggered major political problems. First of all the most Important moaning is not a personal failure of Chong Yo-Rip in Korean political history but a setback of republicanism and downfall of the progressives. At the same time a section of party became conservative by degrees, and party strife was increasingly intensified. Directly speaking, Chong Yo-Rip incident was the greatest event in Choson political history for three hundred years since then. Chong Yo-Rip brought out the Idea that the world is for the public and opposed the hereditary dynasty. He also denied loyalty to the king, which had been believed to be the most supreme value. Directly running against the ruling ideology of Confucianism, Chong's idea was a milestone for the development of Korean politics. Chong's "Grand Equality" idea in which a leader is appointed by election and everyone lives in the same social status is similar to the republicanism of the West. Thus, Chong's idea can be called basically republicanism and Chong is a revolutionist who came forward with republicanism for the first time in Korea. Furthermore, the Chong Yo-Rip incident was tustoric as well in the aspect that it was the first attempt to realize equality politically.
In 1589, which was the twenty-second year of the reign of King Sonjo in the Chosun Dynasty, a revolution was attempted by a person named "Chong Yo-Rip." Being in the highest class of the period, the aristocracy, and also a well-educated intellectual, Chong had served in an important post of the government. Yet, he had set an ideal to create an equal society in which everyone could enjoy the same economic and political status. However, hls plan was discovered beforehand and he was killed along with those who joined him. The social situation of his times in the Chosun kingdom was providing enough conditions far a revolution to break out. Since the early period of King Songo, the ruling class had been divided into "the East Party" and "the West Party," wasting time in confrontations and disputes. Continued misadministration and natural disasters impoverished commoners' life. In addition, the Yojin people in Manchuria kept aggressing over the northern border, while the Japanese were working on the scheme to invade Chosen. The arlstocrats' split into the two parties stemmed from minor clashes over who will take major government posts. However, the conflict was aggravated over time and finally reached to the point where bilateral reconciliation became almost impossible. After "Samyoun incident" and "Gyemisamchan incident," such inter-party strife seemed somewhat subdued thanks to the endeavor of Yulgok Yi Yi. Yet, after rus death, extreme confrontation was resumed as could be seen in "Kwak Sa-Wan's lawsult" or "degrading of Song Ik-Pil family down to the lowly class(Ahn Yoon's lawsuit)." In other words, the ruling class of the country was in the excessive division when they had to unite and overcome varying rational difficulties. The economic basis of Chosun was land, and the crops produced from land were playing a key role of the national economy. However, a series of policies concerning land became very inconsistent. Injustice and corruption were rampant and the public suffered. Their suffering was also worsened by the military policies riddled with irregularities. As a result, many commoners who could not endure these hardships gave up their class status or ran away. Moreover, King So did not have the leadership to solve the pending problems. Even though the nation was in crisis, he doubted his subordinates, adhered to old practices, and turned a deaf ear to reffrmlsts such as Yulgok Yi Yi. The king was incapable of coping with the new demand of the era when the people's suffering reached a limit and the intemational situation was rapidly changing. Thus, the populace was blaming the king and the intellectuals believed that the king did not have the ability to deal with national matters. On the other hand, the Yojin people living north of Chosun kept crossing the border tens of times between 1583 and the Chong Yo-Rip incident. Both the nation and the people were exhausted. To make matters worse, the Japanese who used to be slighted as "Whae-gu(small people)" announced that they would conquer Chosun and Ming after their unification. However, for Confucianism developed into a dogma in Chosun, most intellectuals just repeated discussion based on the idea that China was the center of the world and Chosen was "small China," instead of getting ready to prepare the country for a future war. In sum, around the time when Chong Yo-Rip incident took place, Chosun was facing major troubles at home and abroad. Besides, natural disasters such as drought continued, while false accusations and unounded rumors were prevailing. The attempt of revolution by Chong Yo-Rip was disclosed even before it was carried out. In October, 1589, the governor of Hwanghae Province made a confidential report to the king informing the attempt, and the suppression began on Chong and his followers. Chong committed suicide at Jinan, Cholla Province and others were all arrested and sentenced to death. For about three years after this incident, over a thousand people were incarcerated. As "the West Party," which had been in an inferior position, made use of the incident to hold hegemony and oust "the East Party" members from the government, a considerable number of them were falsely charged. In particular, as Chong was from Honan region of Cholla province, the region's people befriended with or following Chong were sacnficed masslvely. For over one hundred years afterwards, the Chong Yo-Rip incident provided the cause for political conflicts. It also deteriorated the alienatfon of Honam region and its people, which had been continued since its annihilation into the ancient Shilla kingdom. Although such practices remained In Chong Yo-Rip's times, they had been quite lessened since the reign of King Songjong when the government had come to be filled fast with an increasing number of Honam people under the "polittcs by Sarim." However, the Chong Yo-Rip incident resulted in the shrink of their active moves and advances Into the politics. Such circumstances, combined with the resumed alienation, gradually pushed the Honam people away from the center of the national power. With the Chong Yo-Rip Incident as a turning point, a distinctive transition can be discovered from analysis on those who passed the government examination and constituted the center of the ruling class and the most influential poltical power. Among them, the ratio of the Honam people drastically reduced after the incident, meaning the increased alienation of the Honam region. Despite their greater contributions during the war against Japan and to the national wealth than any others, the Honam people had to experience alienation. Thus, it was natural that they resisted It. As a result, their criticism of the king was stronger than in other regions and they often showed drastic moves. In conclusion, the Chong Yo-Rip incident provided a decisive cause for the recurrence of the vicious circle up to the modem Korean political history in which the alienation of Honan People has triggered major political problems. First of all the most Important moaning is not a personal failure of Chong Yo-Rip in Korean political history but a setback of republicanism and downfall of the progressives. At the same time a section of party became conservative by degrees, and party strife was increasingly intensified. Directly speaking, Chong Yo-Rip incident was the greatest event in Choson political history for three hundred years since then. Chong Yo-Rip brought out the Idea that the world is for the public and opposed the hereditary dynasty. He also denied loyalty to the king, which had been believed to be the most supreme value. Directly running against the ruling ideology of Confucianism, Chong's idea was a milestone for the development of Korean politics. Chong's "Grand Equality" idea in which a leader is appointed by election and everyone lives in the same social status is similar to the republicanism of the West. Thus, Chong's idea can be called basically republicanism and Chong is a revolutionist who came forward with republicanism for the first time in Korea. Furthermore, the Chong Yo-Rip incident was tustoric as well in the aspect that it was the first attempt to realize equality politically.
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