The purpose of this study is two-fold: one is to develop a career counseling program based on Adlerian Individual Psychology, which incorporates the developmental and selection approaches to career; the other is to test the effectiveness of the Adlerian Career Counseling Program. Research questions ...
The purpose of this study is two-fold: one is to develop a career counseling program based on Adlerian Individual Psychology, which incorporates the developmental and selection approaches to career; the other is to test the effectiveness of the Adlerian Career Counseling Program. Research questions were stated as follows: Research Question 1. Can the Adlerian Career Counseling program be developed? Research Question 2. Is the Adlerian Career Counseling Program effective in enhancing career self-efficacy, career decision-making, career identity, and career attitude maturity? To address Research Question 1, a career counseling model based on Adlerian Individual Psychology was built, appropriate clients were identified, and need analyses, theme research, task analyses, analyses of performance objectives and instructional strategies, component studies, and sequence studies were conducted. A preliminary career counseling program based on Adlerian theory was developed and implemented. The results of treatment fidelity, process, and outcome assessments were fed back to the preliminary career counseling program in order to develop the Adlerian Career Counseling Program, consisting of 12 sessions. To address Research Question 2, 110 tenth-grade male students attending a college-preparatory high school located in Suncheon City were recruited and were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: the Adlerian Career Counseling Program (n=28), the general career counseling program (n=28), a career lecture (n=27), and no-treatment control (n=27). To test the effects of the Adlerian Career Counseling Program, pre-tests, immediate post-tests, and three month-delayed post-tests were administered. The data were collected by conducting the career self-efficacy scale, the career decision-making scale, the career identity scale, and the career attitude maturity scale. The data were analysed through repeated-measures analyses of variance. The results are summarized as follows: First, compared to students receiving general career counseling program, career lecture or no-treatment control, those receiving the Adlerian Counseling Program were higher in career self-efficacy, career decision-making, career identity, and career attitude maturity. In three career attitude maturity factors (i.e., determination, confidence, preparedness), students in the Adlerian Career Counseling Program were not significantly higher than those in the general career counseling program or in the career lecture. In contrast, both immediate post-test scores and delayed post-test scores in the other two career attitude maturity factors (i.e., purposefulness, independence) were higher among students receiving the Adlerian Career Counseling Program than students in the general career counseling program or in career the lecture. The results of this study imply that it be necessary to examine the family constellation, early recollections, inferiority and superiority through Adlerian career counseling whereby reducing dyfunctional career-related thoughts based on distorted, mistaken beliefs and eventually enhancing career self-efficacy beliefs and career decision-making abilities. In addition, the analysis of life goals and meanings, social interest, early recollections, family constellation, and life style may lead to both healthy psychological separation and integration with parents and formation of career identity. Such improved career self-efficacy and career identity eventually help individuals clarify career preferences and make specific career choices. Despite such significant implications of the results, this study has several limitations. First, the results of this study may not be generalized to female high school students, students attending vocational schools, and students residing in small cities or rural areas. Second, because this study did not attempt to analyze gender differences, the results of this study may not be employed to corroborate the already-reported gender differences in career self-efficacy and career attitude maturity. Third, because strict component studies were not conducted in this study, the effects of the comprehensive career counseling program could not be compared to those of programs consisting of only a few systematically combined components. Finally, suggestions for the development of adolescent career counseling programs and for further research were presented.
The purpose of this study is two-fold: one is to develop a career counseling program based on Adlerian Individual Psychology, which incorporates the developmental and selection approaches to career; the other is to test the effectiveness of the Adlerian Career Counseling Program. Research questions were stated as follows: Research Question 1. Can the Adlerian Career Counseling program be developed? Research Question 2. Is the Adlerian Career Counseling Program effective in enhancing career self-efficacy, career decision-making, career identity, and career attitude maturity? To address Research Question 1, a career counseling model based on Adlerian Individual Psychology was built, appropriate clients were identified, and need analyses, theme research, task analyses, analyses of performance objectives and instructional strategies, component studies, and sequence studies were conducted. A preliminary career counseling program based on Adlerian theory was developed and implemented. The results of treatment fidelity, process, and outcome assessments were fed back to the preliminary career counseling program in order to develop the Adlerian Career Counseling Program, consisting of 12 sessions. To address Research Question 2, 110 tenth-grade male students attending a college-preparatory high school located in Suncheon City were recruited and were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: the Adlerian Career Counseling Program (n=28), the general career counseling program (n=28), a career lecture (n=27), and no-treatment control (n=27). To test the effects of the Adlerian Career Counseling Program, pre-tests, immediate post-tests, and three month-delayed post-tests were administered. The data were collected by conducting the career self-efficacy scale, the career decision-making scale, the career identity scale, and the career attitude maturity scale. The data were analysed through repeated-measures analyses of variance. The results are summarized as follows: First, compared to students receiving general career counseling program, career lecture or no-treatment control, those receiving the Adlerian Counseling Program were higher in career self-efficacy, career decision-making, career identity, and career attitude maturity. In three career attitude maturity factors (i.e., determination, confidence, preparedness), students in the Adlerian Career Counseling Program were not significantly higher than those in the general career counseling program or in the career lecture. In contrast, both immediate post-test scores and delayed post-test scores in the other two career attitude maturity factors (i.e., purposefulness, independence) were higher among students receiving the Adlerian Career Counseling Program than students in the general career counseling program or in career the lecture. The results of this study imply that it be necessary to examine the family constellation, early recollections, inferiority and superiority through Adlerian career counseling whereby reducing dyfunctional career-related thoughts based on distorted, mistaken beliefs and eventually enhancing career self-efficacy beliefs and career decision-making abilities. In addition, the analysis of life goals and meanings, social interest, early recollections, family constellation, and life style may lead to both healthy psychological separation and integration with parents and formation of career identity. Such improved career self-efficacy and career identity eventually help individuals clarify career preferences and make specific career choices. Despite such significant implications of the results, this study has several limitations. First, the results of this study may not be generalized to female high school students, students attending vocational schools, and students residing in small cities or rural areas. Second, because this study did not attempt to analyze gender differences, the results of this study may not be employed to corroborate the already-reported gender differences in career self-efficacy and career attitude maturity. Third, because strict component studies were not conducted in this study, the effects of the comprehensive career counseling program could not be compared to those of programs consisting of only a few systematically combined components. Finally, suggestions for the development of adolescent career counseling programs and for further research were presented.
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