The high density orchard system with M.9 rootstock has began since 1996 in Korea, as Gyeongbuk Province launched a project of " Development of a New High Density Apple Growing System" for early and high yield with better fruit quality but with lower labor inputs. Actually this system was introduced ...
The high density orchard system with M.9 rootstock has began since 1996 in Korea, as Gyeongbuk Province launched a project of " Development of a New High Density Apple Growing System" for early and high yield with better fruit quality but with lower labor inputs. Actually this system was introduced direct to some pilot apple growers without enough empirical experiments after South Tyrolean high density orchard system. In the same time lots of experiments for the establishment of high density apple orchard system in Korea were begone at Apple Experiment Station. This research was carried out to establish the training system and high density planting system with 'Fuji' on M.9 rootstock, which might be proper for Korean apple growing environments, for 11 years from 1996 to 2007 at Apple Research Station, Gunwi Gyeongbuk, Korea. 1) Analysis on the productivity and economic efficiency of conventional orchard system with M.26 and high density orchard system with M.9 EMLA. Whip trees (stem diameter 10mm) of 'Fuji'/M.26 were planted at 4.0×2.0m and well-feathered maiden trees (5.2 feathers, stem diameter 13mm) of 'Fuji'/M.9 EMLA were planted at 4.0×1.5m and trained to the slender spindle system. The growth, productivity and the economical efficiency of two planting systems for 6 years were compared. The canopy volume of M.9 EMLA plot tree reached already 2.07㎡ in 2nd year and increased slowly to 2.9㎡ of adult tree volume size in 4th year, but trees of M.26 plot grew vegetatively and the tree volume expanded so fast from 1.1㎡ in 2nd year to 4.5㎡ in 4th year. Yield (per 10a) of M.9 EMLA plot increased from 0.3 t in 2nd year to 4.6 t in 5th year, and 5.0 t in 6th year, but yield of M.26 plot increased from 0.5 t in 3rd to 2.9 t in 6th year. Cumulative yield up to 6th year was 13.9 t for M.9 EMLA plot but only 9.8 t for M.26 plot. Average fruit weight for M.9 EMLA plot was some heavier as 308g than that for M.26 plot, but no significant difference in other fruit characteristics such as sugar contents, fruit colour and acidity. The accumulative receipts of M.9 EMLA plot up to 6th year after planting was 18,800 thousand won per 10a, 28.5% higher than that of M.26 plot. The break-even point of M.9 EMLA plot at the 5th year after planting, however, it was at the 6th year for M.26 plot. For M.9 EMLA, income amount of +9,672.7 (thousand won) was yielded at the 6th year after planting while M.26 yielded only +1,485.3 (thousand won); thus there was a big difference of income between two plots. In conclusion, high density planting system with well-feathered maiden trees on dwarf rootstocks such as M.9 EMLA was higher productive, profitable and better than the conventional planting system with weep trees on M.26, because trees on M.9 EMLA began to yield in 2nd year and reached to high productive age in 4th year, resulting in rearly retrieving of the investment. 2) Comparison on high density orchard systems using M.9 rootstock In order to invest the proper high density apple orchard system in Korea, a trial of apple orchard systems, Slender spindle with 2.5m tree height at 3.2×1.2m planting distance, Vertical axis with 3.5∼4.0m tree height at 3.2×1.2m, HYTEC (hybrid tree cone) with 3.0m tree height at 3.5×1.5m, SolAxe with 2.2m tree height at 3.5×1.7m, V-1 shape with 3.0m tree height at 3.5×1.7m in single row with alternate trees angled to the right and left at approximately 75°. V-2 shape; basically same as V-1 but at 3.25+0.5×1.0m in double rows were established with 'Fuji' on M.9. The productivity, fruit quality and the economical efficiency were investigated form 1998 to 2007. Tree canopy volumes of V-1, V-2 Slender spindle and HYTEC developed to the target size in 3rd year, but Vertical axsis reached the target size in 4th year and SolAxe in 5th year. Total canopy volume per 10a in 5th year was 770㎡ for Vertical axis, ca. 650㎡ for V-1and V-2, 560㎡ for Slender spindle, 510㎡ for Solaxe, and 490㎡ for HYTEC. Cumulative yield up to 5th year was the highest as 18.3t Vertical axis, then Slender spindle, V-1 and V-2 came next in the range between 1.40 and 15.3t. Solaxe and HYTEC had much lower cumulative yield than other orchard systems. Fruit colour of Solaxe was poor with lower 'Hunter a' value compared with other orchard systems, but there was no differences in other fruit quality. Labor demand for bending was lowest for Vertical axis having tall canopy. Labor input for harvest and pruning was lowest for Solaxe and HYTEC, because these had low tree height and yield. The accumulative receipts for 10 years after planting was 101,284 thousand won per 10a, the highest, for Vertical axsis and then 85,723 thousand won for Slender spindle, but HYTEC and SolAxe had lowest receipts of 64,500 thousand won. The break-even point of Slender spindle and Vertical axis turned to positive from the 4th year; however the V-1, V-2, HYTEC and SolAxe turned to positive from the 5th year after planting. The net income per 10a at the 10th year after planting appeared highest in Vertical axis with 54,000 thousand won and higher in the order of Slender spindle (45,000 thousand won), V-2 (44,000 thousand won), V-1 (41,000 thousand won), SolAxe (33,000 thousand won) and HYTEC (32,000 thousand won). In conclusion, the Slender spindle and Vertical axis seemed to be proper high density apple orchard system in Korea and in case of Slender spindle, it would be better to increase the tree height more than 2.5m for higher yield. 3) Research on the development of high density apple training suitable for domestic planting conditions Tree height of Slender spindle trees which were planted at 3.2×1.2m and trained to 2.5m height were extended to 2.5m (control), 3.0, 3.5m and 4.0m in 8th year and its effect on yield was studied. Based on the tree height of 2.5m, yield per 10a was 58%, 20% and 0% higher at tree height of 4.0m, 3.5m and 3.0m respectively in first year after extending the tree height, and 35%, 27% and 18% in second year respectively, indicating the taller tree, the higher yield. The optimum tree height in consideration of labor efficiency and economic efficiency was presumed to be within the range of 3.0~3.5m. Well-feathered maiden 'Fuji' trees on M.9 rootstocks were planted at 3.0×1.0m and trained to Slender spindle with 2.5m height and to Tall spindle with 3.5∼4.0m height for 5 years. The canopy volume of the Tall spindle surpassed the Slender spindle in 4th year after planting and was 4.16㎡, namely 26% larger than that of the Slender spindle. Yield of the Tall spindle in 4th and 5th year was 15% higher than the Slender spindle.
The high density orchard system with M.9 rootstock has began since 1996 in Korea, as Gyeongbuk Province launched a project of " Development of a New High Density Apple Growing System" for early and high yield with better fruit quality but with lower labor inputs. Actually this system was introduced direct to some pilot apple growers without enough empirical experiments after South Tyrolean high density orchard system. In the same time lots of experiments for the establishment of high density apple orchard system in Korea were begone at Apple Experiment Station. This research was carried out to establish the training system and high density planting system with 'Fuji' on M.9 rootstock, which might be proper for Korean apple growing environments, for 11 years from 1996 to 2007 at Apple Research Station, Gunwi Gyeongbuk, Korea. 1) Analysis on the productivity and economic efficiency of conventional orchard system with M.26 and high density orchard system with M.9 EMLA. Whip trees (stem diameter 10mm) of 'Fuji'/M.26 were planted at 4.0×2.0m and well-feathered maiden trees (5.2 feathers, stem diameter 13mm) of 'Fuji'/M.9 EMLA were planted at 4.0×1.5m and trained to the slender spindle system. The growth, productivity and the economical efficiency of two planting systems for 6 years were compared. The canopy volume of M.9 EMLA plot tree reached already 2.07㎡ in 2nd year and increased slowly to 2.9㎡ of adult tree volume size in 4th year, but trees of M.26 plot grew vegetatively and the tree volume expanded so fast from 1.1㎡ in 2nd year to 4.5㎡ in 4th year. Yield (per 10a) of M.9 EMLA plot increased from 0.3 t in 2nd year to 4.6 t in 5th year, and 5.0 t in 6th year, but yield of M.26 plot increased from 0.5 t in 3rd to 2.9 t in 6th year. Cumulative yield up to 6th year was 13.9 t for M.9 EMLA plot but only 9.8 t for M.26 plot. Average fruit weight for M.9 EMLA plot was some heavier as 308g than that for M.26 plot, but no significant difference in other fruit characteristics such as sugar contents, fruit colour and acidity. The accumulative receipts of M.9 EMLA plot up to 6th year after planting was 18,800 thousand won per 10a, 28.5% higher than that of M.26 plot. The break-even point of M.9 EMLA plot at the 5th year after planting, however, it was at the 6th year for M.26 plot. For M.9 EMLA, income amount of +9,672.7 (thousand won) was yielded at the 6th year after planting while M.26 yielded only +1,485.3 (thousand won); thus there was a big difference of income between two plots. In conclusion, high density planting system with well-feathered maiden trees on dwarf rootstocks such as M.9 EMLA was higher productive, profitable and better than the conventional planting system with weep trees on M.26, because trees on M.9 EMLA began to yield in 2nd year and reached to high productive age in 4th year, resulting in rearly retrieving of the investment. 2) Comparison on high density orchard systems using M.9 rootstock In order to invest the proper high density apple orchard system in Korea, a trial of apple orchard systems, Slender spindle with 2.5m tree height at 3.2×1.2m planting distance, Vertical axis with 3.5∼4.0m tree height at 3.2×1.2m, HYTEC (hybrid tree cone) with 3.0m tree height at 3.5×1.5m, SolAxe with 2.2m tree height at 3.5×1.7m, V-1 shape with 3.0m tree height at 3.5×1.7m in single row with alternate trees angled to the right and left at approximately 75°. V-2 shape; basically same as V-1 but at 3.25+0.5×1.0m in double rows were established with 'Fuji' on M.9. The productivity, fruit quality and the economical efficiency were investigated form 1998 to 2007. Tree canopy volumes of V-1, V-2 Slender spindle and HYTEC developed to the target size in 3rd year, but Vertical axsis reached the target size in 4th year and SolAxe in 5th year. Total canopy volume per 10a in 5th year was 770㎡ for Vertical axis, ca. 650㎡ for V-1and V-2, 560㎡ for Slender spindle, 510㎡ for Solaxe, and 490㎡ for HYTEC. Cumulative yield up to 5th year was the highest as 18.3t Vertical axis, then Slender spindle, V-1 and V-2 came next in the range between 1.40 and 15.3t. Solaxe and HYTEC had much lower cumulative yield than other orchard systems. Fruit colour of Solaxe was poor with lower 'Hunter a' value compared with other orchard systems, but there was no differences in other fruit quality. Labor demand for bending was lowest for Vertical axis having tall canopy. Labor input for harvest and pruning was lowest for Solaxe and HYTEC, because these had low tree height and yield. The accumulative receipts for 10 years after planting was 101,284 thousand won per 10a, the highest, for Vertical axsis and then 85,723 thousand won for Slender spindle, but HYTEC and SolAxe had lowest receipts of 64,500 thousand won. The break-even point of Slender spindle and Vertical axis turned to positive from the 4th year; however the V-1, V-2, HYTEC and SolAxe turned to positive from the 5th year after planting. The net income per 10a at the 10th year after planting appeared highest in Vertical axis with 54,000 thousand won and higher in the order of Slender spindle (45,000 thousand won), V-2 (44,000 thousand won), V-1 (41,000 thousand won), SolAxe (33,000 thousand won) and HYTEC (32,000 thousand won). In conclusion, the Slender spindle and Vertical axis seemed to be proper high density apple orchard system in Korea and in case of Slender spindle, it would be better to increase the tree height more than 2.5m for higher yield. 3) Research on the development of high density apple training suitable for domestic planting conditions Tree height of Slender spindle trees which were planted at 3.2×1.2m and trained to 2.5m height were extended to 2.5m (control), 3.0, 3.5m and 4.0m in 8th year and its effect on yield was studied. Based on the tree height of 2.5m, yield per 10a was 58%, 20% and 0% higher at tree height of 4.0m, 3.5m and 3.0m respectively in first year after extending the tree height, and 35%, 27% and 18% in second year respectively, indicating the taller tree, the higher yield. The optimum tree height in consideration of labor efficiency and economic efficiency was presumed to be within the range of 3.0~3.5m. Well-feathered maiden 'Fuji' trees on M.9 rootstocks were planted at 3.0×1.0m and trained to Slender spindle with 2.5m height and to Tall spindle with 3.5∼4.0m height for 5 years. The canopy volume of the Tall spindle surpassed the Slender spindle in 4th year after planting and was 4.16㎡, namely 26% larger than that of the Slender spindle. Yield of the Tall spindle in 4th and 5th year was 15% higher than the Slender spindle.
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#High Density Apple Orchard System apple M.9 Rootstock
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