This dissertation is an attempt to examine P. B. Shelley's thought of social reformation in his later three poems; Julian and Maddalo, The Cenci, and Adonais. Much of his poetry is concerned with his revolt against the conservative and conventional conditions. He was not only a rebel, but also a wou...
This dissertation is an attempt to examine P. B. Shelley's thought of social reformation in his later three poems; Julian and Maddalo, The Cenci, and Adonais. Much of his poetry is concerned with his revolt against the conservative and conventional conditions. He was not only a rebel, but also a would-be reformer. His passion for reforming the world runs through all his work. He dreamt that democracy and freedom must bring happiness to the poor. He believed that by poetry and philosophy the world could be regenerated and made into a new Eden―"a happy Earth, reality of Heaven."(Queen Mab IX). The keynote to the whole of his poetry and to his plans of reform is his "faith in man," his humanitarianism and his longing for ideal beauty, a beauty he thought unattainable under present social conditions. Julian and Maddalo is rightly valued as a poem that reflects Shelley's skepticism. It is obvious from this poem that his ideas were gradually evolving from idealism to skepticism. Maddalo's pessimistic conflicts represent his own emerging skepticism. It suggests that he developed and pursued a sense of a 'positive activeness' to objectively search for the true meaning of life, far from the subjective view. This attitude enabled him to transcend the limit of repetition and fossilized consciousness and so he could produce and create the value of true life in his poetry. Shelley's dynamic attitude towards life is highlighted by the characters of Beatrice in The Cenci and Adonais in Adonais. Both of these characters have to live in tragic circumstances, but they have this 'activeness' which allows them to positively face and overcome the oppressive reality of their situations. They also try positively to reveal the absurdities of the societies which spread out around them. In The Cenci, Beatrice is the only woman possessing the consciousness to look straight through the violence of reality and to try to improve it. Though he suffered from unfavorable criticisms of his poems, Adonais fulfills Shelley's hope of social reformation and illuminates the dark world with his poetry. In Adonais the desire for the mystical union with 'the One' is equal to the realization of human divinity and contributes to social reformation. In the end, their positive actions against social evils and oppression are but the first step to reforming society and opening another possibility for the arrival of new and advanced social systems. Shelley resisted tyranny and all forms of oppression in his whole life. He regarded the law as the primary cause of human unhappiness, for it has selfish purpose and required the sacrifice of human beings. So he tried to reveal evil laws, isolate those social and dominated systems which had long been prevalent in the human mind. Through this process, he could provide poetry to human society with ideas and frameworks for a better life, and to help societies accomplish a new meaning scope for the possibilities of life. In Shelley's later three poems; Julian and Maddalo, The Cenci, and Adonais, he presents his thought of human creativity and social reformation. The origin of his will for social reformation is his desire for human freedom and happiness. In this sense, Shelley's poetry was the way to convey his ideas of social reformation to the world.
This dissertation is an attempt to examine P. B. Shelley's thought of social reformation in his later three poems; Julian and Maddalo, The Cenci, and Adonais. Much of his poetry is concerned with his revolt against the conservative and conventional conditions. He was not only a rebel, but also a would-be reformer. His passion for reforming the world runs through all his work. He dreamt that democracy and freedom must bring happiness to the poor. He believed that by poetry and philosophy the world could be regenerated and made into a new Eden―"a happy Earth, reality of Heaven."(Queen Mab IX). The keynote to the whole of his poetry and to his plans of reform is his "faith in man," his humanitarianism and his longing for ideal beauty, a beauty he thought unattainable under present social conditions. Julian and Maddalo is rightly valued as a poem that reflects Shelley's skepticism. It is obvious from this poem that his ideas were gradually evolving from idealism to skepticism. Maddalo's pessimistic conflicts represent his own emerging skepticism. It suggests that he developed and pursued a sense of a 'positive activeness' to objectively search for the true meaning of life, far from the subjective view. This attitude enabled him to transcend the limit of repetition and fossilized consciousness and so he could produce and create the value of true life in his poetry. Shelley's dynamic attitude towards life is highlighted by the characters of Beatrice in The Cenci and Adonais in Adonais. Both of these characters have to live in tragic circumstances, but they have this 'activeness' which allows them to positively face and overcome the oppressive reality of their situations. They also try positively to reveal the absurdities of the societies which spread out around them. In The Cenci, Beatrice is the only woman possessing the consciousness to look straight through the violence of reality and to try to improve it. Though he suffered from unfavorable criticisms of his poems, Adonais fulfills Shelley's hope of social reformation and illuminates the dark world with his poetry. In Adonais the desire for the mystical union with 'the One' is equal to the realization of human divinity and contributes to social reformation. In the end, their positive actions against social evils and oppression are but the first step to reforming society and opening another possibility for the arrival of new and advanced social systems. Shelley resisted tyranny and all forms of oppression in his whole life. He regarded the law as the primary cause of human unhappiness, for it has selfish purpose and required the sacrifice of human beings. So he tried to reveal evil laws, isolate those social and dominated systems which had long been prevalent in the human mind. Through this process, he could provide poetry to human society with ideas and frameworks for a better life, and to help societies accomplish a new meaning scope for the possibilities of life. In Shelley's later three poems; Julian and Maddalo, The Cenci, and Adonais, he presents his thought of human creativity and social reformation. The origin of his will for social reformation is his desire for human freedom and happiness. In this sense, Shelley's poetry was the way to convey his ideas of social reformation to the world.
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