The Effects of Exercise Pattern on Low Back Pain Decreasing in Female College Students Mi-Young, Lee Department of Physical Education Graduate School of Kong Ju National University Kong Ju, Korea (Supervised by Professor Jung-Soo, Kim) The purpose of this study is to prevent and reduce Low Back Pain...
The Effects of Exercise Pattern on Low Back Pain Decreasing in Female College Students Mi-Young, Lee Department of Physical Education Graduate School of Kong Ju National University Kong Ju, Korea (Supervised by Professor Jung-Soo, Kim) The purpose of this study is to prevent and reduce Low Back Pain(LBP) and to prevent recurrence in female undergraduates of being accompanied now by LBP, with the center on the LBP, which occurs bio-mechanically in the musculoskeletal system, and the LBP, which is caused by obesity due to the lack of exercise. To perform this study, the aim was to intensify muscular strength around the waist by applying mutually different exercise programs such as Dance-movement exercise, Gym-ball exercise, and Yoga movement. Training of reinforcing muscular strength may bring about a rise in muscular power, reduction in body components, and solution of obesity. Accordingly, it comparatively researched into which influence the mutually different-type exercises have upon reduction in a pain of the waist. Its specific objectives are as follows. 1. Through the Dance exercise movement, it closely examines the influence of a change level in belly muscle strength, abdominal muscular strength(muscular endurance), sit and reach, trunk extension, waist measurement, fat in the belly, skin-fold, visceral fat, and obesity upon reduction in LBP. 2. Through the Gym-ball exercise movement, it closely examines the influence of a change level in belly muscular strength, abdominal muscular strength(muscular endurance), sit and reach, trunk extension, waist measurement, fat in the belly, skin-fold, visceral fat, and obesity upon reduction in LBP. 3. Through the Yoga movement, it closely examines the influence of a change level in belly muscular strength, abdominal muscular strength(muscular endurance), sit and reach, trunk extension, waist measurement, fat in the belly, skin-fold, visceral fat, and obesity upon reduction in LBP. To achieve the above objectives, the following methods were carried out. 20 female undergraduates, who have chronic LBP, were performed exercise by being divided, respectively, into the group with Dance-movement exercise(5 people), the group with Gym-ball exercise(5 people), the group with Yoga exercise(5 people) and the Control group(5 people). Each exercise was carried out for 12 weeks three times a week. As the exercise time is 60 minutes, respectively, it comprised warming up for 10 minutes, main exercise for 40 minutes, and cooling-down for 10 minutes. 3 mutually different-type exercise programs were treated. The intensity of exercise was set to the mid-intensive exercise in heart rate of 50∼70%HRmax and to the range of RPE 11∼15. According to the groups of exercise(group with Dance movement exercise, group with Gym-ball exercise, group with Yoga exercise, Control group) and the period[before treatment(1st), after 6 weeks of treatment(2nd), after 12 weeks of treatment(3rd)], it analyzed basic physical fitness[belly muscle strength, abdominal muscle strength(muscular endurance), sit and reach, trunk extension], body components(fat in the belly, skin-fold, visceral fat, and obesity), and VAS. The data processing was carried out One-way ANOVA in the repeated measure, One-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation analysis, post hoc test(LSD), and paired test by using program of SPSS 14.0. The significant level was set to α=.05. Through the above process, the following results were obtained. 1. Results of basic physical fitness Belly muscle strength was indicated significant difference by period(p<.05) and among groups(p<.01). As a result of LSD, the significant level was shown(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level in the mean. As for the correlational level in the belly muscular strength, there was significant correlation(p<.05) in visceral fat(.636). It was indicated to have significant correlation, respectively, even with fat in the belly(.542) and skin-fold(.458). Abdominal muscle strength(muscular endurance) was indicated significant difference by period(p<.01). As a result of LSD, the significant level was shown(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level in the mean. Sit and reach was indicated to be significant by period(p<.05). As a result of LSD, it was indicated to be significant(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise and the group with Yoga exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was the highest level on the average. As for the correlational level in the sit and reach, there was significant correlation(p<.01) in trunk extension with .728. It was indicated to have significant correlation(p<.05) even in the belly muscular strength with .478. As for trunk extension, all the groups were shown significant difference by period(p<.05). As for the correlational level in the trunk extension, there was high correlation in the sit and reach(.728). The waist measurement was indicated to have moderate correlation(.526). 2. Results of body components The waist measurement was shown the significant difference by period(p<.01). As a result of LSD, the significant differencewas shown(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level in the mean. Fat in the belly hadn't no significant level, but was indicated to be the averagely high level in the group with Dance movement exercise. The correlational level of the fat in the belly was indicated to have high correlation, respectively, in the skin-fold(.983) and visceral fat(.881). Skin-fold was indicated significant difference by period(p<.05). The correlational level of skin-fold was indicated to have high correlation, respectively, in the visceral fat(.822) and body fat(.983). Visceral fat was indicated significant difference among groups(p<.05). As a result of LSD, the significant difference was shown(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level in the mean. Obese level wasn't shown the significant level. The correlational level of obesity had relatively low correlation in VAS item 12(difficulty for school life due to pain) with .464 and visceral fat with .532. 3. Results of VAS In VAS item 1, the significant level was shown by period and among groups(p<.01). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise had the averagely high level. Also, as for correlational level, there was significantly correlational level(p<.01), respectively, in item 2(.648) and item 3(.562). There was significant correlation(p<.05), respectively, even in item 4(.475), item 5(.489), and item 11(.488). In VAS item 2, the significant level was shown by period and among groups(p<.01). There was significant difference even between period and group(p<.05). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise had the averagely high level. Also, as for correlational level, there was significant correlation(p<.01), respectively, in item 3(.727) and item 8(.695). There was significant correlation(p<.05), respectively, even in item 5(.535), item 6(.470), item 7(.545), item 9(.500), item 10(.553), and item 11(.482). Also, even in the score of the sit and reach, which shows flexibility, there was significant correlation(p<.05) with .459. In VAS item 3, the significant level was shown by period and between period and group(p<.01). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level on the average. Also, as for correlational level, there was significant correlation(p<.01), respectively, in item 2(.727), item 4(.696), item 5(.729), item 8(.763), item 9(.757), and item 10(.605). There was significant correlation(p<.05), respectively, even in item 6(.473) and item 7(.544). In VAS item 4, the significant level was shown by period(p<.01). Also, as for correlational level, there was significant correlation(p<.01), respectively, in item 3(.696) and item 9(.600). There was significant correlation(p<.05), respectively, even in item 5(.538), item 6(.490), and item 8(.497). Also, there was significant correlation, respectively, with skin-fold with .602 at p<.01 and with body fat with .517 at p<.05. In VAS item 5, the significant level was shown between group and period and among groups(p<.01). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise had the averagely high level. Also, as for correlational level, the significant correlation(p<.01) was shown, respectively, in item 8(.621) and item 9(.814). In VAS item 6, the significant difference wasn't shown. As for correlational level, there was significant correlation(p<.01), respectively, in item 8(.634) and item 12(.692). The significant correlation was indicated(p<.05) in item 7 with .530. The significant correlation was indicated(p<.01) in the belly muscle strength with .606. In VAS item 7, the significant difference wasn't shown. As for correlational level, the significant correlation was indicated(p<.05), respectively, in item 8 with .489, item 10 with .581, and item 11 with .477. In VAS item 8, the significant level was shown by period(p<.01). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the averagely high level. Also, as for correlational level, the significant correlation was shown(p<.01), respectively, in item 9 with .680 and item 10 with .742. In VAS item 9, the significant level was shown by period(p<.01). The significant difference was indicated in period and group(p<.05). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the averagely high level. Also, as for correlational level, the significant correlation(p<.01) was shown in item 10 with .588. In VAS item 10, the significant level was shown by period and between period and group(p<.01). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level on the average. In VAS item 11, the significant level was shown between period and group(p<.05). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise and the group with Gym-ball exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level on the average. In VAS item 12, the significant difference wasn't shown. However, the correlational level was indicated to be significant(p<.05), respectively, in the belly muscular strength with .514 and obese level with .464. Based on the above results, the following conclusions can be made. The group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise were significantly enhanced, respectively, in belly muscular strength, abdominal muscular strength(muscular endurance), sit and reach, and trunk extension, which are basic physical fitness. In the body components, the waist measurement and the visceral fat reduced significantly. Even in several items of VAS of showing scale in reduction in LBP, the LBP showed the result of reducing positively. This is because the programs for the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise are different, respectively, in the characteristics of exercise, but are composed of the exercise contents, which have commonality of reinforcing muscular strength in the waist of being involved in pain. Even among those groups. the group with Dance movement exercise has not significant difference among groups, but had the highest level on the average in many variables as a result of LSD. Accordingly, given continuing to perform training for a long term in order to obtain continuous effect, it is judged that there will be better effect in the basic physical fitness or body composition. Even the remaining pain in VAS is considered to be likely to be reduced. Given synthesizing the above results, the continuous performance of muscular-strength exercise related to the waist is thought to be able to be probably applied as the effective method, which can reduce LBP. Accordingly, for the efficient research related to this, the following suggestions are aimed to be made. First, for the effects on preventing and reducing LBP and preventing recurrence in female undergraduates, a long-term research and a qualitative research are desired to be performed. Second, a research is desired to be performed that applies the pain-level evaluation scale to diverse brackets by examining several factors on LBP. Third, the utilization of subjective pain-evaluation scale is important element of deciding on effectiveness of curing LBP. Thus, a research is desired to be performed on correlation between each item and variables in the subjective pain-evaluation scale while modifying and supplementing the structural form and the item contents.
The Effects of Exercise Pattern on Low Back Pain Decreasing in Female College Students Mi-Young, Lee Department of Physical Education Graduate School of Kong Ju National University Kong Ju, Korea (Supervised by Professor Jung-Soo, Kim) The purpose of this study is to prevent and reduce Low Back Pain(LBP) and to prevent recurrence in female undergraduates of being accompanied now by LBP, with the center on the LBP, which occurs bio-mechanically in the musculoskeletal system, and the LBP, which is caused by obesity due to the lack of exercise. To perform this study, the aim was to intensify muscular strength around the waist by applying mutually different exercise programs such as Dance-movement exercise, Gym-ball exercise, and Yoga movement. Training of reinforcing muscular strength may bring about a rise in muscular power, reduction in body components, and solution of obesity. Accordingly, it comparatively researched into which influence the mutually different-type exercises have upon reduction in a pain of the waist. Its specific objectives are as follows. 1. Through the Dance exercise movement, it closely examines the influence of a change level in belly muscle strength, abdominal muscular strength(muscular endurance), sit and reach, trunk extension, waist measurement, fat in the belly, skin-fold, visceral fat, and obesity upon reduction in LBP. 2. Through the Gym-ball exercise movement, it closely examines the influence of a change level in belly muscular strength, abdominal muscular strength(muscular endurance), sit and reach, trunk extension, waist measurement, fat in the belly, skin-fold, visceral fat, and obesity upon reduction in LBP. 3. Through the Yoga movement, it closely examines the influence of a change level in belly muscular strength, abdominal muscular strength(muscular endurance), sit and reach, trunk extension, waist measurement, fat in the belly, skin-fold, visceral fat, and obesity upon reduction in LBP. To achieve the above objectives, the following methods were carried out. 20 female undergraduates, who have chronic LBP, were performed exercise by being divided, respectively, into the group with Dance-movement exercise(5 people), the group with Gym-ball exercise(5 people), the group with Yoga exercise(5 people) and the Control group(5 people). Each exercise was carried out for 12 weeks three times a week. As the exercise time is 60 minutes, respectively, it comprised warming up for 10 minutes, main exercise for 40 minutes, and cooling-down for 10 minutes. 3 mutually different-type exercise programs were treated. The intensity of exercise was set to the mid-intensive exercise in heart rate of 50∼70%HRmax and to the range of RPE 11∼15. According to the groups of exercise(group with Dance movement exercise, group with Gym-ball exercise, group with Yoga exercise, Control group) and the period[before treatment(1st), after 6 weeks of treatment(2nd), after 12 weeks of treatment(3rd)], it analyzed basic physical fitness[belly muscle strength, abdominal muscle strength(muscular endurance), sit and reach, trunk extension], body components(fat in the belly, skin-fold, visceral fat, and obesity), and VAS. The data processing was carried out One-way ANOVA in the repeated measure, One-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation analysis, post hoc test(LSD), and paired test by using program of SPSS 14.0. The significant level was set to α=.05. Through the above process, the following results were obtained. 1. Results of basic physical fitness Belly muscle strength was indicated significant difference by period(p<.05) and among groups(p<.01). As a result of LSD, the significant level was shown(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level in the mean. As for the correlational level in the belly muscular strength, there was significant correlation(p<.05) in visceral fat(.636). It was indicated to have significant correlation, respectively, even with fat in the belly(.542) and skin-fold(.458). Abdominal muscle strength(muscular endurance) was indicated significant difference by period(p<.01). As a result of LSD, the significant level was shown(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level in the mean. Sit and reach was indicated to be significant by period(p<.05). As a result of LSD, it was indicated to be significant(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise and the group with Yoga exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was the highest level on the average. As for the correlational level in the sit and reach, there was significant correlation(p<.01) in trunk extension with .728. It was indicated to have significant correlation(p<.05) even in the belly muscular strength with .478. As for trunk extension, all the groups were shown significant difference by period(p<.05). As for the correlational level in the trunk extension, there was high correlation in the sit and reach(.728). The waist measurement was indicated to have moderate correlation(.526). 2. Results of body components The waist measurement was shown the significant difference by period(p<.01). As a result of LSD, the significant differencewas shown(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level in the mean. Fat in the belly hadn't no significant level, but was indicated to be the averagely high level in the group with Dance movement exercise. The correlational level of the fat in the belly was indicated to have high correlation, respectively, in the skin-fold(.983) and visceral fat(.881). Skin-fold was indicated significant difference by period(p<.05). The correlational level of skin-fold was indicated to have high correlation, respectively, in the visceral fat(.822) and body fat(.983). Visceral fat was indicated significant difference among groups(p<.05). As a result of LSD, the significant difference was shown(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level in the mean. Obese level wasn't shown the significant level. The correlational level of obesity had relatively low correlation in VAS item 12(difficulty for school life due to pain) with .464 and visceral fat with .532. 3. Results of VAS In VAS item 1, the significant level was shown by period and among groups(p<.01). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise had the averagely high level. Also, as for correlational level, there was significantly correlational level(p<.01), respectively, in item 2(.648) and item 3(.562). There was significant correlation(p<.05), respectively, even in item 4(.475), item 5(.489), and item 11(.488). In VAS item 2, the significant level was shown by period and among groups(p<.01). There was significant difference even between period and group(p<.05). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise had the averagely high level. Also, as for correlational level, there was significant correlation(p<.01), respectively, in item 3(.727) and item 8(.695). There was significant correlation(p<.05), respectively, even in item 5(.535), item 6(.470), item 7(.545), item 9(.500), item 10(.553), and item 11(.482). Also, even in the score of the sit and reach, which shows flexibility, there was significant correlation(p<.05) with .459. In VAS item 3, the significant level was shown by period and between period and group(p<.01). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level on the average. Also, as for correlational level, there was significant correlation(p<.01), respectively, in item 2(.727), item 4(.696), item 5(.729), item 8(.763), item 9(.757), and item 10(.605). There was significant correlation(p<.05), respectively, even in item 6(.473) and item 7(.544). In VAS item 4, the significant level was shown by period(p<.01). Also, as for correlational level, there was significant correlation(p<.01), respectively, in item 3(.696) and item 9(.600). There was significant correlation(p<.05), respectively, even in item 5(.538), item 6(.490), and item 8(.497). Also, there was significant correlation, respectively, with skin-fold with .602 at p<.01 and with body fat with .517 at p<.05. In VAS item 5, the significant level was shown between group and period and among groups(p<.01). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise had the averagely high level. Also, as for correlational level, the significant correlation(p<.01) was shown, respectively, in item 8(.621) and item 9(.814). In VAS item 6, the significant difference wasn't shown. As for correlational level, there was significant correlation(p<.01), respectively, in item 8(.634) and item 12(.692). The significant correlation was indicated(p<.05) in item 7 with .530. The significant correlation was indicated(p<.01) in the belly muscle strength with .606. In VAS item 7, the significant difference wasn't shown. As for correlational level, the significant correlation was indicated(p<.05), respectively, in item 8 with .489, item 10 with .581, and item 11 with .477. In VAS item 8, the significant level was shown by period(p<.01). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the averagely high level. Also, as for correlational level, the significant correlation was shown(p<.01), respectively, in item 9 with .680 and item 10 with .742. In VAS item 9, the significant level was shown by period(p<.01). The significant difference was indicated in period and group(p<.05). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the averagely high level. Also, as for correlational level, the significant correlation(p<.01) was shown in item 10 with .588. In VAS item 10, the significant level was shown by period and between period and group(p<.01). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05), respectively, in the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, the group with Yoga exercise, and the Control group. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level on the average. In VAS item 11, the significant level was shown between period and group(p<.05). As a result of LSD, there was significant difference(p<.05) in the group with Dance movement exercise and the group with Gym-ball exercise. Among those groups, the group with Dance movement exercise was indicated to be the highest level on the average. In VAS item 12, the significant difference wasn't shown. However, the correlational level was indicated to be significant(p<.05), respectively, in the belly muscular strength with .514 and obese level with .464. Based on the above results, the following conclusions can be made. The group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise were significantly enhanced, respectively, in belly muscular strength, abdominal muscular strength(muscular endurance), sit and reach, and trunk extension, which are basic physical fitness. In the body components, the waist measurement and the visceral fat reduced significantly. Even in several items of VAS of showing scale in reduction in LBP, the LBP showed the result of reducing positively. This is because the programs for the group with Dance movement exercise, the group with Gym-ball exercise, and the group with Yoga exercise are different, respectively, in the characteristics of exercise, but are composed of the exercise contents, which have commonality of reinforcing muscular strength in the waist of being involved in pain. Even among those groups. the group with Dance movement exercise has not significant difference among groups, but had the highest level on the average in many variables as a result of LSD. Accordingly, given continuing to perform training for a long term in order to obtain continuous effect, it is judged that there will be better effect in the basic physical fitness or body composition. Even the remaining pain in VAS is considered to be likely to be reduced. Given synthesizing the above results, the continuous performance of muscular-strength exercise related to the waist is thought to be able to be probably applied as the effective method, which can reduce LBP. Accordingly, for the efficient research related to this, the following suggestions are aimed to be made. First, for the effects on preventing and reducing LBP and preventing recurrence in female undergraduates, a long-term research and a qualitative research are desired to be performed. Second, a research is desired to be performed that applies the pain-level evaluation scale to diverse brackets by examining several factors on LBP. Third, the utilization of subjective pain-evaluation scale is important element of deciding on effectiveness of curing LBP. Thus, a research is desired to be performed on correlation between each item and variables in the subjective pain-evaluation scale while modifying and supplementing the structural form and the item contents.
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