The aim of this study was to investigate biomechanical changes of the foot and lower extremity during dynamic squat with and without hip adduction or hip abduction in individuals with flatfoot. Ten young adults with flatfoot and ten controls with normal foot participated in this study. Squat perform...
The aim of this study was to investigate biomechanical changes of the foot and lower extremity during dynamic squat with and without hip adduction or hip abduction in individuals with flatfoot. Ten young adults with flatfoot and ten controls with normal foot participated in this study. Squat performed in the range of knee flexion 0 to 90 degree. Simultaneously, Isometric hip adduction and hip abduction with non-elastic velcro and resistance device for hip adduction applied. Kinetic and kinematic and EMG data were obtained from video recordings of motion analysis and force plate and surface electromyograph during squat. We measured joint angle of lower extremity, medial longitudinal arch angle and rearfoot angle using motion analysis. Surface EMG electrode attached to abductor hallucis(AbdH), vastus medialis oblique(VMO), vastus lateralis(VL), gastrocnemius(GCM), tibialis anterior(TA), peroneus longus(PL) and gluteus medius(Gmed). In this study, no statistically significant differences were found in the ground reaction force. As increasing knee flexion during squat, external rotation increased in the hip and knee and internal rotation in the ankle. Hip flexion angle was less and ankle dorsiflexion was larger in flatfoot than controls during squat. Rearfoot angle increased during phase 2 and 4 of the squat. Rearfoot angle and medial longitudinal arch(MLA) angle in flatfoot subjects were greater than controls. There was no difference between hip motions during squat in Rearfoot angle and MLA angle. As the squat went into the phase 3, Activities of VMO, VL, TA, and PL increased. VMO, VL, and TA were less activated in flatfoot than controls. Gmed muscle activation in hip abduction and PL in hip adduction were greater than other. Based on these result, there were characteristic kinematic informations and EMG activities on lower extremity during squat in flatfoot and normal foot. In general, flatfoot is vulnerable in one-leg weight bearing activities such as one-leg squat or running. So, bilateral squat within 45 degree is more mechanical advantage than one-leg weight bearing activity. In this study, there were changes in movement patterns in flatfoot. Therefore, training of the proper movement pattern may be required in flatfoot. But this study didn't conclude the effect of hip motion during squat in foot arch. So, further study is needed to combine squat with hip motion and exercises for foot arch formation.
The aim of this study was to investigate biomechanical changes of the foot and lower extremity during dynamic squat with and without hip adduction or hip abduction in individuals with flatfoot. Ten young adults with flatfoot and ten controls with normal foot participated in this study. Squat performed in the range of knee flexion 0 to 90 degree. Simultaneously, Isometric hip adduction and hip abduction with non-elastic velcro and resistance device for hip adduction applied. Kinetic and kinematic and EMG data were obtained from video recordings of motion analysis and force plate and surface electromyograph during squat. We measured joint angle of lower extremity, medial longitudinal arch angle and rearfoot angle using motion analysis. Surface EMG electrode attached to abductor hallucis(AbdH), vastus medialis oblique(VMO), vastus lateralis(VL), gastrocnemius(GCM), tibialis anterior(TA), peroneus longus(PL) and gluteus medius(Gmed). In this study, no statistically significant differences were found in the ground reaction force. As increasing knee flexion during squat, external rotation increased in the hip and knee and internal rotation in the ankle. Hip flexion angle was less and ankle dorsiflexion was larger in flatfoot than controls during squat. Rearfoot angle increased during phase 2 and 4 of the squat. Rearfoot angle and medial longitudinal arch(MLA) angle in flatfoot subjects were greater than controls. There was no difference between hip motions during squat in Rearfoot angle and MLA angle. As the squat went into the phase 3, Activities of VMO, VL, TA, and PL increased. VMO, VL, and TA were less activated in flatfoot than controls. Gmed muscle activation in hip abduction and PL in hip adduction were greater than other. Based on these result, there were characteristic kinematic informations and EMG activities on lower extremity during squat in flatfoot and normal foot. In general, flatfoot is vulnerable in one-leg weight bearing activities such as one-leg squat or running. So, bilateral squat within 45 degree is more mechanical advantage than one-leg weight bearing activity. In this study, there were changes in movement patterns in flatfoot. Therefore, training of the proper movement pattern may be required in flatfoot. But this study didn't conclude the effect of hip motion during squat in foot arch. So, further study is needed to combine squat with hip motion and exercises for foot arch formation.
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