Tea and coffee are widely consumed beverages around the world. While previous studies have evaluated the effects of tea of coffee consumption on various metabolic risk factors, data showing these relationships in Korean population is relatively limited. Koreans tend to consume green tea less frequen...
Tea and coffee are widely consumed beverages around the world. While previous studies have evaluated the effects of tea of coffee consumption on various metabolic risk factors, data showing these relationships in Korean population is relatively limited. Koreans tend to consume green tea less frequently than those in other Asian countries, and have unique pattern of coffee consumption, contrasting to Western countries. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of green tea and coffee intakes on the prevalent metabolic syndrome and related bio-markers in Korean adults. We analyzed the data from the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV). A total of 10,464 and 7,577 subjects aged 19-65 years were included in the analysis of green tea and coffee consumption, respectively. The frequency of green tea consumption was assessed by the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Coffee consumption status and the use of additives were assessed by a FFQ and a 24-hour recall. Demographic and life-style factors were assessed by self-administered questionnaires, and bio-maker levels were obtained from the health examination. Our results showed that subjects with ≥1 time/day of green tea consumption were significantly higher risk of BMI (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.42-2.43), waist circumference (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.22-2.19), triglyceride (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.35-2.30), HDL-cholesterol (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.13-1.93), and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.03-1.89) compared with non-drinkers among men in multivariate analysis, adjusting for potential confounding factors such as age, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol intake, and coffee consumption status. In the analysis of coffee consumption, 74% of subjects were coffee drinkers, and most of them consumed instant coffee. In multivariable models, instant coffee drinkers were associated with increased risk of BMI (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.10-1.52) and HDL-cholesterol (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.06-1.40) when compared with non-coffee drinkers. However, there was no significant association between coffee consumption and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, consumptions of green tea (only in men) and instant coffee may have potential harmful effects on some of metabolic risk factors. Further studies of the possible long-term effects of green tea and coffee consumption on risk of metabolic syndrome are needed to examine, particularly considering methods of green tea preparation independent of coffee consumption, and the use of coffee additives.
Tea and coffee are widely consumed beverages around the world. While previous studies have evaluated the effects of tea of coffee consumption on various metabolic risk factors, data showing these relationships in Korean population is relatively limited. Koreans tend to consume green tea less frequently than those in other Asian countries, and have unique pattern of coffee consumption, contrasting to Western countries. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of green tea and coffee intakes on the prevalent metabolic syndrome and related bio-markers in Korean adults. We analyzed the data from the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV). A total of 10,464 and 7,577 subjects aged 19-65 years were included in the analysis of green tea and coffee consumption, respectively. The frequency of green tea consumption was assessed by the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Coffee consumption status and the use of additives were assessed by a FFQ and a 24-hour recall. Demographic and life-style factors were assessed by self-administered questionnaires, and bio-maker levels were obtained from the health examination. Our results showed that subjects with ≥1 time/day of green tea consumption were significantly higher risk of BMI (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.42-2.43), waist circumference (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.22-2.19), triglyceride (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.35-2.30), HDL-cholesterol (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.13-1.93), and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.03-1.89) compared with non-drinkers among men in multivariate analysis, adjusting for potential confounding factors such as age, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol intake, and coffee consumption status. In the analysis of coffee consumption, 74% of subjects were coffee drinkers, and most of them consumed instant coffee. In multivariable models, instant coffee drinkers were associated with increased risk of BMI (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.10-1.52) and HDL-cholesterol (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.06-1.40) when compared with non-coffee drinkers. However, there was no significant association between coffee consumption and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, consumptions of green tea (only in men) and instant coffee may have potential harmful effects on some of metabolic risk factors. Further studies of the possible long-term effects of green tea and coffee consumption on risk of metabolic syndrome are needed to examine, particularly considering methods of green tea preparation independent of coffee consumption, and the use of coffee additives.
주제어
#green tea coffee coffee additives metabolic syndrome
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