Red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a very important vegetable in the Republic of Korea because of its high consumption rate and nutritional value, and profitability for farmers. In the Republic of Korea, the MRLs concerning pepper (green/red pepper) were applied to 181 pesticides including dithianon...
Red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a very important vegetable in the Republic of Korea because of its high consumption rate and nutritional value, and profitability for farmers. In the Republic of Korea, the MRLs concerning pepper (green/red pepper) were applied to 181 pesticides including dithianon, etoxazole, and pymetrozine. Analytical methods for each pesticide in various crops have already been reported in the literature. Most of the analytical methods for pymetrozine were based on liquid chromatography (LC), but it was difficult to analyze pymetrozine in red pepper using LC due to the interfering peak near the target analyte. In gas chromatography (GC), poor response was observed when pymetrozine standard injected in pure solvent, but after red pepper matrix was added, significant peak quality improvements was obtained. Matrix effect of pymetrozine in red pepper was calculated as + 81.55%. In section II, analytical method for pymetrozine was developed after utilizing matrix enhancement effect in nitrogen phosphorus detector (NPD) using a simple extraction and cleanup method. Pymetrozine residue levels in field incurred samples were confirmed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Due to the heat sensitive property and stability problem of dithianon, it should be analyzed as soon as possible using some acid. In section III, a simple and rapid method was developed for the analysis of dithianon in red pepper using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). The developed method does not need any filtration, partitioning, or large amount of solvents. The residues in field incurred red pepper samples were confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The QuEChERS (standing for quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method is frequently employed as a sample preparation methodology for multi-residue pesticide analysis in a variety of foods. Many analytical methods have been reported in the literatures for determination of etoxazole residues in food commodities. The sample acquired by QuEChERS method was generally determined using liquid or gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS or GC/MS/MS). Due to matrix interference in selective detectors, such as NPD and ECD (electron capture detector), QuEChERS extraction method was rarely used. Therefore, a modification in purification is necessary when such detectors were used. In section IV, a modified method based on QuEChERS was developed for the analysis of etoxazole in red pepper using GC-NPD. Each of analytical methods was developed according to the characteristics of pesticide. The individual methods of pymetrozine, dithianon, and etoxazole in red pepper were validated and showed linearity in the range of tested concentrations with quite good coefficients of determination (R2) more than 0.99%. Recovery studies were carried out at two concentration levels (n=3) assessed by spiking blank red pepper samples for intra-day and inter-day precision. The developed methods were applied to field samples to determine the dissipation patterns and to calculate half-lives, and the pre-harvest residue limits (PHRL).
Red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a very important vegetable in the Republic of Korea because of its high consumption rate and nutritional value, and profitability for farmers. In the Republic of Korea, the MRLs concerning pepper (green/red pepper) were applied to 181 pesticides including dithianon, etoxazole, and pymetrozine. Analytical methods for each pesticide in various crops have already been reported in the literature. Most of the analytical methods for pymetrozine were based on liquid chromatography (LC), but it was difficult to analyze pymetrozine in red pepper using LC due to the interfering peak near the target analyte. In gas chromatography (GC), poor response was observed when pymetrozine standard injected in pure solvent, but after red pepper matrix was added, significant peak quality improvements was obtained. Matrix effect of pymetrozine in red pepper was calculated as + 81.55%. In section II, analytical method for pymetrozine was developed after utilizing matrix enhancement effect in nitrogen phosphorus detector (NPD) using a simple extraction and cleanup method. Pymetrozine residue levels in field incurred samples were confirmed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Due to the heat sensitive property and stability problem of dithianon, it should be analyzed as soon as possible using some acid. In section III, a simple and rapid method was developed for the analysis of dithianon in red pepper using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). The developed method does not need any filtration, partitioning, or large amount of solvents. The residues in field incurred red pepper samples were confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The QuEChERS (standing for quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method is frequently employed as a sample preparation methodology for multi-residue pesticide analysis in a variety of foods. Many analytical methods have been reported in the literatures for determination of etoxazole residues in food commodities. The sample acquired by QuEChERS method was generally determined using liquid or gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS or GC/MS/MS). Due to matrix interference in selective detectors, such as NPD and ECD (electron capture detector), QuEChERS extraction method was rarely used. Therefore, a modification in purification is necessary when such detectors were used. In section IV, a modified method based on QuEChERS was developed for the analysis of etoxazole in red pepper using GC-NPD. Each of analytical methods was developed according to the characteristics of pesticide. The individual methods of pymetrozine, dithianon, and etoxazole in red pepper were validated and showed linearity in the range of tested concentrations with quite good coefficients of determination (R2) more than 0.99%. Recovery studies were carried out at two concentration levels (n=3) assessed by spiking blank red pepper samples for intra-day and inter-day precision. The developed methods were applied to field samples to determine the dissipation patterns and to calculate half-lives, and the pre-harvest residue limits (PHRL).
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