This study aimed to develop Codonopsis lanceolata for the treatment and prevention of diabetes by evaluating its antidiabetic and health effects and demonstrating the superiority of this substance that originates in the region of Korea. C. lanceolata (100 g dry weight basis) consists of 33.18% carbo...
This study aimed to develop Codonopsis lanceolata for the treatment and prevention of diabetes by evaluating its antidiabetic and health effects and demonstrating the superiority of this substance that originates in the region of Korea. C. lanceolata (100 g dry weight basis) consists of 33.18% carbohydrates, 28.56% protein, 19.18% fat, and 19.08% crude ash. Total sugar levels of C. lanceolata were 890.23 mg/g from water extract and 521.45 mg/g from ethanol extract, and reducing sugar levels were 521.45 mg/g and 375.74 mg/g, respectively. Total protein levels were 44.30 mg/g from water extracts and 65.93 mg/g from ethanol extract, and free amino acid levels were 7.82 mg/g and 15.23 mg/g respectively. Total polyphenol levels were 35.61 mg/g from water extracts and 10.58 mg/g from 70% ethanol extract. During verification of antioxidant activity, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) RC50 value was 4,714 ?g/mL from water extract, 12,339 ?g/mL from ethanol extract, while those of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were 2,254 and 3,351 ?g/mL, respectively. Using 3T3-L1 cells to evaluate anti-obesity effects, after treating with 100 ?g/mL ethanol extract, there was no cellular cytotoxicity without decreasing lipid levels. For the antidiabetic in vitro experiment, inhibition of α-glucosidase was measured, which revealed that water and ethanol extracts displayed 1.03 and 0.59% less inhibitory activity, respectively, at a concentration of 1,000 ?g/mL. The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic effect of C.lanceolata in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were divided into four groups: normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HFD), positive control with 0.05% metformin(PC), and 60% ethanol extract (CL) in C. lanceolata. After 5 weeks, the body weights in the HFD group had significantly increased, while those of the CL group had decreased. In addition, liver and adipose tissue weights in the CL group were significantly decreased. The plasma triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol levels of the CL-supplemented group were significantly lower than those of the HFD group. On the other hand, the CL group showed increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) protein expressions were down-regulated in the livers of mice in the CL group compared to those in the HFD group. In conclusion, the results showed that C. lanceolata extract possesses significant antihyperlipidemic effects in C57BL/6J mice. According to western blot results, the addition of C. lanceolata increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α(PPARα), which plays a role in lipid metabolism. All of the following things were decreased as well: SREBP-1, which acts to control body fat in animals; FAS, which is involved in production of fatty acid synthase; and ACC, which plays a role in TG synthesis in hepatocytes. The extraction yields of processed and aged C. lanceolata, indicating steaming and drying treatments to C. lanceolata showed higher values than C. lanceolata. DPPH and ABTS antioxidant experiments revealed that C. lanceolata treated with 4 times steaming and drying showed higher antioxidant activity, exhibiting 2,880 ?g/mL of DPPH RC50 in water extrat and 9,624 ?g/mL in ethanol extrat. ABTS RC50 values were 987 ?g/mL in water extract and 1,542 ?g/mL in ethanol extract respectively. Single-aged C. lanceolata produced DPPH RC50 values of 3,297 ?g/mL and 10,611 ?g/mL for water and ethanol, respectively, while ABTS RC50 values were 1,548 ?g/mL and 1,954 ?g/mL, respectively. As for in vitro antidiabetic effects, the results were not substantial; however, on using the aging process, it was confirmed that the digestive enzyme inhibitory potency was enhanced. The flavor components of C. lanceolata, including hexanol, cis-3-hexanol, and trans-2-hexanol, were not detected in processed C. lanceolata but were seen in dried C. lanceolata produced by a modified version of the traditional mortar method in which 2-propanol, 2-propanol, and methyl ethyl ketone were discovered. Methyl formate, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, propyl acetate, allyl alcohol, pentanal, methyl laurate, butyl alcohol, styrene, furfural were not detected in raw C. lanceolata, subsequently confirming the presence of fragrances produced through the steaming process.
This study aimed to develop Codonopsis lanceolata for the treatment and prevention of diabetes by evaluating its antidiabetic and health effects and demonstrating the superiority of this substance that originates in the region of Korea. C. lanceolata (100 g dry weight basis) consists of 33.18% carbohydrates, 28.56% protein, 19.18% fat, and 19.08% crude ash. Total sugar levels of C. lanceolata were 890.23 mg/g from water extract and 521.45 mg/g from ethanol extract, and reducing sugar levels were 521.45 mg/g and 375.74 mg/g, respectively. Total protein levels were 44.30 mg/g from water extracts and 65.93 mg/g from ethanol extract, and free amino acid levels were 7.82 mg/g and 15.23 mg/g respectively. Total polyphenol levels were 35.61 mg/g from water extracts and 10.58 mg/g from 70% ethanol extract. During verification of antioxidant activity, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) RC50 value was 4,714 ?g/mL from water extract, 12,339 ?g/mL from ethanol extract, while those of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were 2,254 and 3,351 ?g/mL, respectively. Using 3T3-L1 cells to evaluate anti-obesity effects, after treating with 100 ?g/mL ethanol extract, there was no cellular cytotoxicity without decreasing lipid levels. For the antidiabetic in vitro experiment, inhibition of α-glucosidase was measured, which revealed that water and ethanol extracts displayed 1.03 and 0.59% less inhibitory activity, respectively, at a concentration of 1,000 ?g/mL. The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic effect of C.lanceolata in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were divided into four groups: normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HFD), positive control with 0.05% metformin(PC), and 60% ethanol extract (CL) in C. lanceolata. After 5 weeks, the body weights in the HFD group had significantly increased, while those of the CL group had decreased. In addition, liver and adipose tissue weights in the CL group were significantly decreased. The plasma triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol levels of the CL-supplemented group were significantly lower than those of the HFD group. On the other hand, the CL group showed increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) protein expressions were down-regulated in the livers of mice in the CL group compared to those in the HFD group. In conclusion, the results showed that C. lanceolata extract possesses significant antihyperlipidemic effects in C57BL/6J mice. According to western blot results, the addition of C. lanceolata increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α(PPARα), which plays a role in lipid metabolism. All of the following things were decreased as well: SREBP-1, which acts to control body fat in animals; FAS, which is involved in production of fatty acid synthase; and ACC, which plays a role in TG synthesis in hepatocytes. The extraction yields of processed and aged C. lanceolata, indicating steaming and drying treatments to C. lanceolata showed higher values than C. lanceolata. DPPH and ABTS antioxidant experiments revealed that C. lanceolata treated with 4 times steaming and drying showed higher antioxidant activity, exhibiting 2,880 ?g/mL of DPPH RC50 in water extrat and 9,624 ?g/mL in ethanol extrat. ABTS RC50 values were 987 ?g/mL in water extract and 1,542 ?g/mL in ethanol extract respectively. Single-aged C. lanceolata produced DPPH RC50 values of 3,297 ?g/mL and 10,611 ?g/mL for water and ethanol, respectively, while ABTS RC50 values were 1,548 ?g/mL and 1,954 ?g/mL, respectively. As for in vitro antidiabetic effects, the results were not substantial; however, on using the aging process, it was confirmed that the digestive enzyme inhibitory potency was enhanced. The flavor components of C. lanceolata, including hexanol, cis-3-hexanol, and trans-2-hexanol, were not detected in processed C. lanceolata but were seen in dried C. lanceolata produced by a modified version of the traditional mortar method in which 2-propanol, 2-propanol, and methyl ethyl ketone were discovered. Methyl formate, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, propyl acetate, allyl alcohol, pentanal, methyl laurate, butyl alcohol, styrene, furfural were not detected in raw C. lanceolata, subsequently confirming the presence of fragrances produced through the steaming process.
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