Calcium is an essential element for the formation of bone and teeth. Moreover, calcium is implicated in various physiological functions, such as, immune response, activation of enzymes, and blood-clotting system. Thus, calcium carbonates have been used as calcium supplements in food industry and som...
Calcium is an essential element for the formation of bone and teeth. Moreover, calcium is implicated in various physiological functions, such as, immune response, activation of enzymes, and blood-clotting system. Thus, calcium carbonates have been used as calcium supplements in food industry and sometimes applied to drugs. However, bioavailability of calcium carbonates is low, which may be overcome by using nano-sized materials. Despite wide range applications of nanomaterials in food industry, absorption efficiency of nanomaterials is still unclear. Furthermore, no clear evidence has been suggested how size affects the interaction of particles with biological matrices in vitro and in vivo, which affects kinetic behaviors and oral absorption of nanoparticles after ingestion. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of nano-sized calcium carbonate in comparison with bulk- or reagent grade nano-calcium carbonates in terms of cytotoxicity and cellular uptake. Furthermore, pharmacokinetics of three different types (food grade bulk-, food grade nano-, and reagent grade nano-size) of calcium carbonate materials was evaluated after a single oral administration to rats. Their interaction with biological matrices was also estimated in various organ extracts as well as after oral administration. The results showed that nano-sized calcium carbonate and reagent nano-size was slightly efficient for cellular uptake than bulk-sized in cell lines, and moreover, they did not exhibit cytotoxic effect up to concentration of 1000 mg/kg. Nano-sized calcium carbonate were determined to interact actively with biological matrices, such as proteins and electrolytes, than bulk materials in vitro, while size-dependent effect was not that evident in vivo organ extracts, such as gastric or intestinal fluids and plasma after oral administration. On the other hand, the calcite phase of all calcium carbonate materials were well preserved under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In particular, high solubility was found for nano materials compared to bulk-size in all the cases. Pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that no significant difference in oral absorption between three different calcium carbonates was found after a single and 14-day-repeated dose oral administration to rats. Whereas, more rapid absorption rate was found for nano-sized material, which may be associated to its high solubility under gastric condition. Significant accumulation of calcium carbonate materials was not found even after repeated dose administration. These findings will provide crucial information to predict potential toxicity and efficacy of nanomaterials as well as to understand kinetic behaviors in vivo.
Calcium is an essential element for the formation of bone and teeth. Moreover, calcium is implicated in various physiological functions, such as, immune response, activation of enzymes, and blood-clotting system. Thus, calcium carbonates have been used as calcium supplements in food industry and sometimes applied to drugs. However, bioavailability of calcium carbonates is low, which may be overcome by using nano-sized materials. Despite wide range applications of nanomaterials in food industry, absorption efficiency of nanomaterials is still unclear. Furthermore, no clear evidence has been suggested how size affects the interaction of particles with biological matrices in vitro and in vivo, which affects kinetic behaviors and oral absorption of nanoparticles after ingestion. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of nano-sized calcium carbonate in comparison with bulk- or reagent grade nano-calcium carbonates in terms of cytotoxicity and cellular uptake. Furthermore, pharmacokinetics of three different types (food grade bulk-, food grade nano-, and reagent grade nano-size) of calcium carbonate materials was evaluated after a single oral administration to rats. Their interaction with biological matrices was also estimated in various organ extracts as well as after oral administration. The results showed that nano-sized calcium carbonate and reagent nano-size was slightly efficient for cellular uptake than bulk-sized in cell lines, and moreover, they did not exhibit cytotoxic effect up to concentration of 1000 mg/kg. Nano-sized calcium carbonate were determined to interact actively with biological matrices, such as proteins and electrolytes, than bulk materials in vitro, while size-dependent effect was not that evident in vivo organ extracts, such as gastric or intestinal fluids and plasma after oral administration. On the other hand, the calcite phase of all calcium carbonate materials were well preserved under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In particular, high solubility was found for nano materials compared to bulk-size in all the cases. Pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that no significant difference in oral absorption between three different calcium carbonates was found after a single and 14-day-repeated dose oral administration to rats. Whereas, more rapid absorption rate was found for nano-sized material, which may be associated to its high solubility under gastric condition. Significant accumulation of calcium carbonate materials was not found even after repeated dose administration. These findings will provide crucial information to predict potential toxicity and efficacy of nanomaterials as well as to understand kinetic behaviors in vivo.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.